Abstract
The field of the physiology of training and performance is extremely heterogeneous. It becomes more and more difficult to be a “work physiologist” according to the classical concept. The research is now quite complicated and time consuming with regard to methods and detailed and profound knowledge. It covers so many different subjects as the physics and dynamics of air movement into and out of the lungs, the biochemistry on a cellular level, not to mention all the links between these fields and the oxygen transporting system — to mention one “homogeneous” concept. The field really demands specialists on isolated details, but there is then the inevitable risk that one gradually loses the ability and knowledge essential for an integration. Physical performance is a result of success in a coordinated function of all cells in the body.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Åstrand, P.O., Cuddy, T.E., Saltin, B., Stenberg, J.: Cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. J. appl. Physiol. 19, 268 (1964).
Bevegard, S., Holmgren, A., Jonsson, B.: The effect of body position on the circulation at rest and during exercise with special reference to the influence on the stroke volume. Acta physiol. scand. 49, 279–298 (1960).
Brandi, G., Brambilla, I.: Arterio-venous difference of oxygen, cardiac output, and stroke volume in function of the energy consumption. Arbeitsphysiologie 19, 130–133 (1961).
Chapman, C.B., Fisher, J.N., Sproule, B.J.: Behavior of stroke volume at rest and during exercise in human beings. J. clin. Invest. 39, 1208–1212 (1960).
Ekblom, B., Åstrand, P. O., Saltin, B. et al.: Effects of training on the circulatory response to exercise. J. appl. Physiol. 24, 518 (1968).
Faulkner, J.A., Roberts, D.E., Elk, R.L., Conway, J.: Cardiovascular responses to sub-maximum and maximum effort cycling and running. J. appl. Physiol. 30, 457–461 (1971).
Frenkl, R., Csalay, L.: On the endocrine adaptation to regular muscular activity. J. Sport Med. (Torino) 10, 151–156 (1970).
Frick, M.H., Katila, M.: Hemodynamic consequences of physical training after myocardial infarction. Circulation 37, 192 (1968).
Gadermann, E., Jungmann, H., Metzner, A.: Anpassungsvorgänge der Kreislaufperipherie an körperliche Belastungen. XVI. Weltkongreß für Sportmedizin Hannover 1966. Congress Report Köln, Berlin, 78–90.
Holloszy, J.O.: Biochemical adaptions in muscle. J. biol. Chem. 242, 2278–2282 (1967).
Hultman, E.: Studies on muscle metabolism of glycogen and active phosphate in man with special reference to exercise and diet. Stockholm 1967.
Kägi, H. R.: Der Einfluß von Muskelarbeit auf die Blutkonzentration der Nebennierenrin-denhormone. Helv. med. Acta 22, 258–267 (1955).
Raab, W.: Fundamentals of heart protection through physical activity. W. Va. med. J. 65, 1–3 (1969).
Roskamm, H., Samek, L., Weidemann, H., Reindell, H.: Leistung und Höhe. Ludwigshafen 1968.
Shephard, R.J.: Physiological determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness. J. Sport Med. (Torino) 111–134 (1967).
Strauzenberg, S.E., Thierbach, P.: Studies on possible misinterpretations of blood findings in samples taken from the capillary area of the ear lobe under certain exercise conditions in sport. Proc. Physical Assessment Labor. Assessment of Phys. Fitness. Prague, 229–233 (1970).
Taylor, H.L., Buskirk, E., Henschel, A.: Maximal oxygen intake as an objective measure of cardiorespiratory performance. J. appl. Physiol. 8, 73–80 (1955).
Tittel, K., Knacke, W., Brauer, B., Otto, H.: Der Einfluß körperlicher Belastungen unterschiedlicher Dauer und Intensität auf die Kapillarisierung der Herz- und Skelettmuskulatur bei Albino-Ratten. XVI. Weltkongreß für Sportmedizin Hannover 1966.
Vassiliyeva, V. E.: Change of elastic and muscular type arterial vessel tone in connection with person motor regime. XVI. Weltkongreß für Sportmedizin Hannover 1966. Congress Report Köln, Berlin, 176–180.
Viru, A., Körge, P.: Metabolic processes and adrenocortical activity during Marathon races. Int. Z. angew. Physiol. 29, 173–183 (1971).
Zimkin, N. V., Korobkov, A. V.: The importance of physical exercise as a factor of increasing resistance of the body to unfavorable influence under conditions of modern civilization. XVI. Weltkongreß für Sportmedizin Hannover 1966. Congress Report Köln, Berlin, 63–77.
Baldwin, K.M., Klinkerfuß, G.H., Terjung, R.L., Molé, P.A., Holloszy, J.O.: Respiratory capacity of white, red, and intermediate muscle: adaptive response to exercise. In: Amer. J. Physiol. 222, 373–378 (1972).
Barnard, R. J., Edgerton, V.R., Peter, J.B.: Effect of exercise on skeletal muscle. I. Biochemical and histological properties. In: J. appl. Physiol. 28, 762–766 (1970).
Barnard, R. J., Edgerton, V.R., Furukawa, T., Peter, J.B.: Histochemical, biochemical and contractile properties of red, white, and intermediate fibers. In: Amer. J. Physiol. 220, 410–414 (1971).
Costili, D.L., Gollnick, P.D., Jansson, E., Saltin, B., Stein, E.M.: Glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibers during distance running. In: Acta physiol. scand. 84, (1973).
Edström, L., Nyström, B.: Histochemical types and sizes of fibres of normal human muscles. In: Acta neurol. scand. 45, 257–269 (1969).
Edström, L., Ekblom, B.: Differences in sizes of red and white muscle fibers in vastus lateralis of m. quadriceps femoris of normal individuals and athletes. In: Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 30, 175–181 (1972).
Eriksson, B.O., Gollnick, P.D., Saltin, B.: Muscle metabolism and enzyme activities after training in boys 11–13 years old. In: Acta physiol scand. 84 (1973).
Gautier, G.F.: The ultra structure of three fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscle. In: E.J. Briskey, R.G. Cassens and B.B. Marsh: Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food II. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, 7, 103–130 (1970).
Gollnick, P.D., Armstrong, R.B., Saubert IV, Saubert, C.W., Piehl, K., Saltin, B.: Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of trained and untrained men. In: J. appl. Physiol. 33, 312–319 (1972a).
Gollnick, P.D., Piehl, K., Saubert IV, Saubert C.W., Armstrong, R.B., Saltin, B.: Diet, exercise, and glycogen changes in human muscle fibers. In: J. appl. Physiol. 33, 421–425 (1972b).
Gollnick, P.D., Armstrong, R.B., Saltin, B., Saubert IV, Saubert C.W., Sembrowich, W.L., Shepherd, R.E.: Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle. In: J. appl. Physiol. 34, 107–111 (1973a).
Gollnick, P.D., Armstrong, R.B., Saubert IV, Saubert C.W., Sembrowich, W.L., Saltin, B.: Glycogen depletion patterns in human skeletal muscle fibers during prolonged work. In: Pflügers Arch. (1973b).
Gollnick, P.D., Armstrong, R.B., Saubert IV, Saubert C.W., Shepherd, R.E., Saltin, B.: Glycogen depletion patterns in human skeletal muscle fibers during spring work. In: J. appl. Physiol. 34 (1973c).
Guth, L.: “Trophic” influences of nerve on muscle. In: Physiol. Rev. 48, 645–687 (1968).
Guth, L., Yellin, H.: The dynamic nature of the so-called “fiber types” of mammalian skeletal muscle. In: Exp. Neurol. 31, 277–300 (1971).
Havel, R.J.: Influence of intensity and duration of exercise on supply and use of feeds. In: B. Pernow, B. Saltin. Muscle Metabolism during Exercise. New York, London 315–325 (1971).
Henneman, E., Olson, C.B.: Relationship between structure and function in the design of skeletal muscle. In: J. Neurophysiol. 28, 581–598 (1965).
Karlsson, J.: Lactate and phosphagen concentrations in working muscles of man. In: Acta physiol. scand. 82, Suppl. 358 (1971).
Keul, J., Doll, E., Keppler, D.: Energy Metabolism of Muscle. München 1969.
Ogata, T., Murata, F.: Cytological features of three fiber types in human striated muscle. In: Tohoku J. exp. Med. 99, 225–245 (1969).
Peter, J.B., Barnard, R.J., Edgerton, R.V., Gillespie, C.A., Stempel, K.E.: Metabolic profiles of three fiber types of skeletal muscle in guinea pigs and rabbits. In: Biochem. 11, 2627–2633 (1972).
Rosell, S., Saltin, B.: Energy need delivery and utilization in exercise. In: G. Bourne: Muscle, vol. II, 2nd ed. New York 1973.
Saltin, B., Hermansen, L.: Glycogen stores and prolonged severe exercise. In: G. Blix: Nutrition and Physical Activity. Stockholm 1967.
Saltin, B.: Metabolic fundamentals in exercise. In: Science and Medicine in Sports (1973).
Stein, J.M., Padykula, H.A.: Histochemical classification of individual skeletal muscle fibers of the rat. In: Amer. J. Anat. 110, 103–115 (1962).
Varnauskas, E., Björntorp, P., Fahlén, M., Prerovsky, I., Stenberg, J.: Effects of physical training on exercise blood flow and enzymatic activity in skeletal muscle. In: Cardiovasc. Res. 4, 418–422 (1970).
Åstrand, P.O., Rodahl, K.: Textbook of Work Physiology. New York 1970.
Barnard, R.J., Reggie Edgerton, V., Peter, J.B.: Effect of exercise on skeletal muscle. I. Biochemical and histochemical properties. J. appl. Physiol. 28, 762–766 (1970).
Bergstroem, J.: Muscle electrolytes in man. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 14, Suppl. 68 (1962).
Gnaegi, H.R., Burri, P.H., Weibel, E. R.: A multipurpose computer program for stereology. Proc. 7th Int. Congr. Electron Microscopy Vol. 3, 443–444 (1970).
Gollnick, P.D., King, D.W.: The immediate and chronic effect of exercise on the number and structure of skeletal muscle mitochondria. In: J. Poortmans (ed.): Biochemistry of Exercise, Medicine and Sport, Vol. 3, 239–244. Basel, New York 1969.
Gollnick, P.D., Armstrong, R.B., Saubert IV, Saubert C.W., Piehl, K., Saltin, B.: Oxidative capacity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of trained and untrained men. Med. and Sci. in Sports 4, 50 (1972).
Holloszy, J.O.: Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. J. biol. Chem. 242, 2278–2282 (1967).
Howald, H., Schoenholzer, G.: Erfahrungen bei der Ergospirometrie in einem offenen System mit direkter elektronischer Datenverarbeitung. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin (in press).
Kiessling, K.H., Piehl, K., Lundquist, C.G.: Effect of physical training on ultrastructural features in human skeletal muscle. In: B. Pernow and B. Saltin (ed.): Muscle Metabolism During Exercise, 97–101. New York, London 1971.
Kraus, H., Kirsten, R., Wolff, J.R.: Die Wirkung von Schwimm- und Lauftraining auf die celluläre Funktion und Struktur des Muskels. Pflügers Arch. 308, 57–79 (1969).
Luft, J.H.: Improvements in epoxy resin embedding methods. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 9, 409–414 (1961).
Morgan, T.E., Cobb, L.A., Short, F.A., Ross, R., Gunn, D.R.: Effect of long-term exercise on human muscle mitochondria. In: B. Pernow and B. Saltin (ed.): Muscle Metabolism During Exercise, 87–95. New York, London 1971.
Palade, G.E.: A study of fixation for electron microscopy. J. exp. Med. 95, 285 (1952).
Reynolds, E.S.: The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 17, 208 (1963).
Schmalbruch, H.: Die quergestreiften Muskelfasern des Menschen. Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte. 43, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1970.
Schoenholzer, G., Howald, H.: Ergometrische Methoden zur Messung der aeroben und anaeroben Kapazität. III. Int. Seminar für Ergometrie, Berlin 1972.
Weibel, E.R., Kistler, G.S., Schede, W.F.: Practical stereological methods for morphome-tric cytology. J. Cell Biol. 30, 23–38 (1966).
Weibel, E.R.: Stereological principles for morphometry in electron microscopic cytology. Int. Rev. Cytol. 26, 235–302 (1969).
Barbey, K., Barbey, P.: Z. Kreisl.-Forsch. 52, 1129 (1963).
Caesar, K., Neher, M., Schollmeyer, P., Stein, E.: Z. Kreisl.-Forsch. 58, 345 (1969).
Caesar, K., Jeschke, D.: Internist (Berl.) 11, 283 (1970).
Caesar, K., Bader, K., Jeschke, D.: Med. Welt 23, 1110 (1972).
Clausen, J.P., Larsen, O.A., Trap-Jensen, J.: Circulation 40, 141 (1969).
Eisner, R.W., Carlson, L.D.: J. appl. Physiol. 17, 436 (1962).
Grimby, G., Häggendal, E., Saltin, B.: J. appl. Physiol. 22, 305 (1967).
Keul, J., Doll, E., Keppler, D.: Muskelstoffwechsel. München 1969.
Treumann, F., Schroeder, W.: Z. Kreisl.-Forsch. 57, 1024 (1968).
Ariel, G., Saville, W.: Anabolic steroids: The psychological effects of placebos. Med. and Sci. in Sports 4, 124 (1972).
Bergmann, M.: Die Wirkung von “Deca-Durabolin” auf den Reststickstoffspiegel im Blut. Med. Welt 10, 538 (1962).
Bergström, J., Hultman, E.: The effect of exercise on muscle glycogen and electrolytes in normals. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 18, 1 (1966).
Brown, I.A., James, M.E.: Nandrolone-phenpropionate in progressive muscular dystrophy... a preliminary report. Arch. Pediat. 78, 421 (1961).
Celejowa, I., Homa, M.: Food intake, nitrogen and energy balance in Polish weight-lifters, during a training camp. Nutrition and Metabolism 12, 259 (1970).
Dardenne, U., Rösch, O.: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Wirkungsmechanismus der Therapie der Retinopathia diabetica mit eiweißanabolen Hormonen. In: Bericht der deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft 63, 72 (1960).
Fowler, W.M., Gardner, G.W., Egström, E.H.: Effect of anabolic steroid on physical performance of young men. J. appl. Physiol. 20, 1038 (1965).
Haralambie, G.: Zum Normalwert des Coeruloplasmins im Serum und seine Beeinflussung durch Körperarbeit. Z. klin. Chem. u. klin. Biochem. 7, 352 (1969).
Haralambie, G., Keul, J.: Serum glycoprotein levels in athletes in training. Experientia (Basel) 26, 959 (1970).
Johnson, L.C., O’Shea, J.P.: Anabolic steroid. Effect on strength-development. Science 164, 3882 (1969).
Keul, J., Doll, E., Keppler, D.: Energy Metabolism of Human Muscle. Basel etc. 1971.
Keul, J.: Limiting Factors of Physical Performance. Stuttgart 1973.
Krüskemper, H.L.: Anabolic Steroids. New York 1968.
Krüskemper, H.L.: Androgene, anabole Steroide und Fettstoffwechsel. Z. Ernährungsw. Suppl. 12, 16 (1972).
Landon, J., Wynn, V., Cooke, J.N., Kennedy, A.: Effects of anabolic steroid, methandie-none on carbohydrate metabolism in man. Metabolism 11, 513 (1962).
Pernow, B., Saltin, B.: Muscle Metabolism During Exercise. New York, London 1971.
Steinbach, M.: Über den Einfluß anaboler Wirkstoffe, Muskelkraft und Muskeltraining. Sportarzt und Sportmedizin 19, 485 (1968).
Van Wayen, R. G. A.: Bestimmung der stickstoffsparenden Wirkung anaboler Hormone mit Hilfe der Bilanzuntersuchungen. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 18, 872 (1968).
Zicha, L., Timm, G., Köhnlein, G., Plössel, R.G.: Untersuchung über den Einfluß verschiedener Anabolika auf die Gesamtglucosetoleranz und Glucoseutilisation. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie, Wiesbaden, 127–130 (1966).
Blatter, K., Imhof, P.: Il ruolo dei beta-recettori adrenergici nella tachicardia de stress emotivo: indagini radiotelemetriche in saltato con lo sci. Schweiz. Z. Sportmed. 17, 131 (1969).
Creff, A.F., Bérard, L.: Sport et Alimentation. Physiologie nutritionelle et Diététique des activités sportives. 1963.
Creff, A.F., Canu, L.: Les crampes. Médecine du Sport 3, 47–143, (1970).
Creff, A.F., Canu, L.: Les crampes. Médecine du Sport 3, 52–148 (1970).
De Schaepdrijver, A.: Pharmakologisch Vademecum. Gent 1968.
De Schaepdrijver, A., Hebbelinck, M.: Doping. Oxford 1965.
Dirix, A.: Physio-pathologie de la préparation biologique. Cours International Assoc. Héllén. Sport — F.I.M.S. Athens 1970.
Dirix, A.: L’Alimentation du coureur cycliste sur route. XIIe Congrès International de Médecine sportive — F.I.M.S. Moscow 1958.
Dirix, A.: L’Alimentation à l’âge scolaire et à l’adolescence et l’entraînement physique. Congrès Mondial d’Education Physique. Bruxelles 1958.
Hanekopf, G.: XVI. Weltkongreß für Sportmedizin, Hannover. Köln, Berlin 1966.
Kûcera, M., Slezàk, Z.: Die Verletzung von Achillessehnen bei den pharmakologisch behandelten Sportlern. Abstracta. Symposium de leasionibus tendinis Achillis apud athletes. Prague 17.–18. XL 1966.
Lederer, J.: Diététique du Médecine Praticien. Paris 1957.
Lucking, M.: Summary on Anabolid Steroids. (I.O.C.) 1966.
Metevier, C.: Enzymatic and ionic changes in man associated with physical work. J. Sport Med. 9, 186 (1969).
Noirfalise, A., Heughem, C., De Vleschhouwer, G.R., Moerman, E.: Les substances dopantes. Extrait des „Annales de Biologie Clinique“, Nr. 3, 4 Mars, Avril 1968 (pp. 249–272).
Petit, J.M., Delhez, L., Pirnay, F., Koninckx, N.: Action physiologique des drogues sur les facteurs limitatifs du travail musculaire et de performance sportive. Institut Malvoz, Liège, Belgique, 1970.
Plas, F.: Surrénales et sport. Médecine et hygiène. Genève No. 841. 9 Octobre 1968.
Poortmans, J.F.: Biochemistry of Exercise. Medicine and Sport, Vol. III. Bâle 1969.
Poiletman, R.M., Miller, H.A.: The influence of wheat germ oil. J. Sport Med. (Torino) 8, 1 (1968).
Prokop, L.: Die Mineralstoffe der Milch, österreichisches Journal für Sportmedizin 1, 19 (1972).
Prokop, L.: Multivitamine bei Spitzenathleten. Ärztl. Prax. 21, 3005 (1969).
Prokop, L.: Vitamine und sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit. Österreichisches Journal für Sportmedizin 1, 17–21 (1972).
Regozkin, V.A.: Application of vitamines to speed up acclimatisation of sportsmen to hypoxia. J. Sport Med. (Torino) 9, 204 (1969).
Segers, M., et al. Travaux de service d’études de l’I.N.E.P.S. Vol. 1. Bruxelles 1962.
Suchianu, G.A.: La preparacion biologica del deportista. Medicina de la Educacion Fisica y el Deporte. 15, 39–48 (1970).
Van Rossum, J.M., Vree, T.B.: Doping middelen met centraal stimulerende werking. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 1. Nov. 1969, Nr. 44.
Worobjew, A.: Revue Olympique. Lausanne, 34–35 (1970).
Wuscheck, H., Kempe, G., Ahrendt, E.: Hyposiderämie bei chronischen Achillodynien. Abstracta Symposium de laesionibus tendinis Achillis apud athletes. Pragae 17.–18. XV. 1966.
Bailey, R.: Observations of cervical intervertebral disc lesions in fractures and dislocations. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 45-A, 461–470 (1963).
Grodinski, M., Holyoke, E.A.: Fasciae and fascial spaces of the head, neck and adjacent Regions. Amer. J. Anat. 63, 367–383 (1938).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1973 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Åstrand, PO. et al. (1973). Fundamentals and Limits of Competitive Sport — Medical Insights. In: Grupe, O., Kurz, D., Teipel, J.M. (eds) Sport in the Modern World — Chances and Problems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65784-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65784-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65786-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65784-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive