Skip to main content

Abstract

So much has been learnt about the proteins of influenza virus during the last three years that most of the gene products can now be tentatively assigned a structural or functional role in the virion or in the infected cell. Indeed, it could be said that influenza vies with reovirus and poliovirus for the privilege of becoming the first mammalian virus to be completely characterized chemically and genetically. In the case of influenza, however, this is more than an exercise in molecular biology, for influenza heads the list of pandemic infectious diseases that still pose a major threat to modern man. A precise understanding of the evolution of novel variants of influenza virus, by antigenic drift or genetic reassortment, is crucial to the development of satisfactory combative measures, whether based on immunization, chemoprophylaxis, chemotherapy, or even ecological control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Almeida, J. D., Waterson, A. P.: Some observations on the envelope of an influenza virus. J. gen. Microbiol. 46, 107–110 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida, J. D., Waterson, A. P.: Morphological aspects of influenza virus. In: The biology of large RNA viruses (eds. R. D. Barry and B. W. J. Mahy), p. 27–51. London-New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apostolov, K., Flewett, T. H.: Further observations on the structure of influenza viruses A and C. J. gen. Virol. 4, 365–370 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apostolov, K., Flewett, T. H., Kendal, A. P.: Morphology of influenza A, B, C and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) virions and their replication. In: The biology of large RNA viruses (eds. R. D. Barry and B. W. J. Mahy), p. 3–26. London-New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Archetti, I., Jemolo, A., Steve-Bocciarelli, D.: On the fine structure of influenza virus. Arch. Virusforsch. 20, 133–136 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bächi, T., Gerhard, W., Lindermann, J., Muhlethaler, K.: Morphogenesis of influenza A virus in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells as revealed by thinsectioning and freeze-etching. J. Virol. 4, 769–776 (1969).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, R. D., Mahy, B. W. J. (eds.): The biology of large RNA viruses. London-New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becht, H.: Induction of an arginine-rich component during infection with influenza virus. J. gen. Virol. 4, 215–220 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becht, H.: Cytoplasmic synthesis of an arginine-rich nuclear component during infection with an influenza virus. J. Virol. 7, 204–207 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becht, H., Hammerling, U., Rott, R.: Undisturbed release of influenza virus in the presence of univalent antineuraminidase antibodies. Virology 46, 337–343 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becht, H., Rott, R., Klenk, H.-D.: Effect of concanavalin A on cells infected with enveloped RNA viruses. J. gen. Virol. 14, 1–8 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biddle, F.: The action of protease on influenza A2 virus. J. gen. Virol. 2, 19–28 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bikel, I., Knight, C. A.: Differential action of Aspergillus glycosidases on the hemag-glutinating and neuraminidase activities of influenza and Newcastle disease viruses. Virology 49, 326–332 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. H. L., Obijeski, J. F., Simpson, R. W.: Transcription of the influenza ribonucleic acid genome by a virion polymerase. I. Optimal conditions for in vitro activity of the ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase. J. Virol. 8, 66–73 (1971a)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. H. L., Obijeski, J. F., Simpson, R. W.: Transcription of the influenza ribonucleic acid genome by a virion polymerase. II. Nature of the in vitro polymerase product. J. Virol. 8, 74–80 (1971b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. H. L., Roy, P., Bean, W. J., Simpson, R. W.: Transcription of the influenza ribonucleic acid genome by a virion polymerase. III. Completeness of the transcription process. J.Virol. 10, 689–697 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, C. D., Duesberg, P. H.: Myxovirus ribonucleic acids. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 24, 539–574 (1970).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blough, H. A.: Fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids of influenza virus. J. gen. Virol. 12, 317–320 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blough, H. A., Merlie, J. P.: The lipids of incomplete influenza virus. Virology 40, 685–692 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borland, R., Mahy, B.W. J.: Deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent polymerase activity in cells infected with influenza virus. J. Virol. 2, 33–39 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, C. M., Skehel, J. J.: Crystalline antigen from the influenza virus envelope. Nature (Lond.) New Biol. 238, 145–147 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitenfeld, P.M., Schäfer, W.: The formation of fowl plague virus antigens in infected cells as studied with fluorescent antibodies. Virology 4, 328–345 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher, D. J., Kilbourne, E. D.: A2 (N2) neuraminidase of the X-7 influenza virus recombinant: determination of molecular size and subunit composition of the active unit. J. Virol. 10, 60–66 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheyne, I. M., White, D. O.: Growth of paramyxoviruses in anucleate cells. Aust. J. exp. Biol. med. Sci. 47, 145–147 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chow, N., Simpson, R. W.: RNA dependent RNA polymerase activity associated with virions and sub viral particles of myxoviruses. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 68, 752–756 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W.: Influenza virus proteins. II. Association with components of the cytoplasm. Virology 51, 56–70 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W., Caliguiri, L. A.: Isolation and properties of an RNA polymerase from influenza virus-infected cells. J. Virol. 11, 441–448 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W., Choppin, P. W.: The structure and assembly of influenza and parainfluenza viruses. In: Comparative virology (eds. K. Maramorosch and E. Kurstak), p. 407–433. New York: Academic Press 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W., Content, J., Duesberg, P. H.: The structure of the ribonucleoprotein of influenza virus. J. Virol. 10, 795–800 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W., Dimmock, N. J.: An electron microscopic study of single-cycle infection of chick embryo fibroblasts by influenza virus. Virology 39, 499–515 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W., Dimmock, N. J., Meier-Ewert, H.: An electron microscopic study of the influenza virus infected cell. In: The biology of large RNA viruses. (eds. R. D. Barry and B. W. J. Mahy), p. 87–108. London-New York: Academic Press 1970a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compans, R. W., Klenk, H.-D., Caliguiri, L. A., Choppin, P. W.: Influenza virus proteins. I. Analysis of polypeptides of the virion and identification of spike glycoproteins. Virology 42, 880–889 (1970b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Content, J., Duesberg, P. H.: Electrophoretic distribution of the proteins and glycoproteins of influenza virus and Sendai virus. J. Virol. 6, 707–716 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Content, J., Duesberg, P. H.: Base sequence differences among the ribonucleic acids of influenza virus. J. molec. Biol. 62, 273–285 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimmock, N. J.: New virus-specific antigens in cells infected with influenza virus. Virology 39, 224–234 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimmock, N. J., Watson, D. H.: Proteins specified by influenza virus in infected cells: analysis by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of antigens not present in the virus particle. J. gen. Virol. 5, 499–509 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drzeniek, R., Frank, H., Rott, R.: Electron microscopy of purified influenza virus neuraminidase. Virology 36, 703–707 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drzeniek, R., Seto, J. T., Rott, R.: Characterization of neuraminidases from myxo-viruses. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 128, 547–558 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duc-Nguyen, H., Rose, H. M., Morgan, C.: An electron microscopic study of changes at the surface of influenza-infected cells as revealed by ferritin-cojugated antibody. Virology 28, 404–412 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duesberg, P. H.: The RNA’s of influenza virus. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 59, 930–937 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duesberg, P. H.: Distinct subunits of the ribonucleoprotein of influenza virus. J. molec. Biol. 42, 485–499 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duesberg, P. H.: Robinson, W. S.: On the structure and replication of influenza virus. J. molec. Biol. 25, 383–405 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, E. A.: The subunit structure of influenza virus envelope protein. J. Immunol. 102, 1105–1107 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, E. A.: Properties of an antigenic glycoprotein isolated from influenza virus hemagglutinin. J. Virol. 11, 183–192 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etchison, J., Doyle, M., Penhoet, E., Holland, J.: Synthesis and cleavage of influenza virus proteins. J. Virol. 7, 155–167 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenner, F. J., McAuslan, B. R., Mims, C., Sambrook, J., White, D. O.: The biology of animal viruses, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press. 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, J. T., Gibbs, A. J.: Observations on the structure of the nucleocapsids of some paramyxoviruses. J. gen. Virol. 6, 141–150 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frommhagen, L. H., Knight, C. A., Freeman, N. K.: The ribonucleic acid, lipid, and polysaccharide constituents of influenza virus preparations. Virology 8, 176–197 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi, S. S., Stanley, P., Taylor, J. M., White, D. O.: Inhibition of influenza viral glycoprotein synthesis by sugars. Microbios 5, 41–50 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, E. A., Pons, M. W.: The effect of polyvinyl-sulfate on the ribonucleoprotein of influenza virus. Virology 41, 382–384 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregoriades, A.: Isolation of neuraminidase from the WSN strain of influenza virus. Virology 49, 333–336 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harboe, A.: The normal allantoic antigen which neutralizes the influenza virus HI- antibody to host material. Acta path, microbiol. scand. 57, 488–492 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, S. C., David, A., Jumblatt, J., Darnell, J. E.: Lipid and protein organization in Sindbis virus. J. molec. Biol. 60, 523–528 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, E. A., Hampson, A. W., Egan, J. A., White, D. O.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. II. Interpretation of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns. Virology 42, 555–565 (1970a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, E. A., Hampson, A. W., Radiskevics, I., White, D. O.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. III. Identification of the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and nucleocapsid proteins. Virology 42, 566–575 (1970b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayman, M. J., Skehel, J. J., Crumpton, M. J.: Purification of virus glycoproteins by affinity chromatography using Lens culinaris phytohaemagglutinin. In press (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, P. P. K., Walters, C. P.: Influenza virus-induced ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase and the effect of actinomycin D on its formation. Biochemistry 5, 231–235 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. J., Doyle, M., Perrault, J., Kingsbury, D., Etchison, J.: Proteinase activity in purified animal viruses. Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 46, 634–636 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. J., Kiehn, E. D.: Influenza virus effects on cell membrane proteins. Science 167, 202–205 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, L.: Structure of the influenza virus. The relation between biological activity and chemical structure of virus fractions. J. Hyg. (Camb.) 50, 229–245 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle, L.: The influenza viruses. Virol. Monogr. 4, 1–375 Vienna-New York: Springer 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joss, A., Gandhi, S. S., Hay, A. J., Burke, D. C.: Ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in chick embryo cells infected with fowl plague virus. J. Virol. 4, 816–822 (1969)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaluza, G., Scholtissek, C., Rott, R.: Inhibition of the multiplication of enveloped RNA-viruses by glucosamine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. J. gen. Virol. 14, 251–259 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendal, A. P., Apostolov, K., Belyavin, G.: The effect of protease treatment on the morphology of influenza A, B and C viruses. J. gen. Virol. 5, 141–143 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendal, A. P., Eckert, E. A.: The preparation and properties of 14C-carboxamidomethylated subunits from A2/1957 influenza neuraminidase. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 258, 484–495 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilbourne, E. D.: Inhibition of influenza virus multiplication with a glucose antimetabolite (2-deoxy-D-glucose). Nature (Lond.) 183, 271–272 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilborne, E. D., Choppin, P. W., Schulze, I. T., Scholtissek, C., Bucher, D. L.: Influenza virus polypeptides and antigens — Summary of influenza workshop I. J. infect. Dis. 125, 447–455 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsbury, D. W., Replication and functions of myxovirus ribonucleic acids. Progr. med. Virol. 12, 49–77 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsbury, D. W.: Webster, R. G.: Some properties of influenza virus nucleocapsids. J. Virol. 4, 219–225 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klenk, H.-D., Choppin, P. W.: Plasma membrane lipids and parainfluenza virus assembly. Virology 40, 939–947 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klenk, H.-D., Compans, R. W., Choppin, P. W.: An electron microscopic study of the presence or absence of neuraminic acid in enveloped viruses. Virology 42, 1158–1162 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klenk, H.-D., Rott, R., Becht, H.: On the structure of the influenza virus envelope. Virology 47, 579–591 (1972a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klenk, H.-D., Scholtissek, C., Rott, R.: Inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis of influenza virus by D-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Virology 49, 723–734 (1972b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krug, R. M.: Influenza viral RNP’s newly synthesized during the latent period of viral growth in MDCK cells. Virology 44, 125–136 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krug, R. M.: Cytoplasmic and nucleoplasms viral RNP’s in influenza virus-infected MDCK cells. Virology 50, 103–113 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landsberger, F. R., Lenard, J., Paxton, J., Compans, R. W.: Spin-label electron spin resonance study of the lipid-containing membrane of influenza virus. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 68, 2579–2583 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G.: The structure of influenza viruses. 3. Disruption of the virus particle and separation of neuraminidase activity. Virology 20, 251–262 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G.: Structural studies on the protein subunits from three strains of influenza virus. J. molec. Biol. 9, 109–124 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G.: Separation of two polypeptide chains from the hemagglutinin subunit of influenza virus. Virology 45, 275–288 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G., Baker, N.: Aminoacid composition of polypeptides from influenza virus particles. J. gen. Virol. 17, 61–68 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G., Kilbourne, E. D.: Identification in a recombinant influenza virus of structural proteins derived from both parents. Virology 30, 493–501 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G., Valentine, R. C.: Morphology of the isolated hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of influenza virus. Virology 38, 105–119 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G., Webster, R. G.: The structure of influenza viruses. IV. Chemical studies of the host antigen. Virology 30, 104–115 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G., Webster, R. G.: Selection of antigenic mutants of influenza viruses. Isolation and peptide mapping of their hemagglutinating proteins. Virology 34, 193–202 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laver, W. G., Webster, R. G.: Studies on the origin of pandemic influenza. II. Peptide maps of the light and heavy polypeptide chains from the hemagglutinin subunits of A2 influenza viruses isolated before and after the appearance of Hong Kong influenza. Virology 48, 445–455 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarowitz, S. G., Compans, R. W., Choppin, P. W.: Influenza virus structural and nonstructural proteins in infected cells and their plasma membranes. Virology 46, 830–843 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazdins, I., Haslam. E. A., White, D. O.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. VI. Composition of the neuraminidase. Virology 49, 758–765 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. A., Hodge, L. D.: Nonpermissive infections of mammalian cells: synthesis of influenza virus genome in Hela cells. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 64, 544–551 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewandowski, L. J., Content, J., Leppla, S. H.: Characterization of the subunit structure of the ribonucleic acid genome of influenza virus. J. Virol. 8, 701–707 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, K., Seto, J. T.: Electron microscopic study of ribonucleic acid of myxoviruses. J. Virol. 7, 524–530 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long, W. F., Burke, D. C.: The effect of infection with fowl plague virus on protein synthesis in chick embryo cells. J. gen. Virol. 6, 1–14 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maeno, K., Kilbourne, E. D.: Developmental sequence and intracellular sites of synthesis of three structural protein antigens of influenza A2 virus. J. Virol. 5, 153–164 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahy, B. W. J., Bromley, P. A.: In vitro product of a ribonucleic acid polymerase induced by influenza virus. J. Virol. 6, 259–268 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahy, B. W. J., Hastie, N. D., Armstrong, S. J.: Inhibition of influenza virus replication by α-amanitin: mode of action. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 69, 1421–1424 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maizel, J. V.: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of viral proteins. In: Methods in virology, vol. V (eds. K. Maramorosch and H. Koprowski). New York: Academic Press 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, P. I.: Dynamics of surface modification in myxovirus infected cells. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 27, 351–365 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchison, N. A.: The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten-protein conjugates. I. Measurements of the effect with transferred cells and objections to the local environment hypothesis. Europ. J. Immunol. 1, 10–17 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V.: Ultrastructural studies with influenza viruses. I. Effect of some reagents on the fine structure of the virion. Acta virol. 14, 185–193 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V.: Further investigation on the fine structure of the influenza virus. J. gen. Virol. 17, 317–332 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nermut, M. V., Frank, H.: Fine structure of influenza A2 (Singapore) as revealed by negative staining, freeze-drying and freeze-etching. J. gen. Virol. 10, 37–51 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noll, H., Aoyagi, T., Orlando, J.: The structural relationship of sialidase to the influenza virus surface. Virology 18, 154–157 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penhoet, E., Miller, H., Doyle, M., Blatti, S.: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in influenza virions. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 68, 1369–1371 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, H. G.: Influenza: antigenic spectrum. Progr. med. Virol. 11, 46–79 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, M. W.: On the nature of the influenza virus genome. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 52, 142–157 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, M. W.: Isolation of influenza virus ribonucleoprotein from infected cells. Demonstration of the presence of negative-stranded RNA in viral RNP. Virology 46, 149–160 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, M. W.: Studies on the replication of influenza virus RNA. Virology 47, 823–832 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, M. W., Hirst, G. K.: Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of influenza virus RNA. Virology 34, 385–388 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, M. W., Hirst, G. K.: The single- and double-stranded RNA’s and the proteins of incomplete influenza viruses. Virology 38, 68–72 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, M. W., Schulze, L. T., Hirst, G. K.: Isolation and characterization of the ribonucleoprotein of influenza virus. Virology 39, 250–259 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reginster, M.: Modification of influenza virus morphology by Streptomyces albus G caseinase C. Acta virol. 9, 462–463 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer, C. B., Baker, R. S., Newlin, T. E., Havens, M. L.: Influenza virus purification with the zonal ultracentrifuge. Science 152, 1379–1381 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, W. S., Duesberg, P. H.: The myxoviruses. In: Molecular basis of virology (ed. H. Fraenkel-Conrat), p. 255–305. New York: Reinhold 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rott, R., Becht, H., Klenk, H.-D., Scholtissek, C.: Interactions of concanavalin A with the membrane of influenza virus infected cells and with envelope components of the virus particle. Z. Naturforsch. 27b, 227–233 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rott, R., Drzeniek, R., Frank, H.: On the structure of influenza viruses. In: The biology of large RNA viruses (eds. R. D. Barry and B. W. J. Mahy), p. 75–85. London-New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rott, R., Scholtissek, C.: Multiplication of myxoviruses. In: Modern trends in medical virology. vol. 1 (eds. R. B. Heath and A. P. Waterson), p. 25–48. London: Butter-worths 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruck, B. J., Brammer, K. W., Page, M. G., Coombes, J. D.: The detection and characterization of an induced RNA polymerase in the chorioallantoic membranes of embryonated eggs infected with influenza A2 virus. Virology 39, 31–41 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schild, G. C.: Evidence for a new type-specific structural antigen of the influenza virus particle. J. gen. Virol. 15, 99–103 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtissek, C.: Synthesis in vitro of RNA complementary to parental viral RNA by RNA polymerase induced by influenza virus. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 179, 389–397 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtissek, C., Becht, H.: Binding of ribonucleic acids to the RNP-antigen protein of influenza viruses. J. gen. Virol. 10, 11–16 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtissek, C., Becht, H., Rott, R.: Inhibition of influenza RNA polymerase by specific antiserum. Virology 43, 137–143 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtissek, C., Drzeniek, R., Rott, R.: Myxoviruses. In: The biochemistry of viruses (ed. H. B. Levy), p. 219–258, New York: Marcel Dekker 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholtissek, C., Rott, R.: Ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase induced in chick fibroblasts after infection with an influenza virus. J. gen. Virol. 4, 125–137 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtissek, C., Rott, R.: Synthesis in vivo of influenza virus plus and minus strand RNA and its preferential inhibition by antibiotics. Virology 40, 989–996 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, J. L., Kilbourne, E. D.: Independent variation in nature of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens of influenza virus: distinctiveness of hemagglutinin antigen of Hong Kong/68 virus. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 63, 326–333 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, I. T.: The structure of influenza virus. I. The polypeptides of the virion. Virology 42, 890–904 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, I. T.: The structure of influenza virus. II. A model based on the morphology and composition of subviral particles. Virology 47, 181–196 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, I. T., Pons, M. W., Hirst, G. K., Hauser, R. N.: The RNA and proteins of influenza virus. In: The biology of large RNA viruses (eds. R. D. Barry and B. W. J. Mahy), p. 324–346, London-New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seto, J. T., Drzeniek, R., Rott, R.: Isolation of a low molecular weight neuraminidase from influenza virus. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 113, 402–404 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shatkin, A. J.: Viruses with segmented ribonucleic acid genomes: multiplication of influenza versus reovirus. Bact. Rev. 35, 250–266 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skehel, J. J.: The characterization of subviral particles derived from influenza virus. Virology 44, 409–417 (1971a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skehel, J. J.: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of the influenza virus. Virology 45, 793–796 (1971b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skehel, J. J.: Estimations of the molecular weight of the influenza virus genome. J. gen. Virol. 11, 103–109 (1971c).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skehel, J. J.: Polypeptide synthesis in influenza virus-infected cells. Virology 49, 23–36(1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skehel, J. J., Burke, D. C.: Ribonucleic acid synthesis in chick embryo cells infected with fowl plague virus. J. Virol. 3, 429–438 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skehel, J. J., Schild, G. C.: The polypeptide composition of influenza A viruses. Virology 44, 396–408 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, P. M., Crook, N. E., Streader, L. G., Davidson, B. E.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. VIII. Large-scale purification of hemagglutinin. Virology 56, in press (1973a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, P. M., Gandhi, S. S., White, D. O.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. VII. Synthesis of the hemagglutinin. Virology 53, 92–106 (1973b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, P. M., Haslam, E. A.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. V. Localization of polypeptides in the virion by iodination techniques. Virology 46, 764–773 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. M., Hampson, A. W., Layton, J. E., White, D. O.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. IV. An analysis of nuclear accumulation. Virology 42, 744–752 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. M., Hampson, A. W., White, D. O.: The polypeptides of influenza virus. I. Cytoplasmic synthesis and nuclear accumulation. Virology 39, 419–425 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. B., Duffus, W. P. H., Raff, M. C., De Petris, S.: Redistribution and pinocytosis of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induced by antiimmunoglobulin antibody. Nature (Lond.) New Biol. 233, 225–229 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, J. M., Blough, H. A.: Estimation of the number of surface projections on myxo- and paramyxoviruses. Virology 41, 392–394 (1970a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany, J. M., Blough, H. A.: Models of structure of the envelope of influenza virus. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 65, 1105–1112 (1970b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R. G.: Estimation of the molecular weights of the polypeptide chains from the isolated hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of influenza viruses. Virology 40, 543–554 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R. G., Darlington, R. W.: Disruption of myxoviruses with Tween 20 and isolation of biologically active hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits. J. Virol. 4, 182–187 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R. G., Laver, W. G.: Antigenic variation in influenza virus. Biology and chemistry. Progr. med. Virol. 13, 271–338 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R. G., Laver, W. G.: Studies on the origin of pandemic influenza. I. Antigenic analysis of A2 influenza viruses isolated before and after the appearance of Hong Kong influenza using antisera to the isolated hemagglutinin subunits. Virology 48, 433–444 (1972).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, R. G., Laver, W. G., Kilbourne, E. D.: Reactions of antibodies with surface antigens of influenza virus. J. gen. Virol. 3, 315–326 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, D. O., Taylor, J. M., Haslam, E. A., Hampson, A. W.: The polypeptides of influenza virus and their biosynthesis. In: The biology of large RNA viruses (eds. R. D. Barry and B. W. J. Mahy), p. 602–618. London-New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. J., Content, J.: 5’-terminus of influenza virus RNA. Nature (Lond.) New Biol. 230, 140–142 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

White, D.O. (1974). Influenza Viral Proteins: Identification and Synthesis. In: Arber, W., et al. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung, vol 63. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65775-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65775-7_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65777-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65775-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics