Abstract
Most of our present knowledge in immunology has been acquired by studying the immune responses of adult mammals. To understand the ontogenetic differentiation of the immune system of vertebrates, mammals do not appear to be the best model available. Their development is usually fast and interactions between mother and fetus may modify the basic differentiation of the fetal immune system. Moreover it is difficult to work on mammalian embryos in utero. Birds are a good model but their fast development does not leave time to study in detail the immunological responses at embryonary stages.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aimar, C., Gallien, L.: Etude par la méthode des homogreffes cutanées des reactions immunitaires chez des animaux isogéniques allocytoplasmiques, obtenus par greffes nucléaires intra- et interspécifiques dans le genre Pleurodeles (Amphibiens, Urodèles). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris D. 274, 3019–3022 (1972).
Ambrosius, H.: Untersuchungen über die Immunoglobuline niederer Wirbeltiere. Allergie u. Asthma 13, 111–119 (1967).
Ambrosius, H., Hemmerling, J., Richter, R., Schimke, R.: Immunoglobulins and the dynamics of antibody formation in poikilothermic vertebrates (Pisces, Urodela, Reptilia). Proc. Symp. “Developmental aspects of antibody formation and structure”. Academia Prague 1970, p. 727–744.
Amirante, G. A., Parisi, V.: Anticorpopoiesi e caratteri serologici negli Anfibi. Atti Acad. naz. Lincei 42, 88–94 (1967).
Auerbach, R.: Cellular differentiation and antibody variability. Amer. Zool. 10, 319 (1970).
Auerbach, R., Globerson, A.: In vitro induction of the graft versus host reaction. Exp. Cell Res. 42, 31–41 (1966).
Auerbach, R., Ruben, L. N.: Studies of antibody formation in Xenopus laevis. J. Immunol. 104, 1242–1246 (1970).
Baculi, B. S., Cooper, E. L.: Lymphomyeloid organs in Amphibia. IV. Normal histology in larval and adult Rana catesbiana. J. Morph. 126, 463–476 (1968).
Baculi, B. S., Cooper, E. L.: Histopathology of skin allograft rejection in larval Rana catesbiana. J. exp. Zool. 173, 329–338 (1970).
Baculi, B. S., Cooper, E. L., Brown, B. A.: Lymphomyeloid organs of Amphibia. V. Comparative histology in diverse anuran species. J. Morph. 131, 315–328 (1970).
Baglioni, C., Sparks, C.: A study of hemoglobin differentiation in Rana catesbiana. Develop. Biol. 8, 272–285 (1963).
Bankhurst, A. D., Warner, N. L., Sprent, J.: Surface immunoglobulin on thymus and thymus derived lymphoid cells. J. exp. Med. 134, 1005–1015 (1971).
Bernardini, N., Chardonnens, X., Simon, D.: Développment après la metamorphose de compétences immunologiques envers les homogreffes cutanées chez Xenopus laevis. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 269, 1011–1014 (1969a).
Bernardini, N., Chardonnens, X., Simon, D.: Etude du comportement immunologique chez Xenopus laevis en présence de deux greffes cutanées différentes. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 269, 1107–1110 (1969b).
Bernardini, N., Chardonnens, X., Simon, D.: Tolérance des allogreffes cutanées chez Xenopus laevis. Influence de la taille et de l’âge du greffon. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 270, 2351–2354 (1970).
Billingham, R. E., Brent, L., Medawar, P. B.: “Actively acquired tolerance” of foreign cells. Nature (Lond.) 172, 603–606 (1953).
Biozzi, G., Stiffel, C., Mouton, D., Liacopoulos-Briot, M., Decreusepond, C., Bouthillier, Y.: Etude du phénomène de l’immuno cyto-adhérence au cours de l’immunisation. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 110, Suppl. 3, 7–32 (1966).
Bisset, K. A.: The effect of temperature on immunity in amphibia. J. Path. Bact. 59, 301–306 (1947a).
Bisset, K. A.: Natural and acquired immunity in frogs and fishes. J. Path. Bact. 59, 679–682 (1947b).
Bisset, K. A.: The effect of temperature on antibody production in Cold blooded vertebrates. J. Path. Bact. 60, 87–92 (1948).
Born, G.: Über Verwachsungsversuche mit Amphibienlarven. Arch. Entwickl.-Mech. Org. 4, 349–365 (1897).
Borysenko, M.: The maturation of the capacity to reject skin allografts and xenografts in the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. J. exp. Zool. 170, 341–358 (1969).
Both, N. J. de: Transplantation immunity in the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) studied by blastemal grafts. J. exp. Zool. 173, 147–158 (1970).
Bovbjerg, A. M.: Reactions of skin grafts in tadpoles. Amer. Zool. 2, 508 (1961).
Bovbjerg, A. M.: Rejection of skin homografts in larvae of Rana pipiens. J. exp. Zool. 161, 69–80 (1966).
Charlemagne, J.: Etude des protéines sériques de l’Amphibien Urodèle Triturus alpestris (Laur) chez l’adulte et au cours de la métamorphose. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 92, 155–160 (1967a).
Charlemagne, J.: Etude par électrophorèse et immunoélectrophorèse des proteins sériques de l’Axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw). Bull. Soc. Zool. France 92, 739–748 (1967b).
Charlemagne, J., Houillon, C.: Effet de la thymectomie larvaire chez l’Amphibien Urodèle Pleurodeles waltlii (Michah). Production à l’état adulte d’une tolérance aux homogreffes cutanées. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 267, 253–256 (1968).
Charlemagne, J., Houillon, C.: Protéines sériques et chimérisme du foie des chimères entre les Amphibiens Urodèles: Pleurodeles waltlii (Michah) et Triturus alpestris Laur. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 272, 1155–1158 (1971).
Ching, Y. C., Wedgwood, R. J.: Immunologic response in the Axolotl. J. Immunol. 99, 191–200 (1967).
Clayton, R. M.: Antigens in the developing newt embryo. Nature (Lond.) 168, 120 (1957).
Cohen, N.: The maturation of transplantation immunity in the Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Amer. Zool. 7, 763 (1967).
Cohen, N.: Chronic skin allograft in the Urodela. I. A comparative study of first and second set allograft reaction. J. exp. Zool. 167, 37–48 (1968).
Cohen, N.: Immunogenetic and developmental aspects of tissue transplantation immunity in Urodele amphibians. In: Biology of amphibian tumors (M. Mizell, ed.), p. 153–168. New York: Springer 1969.
Cohen, N.: Amphibian transplantation reaction: a review. Amer. Zool. 11, 193–205 (1971).
Cohen, P. P.: Biochemical differentiation during amphibian metamorphosis. Science 168, 533–543 (1970).
Cohen, S. G., Sapp, T. M., Shaskas, J. R.: Anaphylactic responsiveness of the frog Rana pipiens. J. Allergy 47, 121–130 (1971).
Cole, W. H.: Transplantation of skin in frog tadpoles. J. exp. Zool. 35, 353 (1922).
Collins, H. H., Adolph, E. F.: Skin pattern in Urodele amphibia. J. Morph. 42, 473–522 (1926).
Cooper, A. J.: Ammocete lymphoid cell population in vitro. In: Proc. 4th Ann. Leukocyte culture conf. (O.R. McIntyre, ed.), p. 137–147. New York: Appleton Century Crofts 1971.
Cooper, E. L.: Some aspects of histogenesis of the amphibian lymphomyeloid system and its role in immunity. In: Ontogeny of immunity (R. T. Smith, R. A. Good, and P. A. Miescher eds.), p. 87–101. Gainesville: Univ. Florida Press 1967a.
Cooper, E. L.: Lymphomyeloid organ of Amphibia. Appearance during larval and adult stages of Rana catesbiana. J. Morph. 122, 381–390 (1967b).
Cooper, E. L.: Lymphomyeloid organs of Amphibia. III. Antibody synthesis and lymph glands in larval bullfrog. Anat. Rec. 162, 453–458 (1968).
Cooper, E. L., Brown, B. A., Baculi, B. S.: New observations on lymph gland (L.M.1) and thymus activity in larval bullfrogs, Rana catesbiana. In: Morphological and fundamental aspects of immunity (Lindhal-Kiessling, Alm and Hanna, eds.), p. 1–10. London, New York: Plenum Press 1971.
Cooper, E. L., Hildemann, W. H.: The immune response of larval bullfrog Rana catesbiana to diverse antigens. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 126, 647–651 (1965).
Cooper, E. L., Hildemann, W. H.: Allograft reactions in bullfrog larvae in relation to thymectomy. Transplantation 3, 446–448 (1965).
Cooper, E. L., Hildemann, W. H., Pinkerton, W.: Serum antibody synthesis and skin homograft survival in larvae of the bullfrog Rana catesbiana: Role of the thymus gland. Immunogenet. Lett. 3, 62–67 (1963).
Cooper, E. L., Pinkerton, W., Hildemann, W. H.: Serum antibody synthesis in larvae of the bullfrog Rana catesbiana. Biol. Bull. 127, 232–238 (1964).
Cotronei, G.: Risultati sperimentali e problemi sui trapianti espianti parabiosi xenoplastiche negli amphibi. Atti Acad. naz. Lincei Rind. cl. Sci. fis. mat. nat. 13, 223–229 (1952).
Croizille, Y.: Etude par les méthodes immunochimiques de l’apparition de quelques constituants caractéristiques du foie et du rein adultes pendant le développement embryonnaire du poulet. In: Méthodes nouvelles en embryologie (E. Wolff, ed.), p. 203–231. Paris: Hermann 1965.
Cunningham, A. J.: A method of increased sensitivity for detecting single antibody forming cells. Nature (Lond.) 207, 1106–1107 (1965).
Curtis, S. K., Volpe, E. P.: Modification of responsiveness to allografts in larvae of the leopard frog by thymectomy. Develop. Biol. 25, 177–197 (1971).
Curtis, S. K., Volpe, E. P.: Ultrastructure of the developing thymus of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Z. Zellforsch. 127, 323–346 (1972).
De Lanney, L. E., Blackler, M. K., Prahlad, K. V.: The relationship of age to allograft and tumor rejection. Amer. Zool. 7, 763 (1967).
De Lanney, L. E., Blackler, K.: Acceptance and regression of a strain specific lymphosarcoma in Mexican Axolotl. In: Biology of amphibian tumors (M. Mizell, ed.), p. 399–408. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1969.
Delsol, M.: Hyperdéveloppement de cartilage et transformations cartilagineuses après greffes de régions cordales chez le têtard d’Alytes obstetricans. Bull. Ass. Anat. (Marseille) 51, 290–296 (1966).
Delsol, M., Flatin, J.: Premières observations d’ensemble sur des homogreffes réalisées chez le têtard d’Alytes obstetricans Laur. Bull. Soc. anat. Paris 52, 398–402 (1967).
Delsol, M., Flatin, J.: Greffes croisées entre la queue et le corps chez Alytes obstetricans Laur. Métamorphose expérimentale de régions caudales. Bordeaux méd. 9, 1684 (1968).
Delsol, M., Flatin, J.: Métamorphose expérimentale de la peau de queue du têtard d’Alytes obstetricans Laur. normalement destinée à degénérer. Experientia (Basel) 25, 392–393 (1969).
Dent, T. N., Benson, D. G.: Responses of tissues from larval newts to implantation into adult hosts. Anat. Rec. 155, 315–324 (1966).
Deparis, P.: Hématopoièse embryonnaire et larvaire chez l’Amphibien Urodèle Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Ann. Embryol. Morph. 1, 107–118 (1968).
Diener, E., Nossal, G. J. V.: Localization of antigens and immune response in the toad Bufo marinus. Immunology 10, 535–542.
Du Pasquier, L.: Recherches sur les aspects cellulaires et humoraux de l’intolérance aux homogreffes chez le têtard d’Alytes obstetricans. These 3-ème Cycle Enseignement supérieur, No 336, Bordeaux 1965a.
Du Pasquier, L.: Aspects cellulaires et humoraux de l’intolérance aux homogreffes de tissu musculaire chez le têtard d’Alytes obstetricans. Rôle du thymus. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 261, 1144–1147 (1965b).
Du Pasquier, L.: Les réactions immunitaires chez le têtard d’Alytes obstetricans I. Techniques d’immunisation et répartition de l’antigène. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 161, 1696–1699 (1967a).
Du Pasquier, L.: Les réactions immunitaires chez le têtard d’Alytes obstetricans II Caractérisation des immunocytes. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 161, 1974–1977 (1967b).
Du Pasquier, L.: Les protéines sériques et le complexe lymphomyéloïde chez le tetrad d’Alytes obstetricans normal et thymectomisé. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 114, 490–502 (1968).
Du Pasquier, L.: Aspects cellulaires et humoraux de la synthèse d’anticorps hémolytiques chez la larve et l’adulte d’Amphibiens anoures. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 163, 1379–1382 (1969).
Du Pasquier, L.: L’acquisition de la compétence immunologique chez les Vertébrés. Etude chez la larve du crapaud accoucheur Alytes obstetricans. These Doctorat ès Sciences, Université de Bordeaux, No 290 (1970a).
Du Pasquier, L.: Immunologie competence of lymphoid cells in young amphibian larvae. Transplant. Proc. 2, 293–295 (1970b).
Du Pasquier, L.: Ontogeny of the immune response in animals having less than one million lymphocytes: the larvae of the toad Alytes obstetricans. Immunology 19, 353–362 (1970c).
Du Pasquier, L.: Etude comparée d’un facteur cytolytique humoral chez une larve d’Amphibien et chez un Oligochète. Arch. Zool. exp. gén. 112, 81–87 (1971).
Du Pasquier, L., Weiss, N., Loor, F.: Direct evidence for immunoglobulins on the surface of thymus lymphocytes of amphibian larvae. Europ. J. Immunol. 2, 366–370 (1972).
Dupuy, G.: Les autogreffes, homogreffes et hétérogreffes de peau chez les têtards de Discoglossus pictus et d’Alytes obstetricans. These 3-ème Cycle Enseignement supérieur, No 287, Bordeaux 1964.
Eakin, R. M., Harris, M.: Incompatibility between amphibian host and xenoplastic grafts as related to host age. J. exp. Zool. 98, 35–65 (1945).
Ebert, M. K.: Die Antikörper bei Kaltblütern. III. Die Spezifizität der Immunitätsphänomene bei Fröschen. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 72, 13–20 (1931).
Evans, E. E., Kent, S. P., Attleberger, M. H.: Lymph nodes in the amphibia Bufo marinus. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 116, 456–459 (1964).
Fabrizzio, M., Charipper, H. A.: The morphogenesis of the thymus gland of Rana sylvatica as correlated with certain stages of morphogenesis. J. Morph. 68, 179–195 (1941).
Fidler, J., Clem, L. W., Small, P.A.: Immunoglobulin synthesis in neonatal nurse sharks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 31, 365–371 (1969).
Fougereau, M., Houdayer, M.: Immunoglobulins et réponse immunitaire chez l’Axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 115, 968 (1968).
Frieden, E., Herner, A. E., Disch, L., Lewis, E. J. C.: Changes in serum proteins in amphibian metamorphosis. Science 126, 559–560 (1957).
Friedman, H.: Absence of antibody plaque forming cells in spleens of mice thymectomized, immunized with sheep erythrocytes. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 118, 1176–1180 (1965).
Gallien, L., Durocher, M.: Table chronologique du développement chez le Triton Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Bull. Biol. Fr. Belg. 91, 97–114 (1957).
Gasser, F.: Modification des protéines sériques consécutives à la métamorphose chez les Amphibiens Urodèles Pleurodeles waltlii Michah et Salamandra salamandra L. Etude par electrophorèse sur acétate de cellulose. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 259, 655–657 (1964).
Gasser, F., Durand, J.: Etude du sérum chez les Urodèles Proteus anguinus Laur. et Ambystoma mexicanum. Fractionnement par electrophorèse et relargage. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 261, 2767–2770 (1965).
Geczy, C. L., Green, P. C., Gaydos, K. C., Steiner, L. A.: The development of immunoglobulin classes in tadpoles and frogs. Fed. Proc. 31, 750 (1972).
Gewurz, H., Finstad, J., Muschel, L. H., Good, R. A.: Phylogenic inquiry into the origin of the complement system. In: Phylogeny of immunity (R. T. Smith, P. A. Miescher, R. A. Good, eds.), p. 105–117. Gainesville: Univ. of Florida Press 1966.
Goldshein, S. J., Cohen, N.: Phylogeny of immunocompetent cells. I. In vitro blastogenesis and mitosis of toad (Bufo marinus) splenic lymphocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin and in mixed lymphocyte cultures. J. Immunol. 108, 1025–1033 (1972).
Good, R. A., Papermaster, B.W.: Ontogeny and phylogeny of adaptive immunity. Advanc. Immunol. 4, 1–115 (1964).
Grassé, P. P. (ed.): Traité de Zoologie. Les Reptiles XIV, fasc. II, Paris: Masson 1970;
Grassé, P. P. (ed.): Agnathes et Poissons XIII, fasc. III, Paris: Masson 1958.
Gratzer, W. B., Allison, A. C.: Multiple hemoglobins. Biol. Rev. 35, 459–506 (1960).
Green, M.: Electron microscopy of the immunoglobulins. Advanc. Immunol. 11, 1–30 (1969).
Grey, H. M.: Phylogeny of the immune response. Studies on some physical, chemical and serological characteristics of antibody produced in turtles. J. Immunol. 91, 819–825 (1963).
Hadji-Hazimi, I.: Studies on Xenopus laevis immunoglobulins. Immunology 21, 463–474 (1971).
Hadji-Hazimi, I., Fischberg, M.: Hématopoièse périhépatique chez chez le batracien anoure Xenopus laevis. Comparaison entre les individus normaux et les porteurs de tumeurs lymphoides. Rev. suisse Zool. 74, 641–645 (1967).
Hadji-Hazimi, I., Fischberg, M.: Normal and cancerous tissue transplantation in allogeneic and syngeneic Xenopus laevis. Cancer. Res. 31, 1594–1599 (1971).
Hadorn, E.: Entwicklungsleistungen und Unverträglichkeitsreaktionen bei Art Chimären von Triturus. Rev. suisse Zool. 52, 389–395 (1945).
Haimovich, J., Du Pasquier, L.: Specificity of antibodies in amphibian larvae possessing a small number of lymphocytes (1973, submitted).
Hammar, J. A.: Zur Kenntnis der Elasmobranchien thymus. Zool. Jb., Abt. Anat. u. Ontog. 32, 135–188 (1912).
Hammar, J.A.: Die normalmorphologische Thymusforschung im letzten Vierteljahrhundert. Leipzig: Barth 1936.
Harms, J.W.: Der Thymus bei Xenopus laevis Daud. Verh. dtsch. Zool. 5, 232–242 (1948).
Harris, M.: The establishment of tissue specificity in tadpoles of Hyla regilla. J. exp. Zool. 88, 373–397 (1914).
Haurowitz, F.: The evolution of selective and instructive theories of antibody formation. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 32, 559–567 (1967).
Herner, A. E., Frieden, E.: Biochemistry of anuran metamorphosis. VII. Change in serum protein during spontaneous and induced metamorphosis. J. biol. Chem. 10, 2845–2851 (1960).
Hildemann, W. H., Haas, R.: Homotransplantation immunity and tolerance in the bullfrog. J. Immunol. 83, 478–485 (1959).
Hildemann, W. H., Haas, R.: Histocompatibility genetics of bullfrog populations (Rana catesbiana). Evolution (Lawrence Kansas) 15 267–271 (1961).
Hildemann, W. H., Haas, R.: Developmental changes in leukocytes in relation to immunological immunity in Proc. Symp. “Mechanisms of immunological tolerance”, Academia Prague 1962 p. 35–49.
Hildemann, W. H., Thoenes, G. H.: Immunological responses of Pacific hagfish. Transplantation 7, 506–521 (1969).
Hollyfield, J. G.: Erythrocyte replacement at metamorphosis in the frog Rana pipiens. J. Morph. 119, 1–5 (1966).
Horton, J. D.: Long-term persistence of bovine serum albumin when injected into the amphibian Xenopus laevis Daudin. Experientia (Basel) 24, 955–956 (1968).
Horton, J. D.: Studies on the ontogeny of the immune system in an amphibian, Xenopus laevis Daud. Ph. D. thesis Hull University 1969a.
Horton, J.D.: Ontogeny of the immune response to skin allografts in relation to lymphoid organ development in the amphibian Xenopus laevis Daudin. J. exp. Zool. 170, 449–466 (1969b).
Horton, J. D.: Histogenesis of the lymphomyeloid complex in the larval leopard frog Rana pipiens. J. Morph. 134, 1–19 (1971a).
Horton, J.D.: Ontogenesis of the immune system in amphibians. Amer. Zool. 11, 219–228 (1971b).
Horton, J. D., Manning, M. J.: Response to skin allografts in Xenopus laevis following thymectomy at early stages of lymphoid organ maturation. Transplantation 14, 141–154 (1972).
Houillon, C.: Chimères xénoplastiques entre les Urodèles Pleurodeles waltlii Michah et Triturus alpestris Laur. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 258, 3901–3903 (1964a).
Houillon, C.: Nouvelles chimères xénoplastiques chez les Urodèles; combinaison viable et létales. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 258, 5725–5728 (1964b).
Houillon, C.: Associations en chimères entre l’Axolotl et diverses espèces de Tritons. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 261, 246–248 (1965).
Houillon, C.: Greffes embryonnaires de peau entre Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw, Pleurodeles waltlii Michah et Triturus alpestris Laur. Phénomènes de tolérance et de rejet. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 264, 834–837 (1967).
Huchon, D.: Degré de tolérance dans la greffe en parabiose chez les Amphibiens. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 255, 3232–3234 (1962).
Humm, D. G., Clark, E. E., Humm, J. H.: Transplantation of melanomas from platyfish swordtail hybrids into embryos of swordtail, platyfish and their hybrids. Brit. J. exp. Biol. 34, 518–528 (1957).
Humphrey, J. H., Roelants, G., Willcox, N.: Specific lethal radioactive antigens. In: Cell interaction and receptor antibodies in immune responses (O. Mäkelä, A. Cross, T. U. Kosunen, eds.). London and New York: Academic Press 1971.
Ingraham, J. S.: Identification individuelle des cellules productrices d’anticorps par une réaction hémolytique locale. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 256, 5005–5008 (1963).
Ingraham, J. S., Bussard, A. E.: Application of a localized hemolysin reaction for specific detection of individual antibody forming cells. J. exp. Med. 119, 667–682 (1964).
Jerne, N. K.: The natural selection theory of antibody formation. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. (Wash.) 41, 849–857 (1955).
Jerne, N. K., Nordin, A. A., Henry, C.: The agar plaque technique for recognizing antibody producing cells. In: Cell bound antibodies (B. Amos and H. Koprowski, eds.), p. 109–125. Philadelphia: Wistar Inst. Press 1963.
Johnston, M.: Perivascular lymphoid tissue associated with the axillary sinus and the lateral vein of Gehyra variegata (Reptilia: Jekkonidae) (1972, in press).
Jordan, H. E., Flippin, J. C.: Hematopoiesis in Chelonia. Folia haemat. 15, 1–24 (1913).
Jordan, H. E., Speidel, C. C.: Blood cell formation and distribution in relation to the mechanism of thyroid accelerated metamorphosis in larval frog. J. exp. Med. 38, 525–541 (1923).
Jordan, H. E., Speidel, C. C.: Studies on lymphocytes I. Effect of splenectomy, experimental hemorrhage and a hemolytic toxin in the frog. Amer. J. Anat. 32, 155–176 (1924a).
Jordan, H. E., Speidel, C. C.: Studies on lymphocytes III. Granulocytopoiesis in the Salamander with special reference to the monophyletic theory of blood cell origin. Amer. J. Anat. 33, 485–505 (1924b).
Jurd, K., Maclean, N.: An immunofluorescent study of the hemoglobins in metamorphosing Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 23, 299–309 (1970).
Kallman, K. D.: Genetics of tissue transplantation in Teleostei. Transplant. Proc. 2, 263–281 (1970).
Kallman, K. D., Gordon, M.: Transplantation of fins in xiphophorin fishes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 71, 305 (1957).
Kanakambika, P., Muthukkaruppan, V. R.: Immunological competence in the newly hatched lizard, Calotes diversicolor. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 140, 21–23 (1972).
Kapa, E. A.: Histological and histochemical analysis of the thymus in tailless amphibians. Acta morph. Acad. Sci. hung. 12, 1–8 (1963).
Kent, S. P., Evans, E. E., Attleberger, M. H.: Comparative immunology: Lymph nodes in the amphibian Bufo marinus. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 116, 456–459 (1964).
Kleihauer, E., Braun, H., Betke, K.: Demonstration von fetalem Hämoglobin in den Erythrocyten eines Blutausstriches. Klin. Wschr. 35, 637–638 (1957).
Laguesse, G. E.: Recherches sur le développement de la rate chez les poissons. J. Anat. (Paris) 26, 345–406, 425–495 (1890).
Le Douarin, N.: L’hématopoïèse dons les formes embryonnaires et jeunes de Vertébrés. Ann. Biol. 5, 105–171 (1966).
Legler, D.W., Evans, E. E.: Hemolytic complement in amphibia. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 121, 1158–1162 (1966).
Legler, D. W., Evans, E. E., Weinheimer, P. F., Acton, R. T., Attleberger, M. H.: Immunoglobulin and complement systems of amphibian serum. In: Biology of amphibian tumors (M. Mizell, ed.), p. 169–176. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1969.
Leon, C.: Histogenèse de l’ébauche splénique chez les Salmonidés. Arch. Anat. micr. Morph. exp. 28, 363–397 (1932).
Lerch, E. G., Huggins, S. E., Bartel, A. H.: Comparative immunology. Active immunization of young alligators with hemocyanin. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 124, 448–451 (1967).
Linthicum, D.S., Hildemann, W. H.: Immunologie response of Pacific Hagfish. III. Serum antibodies to cellular antigens. J. Immunol. 105, 912–918 (1970).
Loeb, L.: The biological basis of individuality. Springfield, Ill.: Ch. C. Thomas 1945.
Loor, F., Forni, L., Pernis, B.: The dynamic state of the lymphocyte membrane. Factors affecting the distribution and turnover of surface immunoglobulins. Europ. J. Immunol. 2, 203–212 (1972).
Luzzati, A. L., Tosi, R. M., Carbonara, A. O.: Electrophoretically homogenous antibody synthesized by spleen foci of irradiated repopulated mice. J. exp. Med. 132, 199–210 (1970).
Lykakis, J. J.: The production of two classes of antibody in the toad Xenopus laevis, homologous with mammalian M (19 S) and G (7 S) immunoglobulins. Immunology 16, 91–98 (1969).
Lykakis, J. J., Cox, F. E. G.: Immunological responses of the toad Xenopus laevis to the antigens of the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Immunology 15, 429–437 (1968).
Maniatis, G. M., Steiner, L. A., Ingram, V. M.: Tadpoles antibodies against frog hemoglobin and their effect on development. Science 165, 67–69 (1969).
Manning, M. J.: The affect of early thymectomy on histogenesis of the lymphoid organs in Xenopus laevis. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 26, 219–229 (1971).
Manning, M. J., Horton, J. D.: Histogenesis of lymphoid organs in larvae of the south african clawed toad, Xenopus laevis (Daudin). J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 22, 265–277 (1969).
Marchalonis, J. J.: Immunoglobulins and antibody production in Amphibians. Amer. Zool. 11, 171–181 (1971a).
Marchalonis, J. J.: Ontogenic emergence of immunoglobulins in Rana pipiens larvae. Develop. Biol. 25, 479–491 (1971b).
Marchalonis, J. J., Allen, R. B., Saarni, E. S.: Immunoglobulin classes of the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 35, 49–56 (1970).
Marchalonis, J. J., Cone, R. E., Atwell, J. L.: Isolation and partial characterization of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins. J. exp. Med. 135, 956–971 (1972).
Marchalonis, J. J., Edelman, G. M.: Phylogenetic origin of antibody structure. II. Immunoglobulins in the primary immune response of the bullfrog Rana catesbiana. J. exp. Med. 124, 901–913 (1966).
Marchalonis, J. J., Germain, R. N.: Tolerance to a protein antigen in poikilotherm, the marine toad Bufo marinus. Nature (Loud.) 231, 321–322 (1971).
Maximow, A.: Über embryonale Entwicklung der Blutzellen bei Selachieren und Amphibien. Anat. Anz. 37, 64–70 (1910).
May, R. M.: Skin grafts in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Brit. J. exp. Biol. 1, 539–555 (1923).
Meier, H.A., Dalanney, L. E.: Histocompatibility studies in the Mexican axolotl. Amer. Zool. 2, 431 (1962).
Metzger, H.: Structure and function of γM Macroglobulins. Advanc. Immunol. 12, 57–116 (1970).
Miller, J. F. A. P., De Burgh, F. M., Grant, G. A.: Thymus and the production of plaque forming cells. Nature (Lond.) 208, 1332–1334 (1965).
Miller, J. F. A. P., MacIntire, K. R., Sell, S.: The role of the thymus in the development of immunological competence. In: La greffe des cellules hématopoiétiques allogéniques, p. 105–108. Paris: CNRS 1965.
Minden, P., Anthony, B. F., Farr, R. S.: A comparison of seven procedures to detect the primary binding of antigen by antibody. J. Immunol. 102, 832–841 (1969).
Mintz, B.: Genetic mosaicism in adult mice of quadriparental lineage. Science 148, 1232–1233 (1965).
Moticka, E. J., Cooper, E. L., Brown, B. A.: Immunoglobulin synthesis in Bullfrog larvae. Submitted 1972.
Nace, G. W., Richards, C. M.: Development of biologically defined strains of amphibians. In: Biology of amphibian tumors (E. Mizell, ed.), p. 409–418. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1969.
Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J.: Normal table of Xenopus laevis Daudin, 2nd ed. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company 1967.
Nortanicola, L.: Trapianti larvale di membra di Bufo vulgaris negli Bufo viridis. Arch. Sci. Biol. ital. 43, 396–406 (1959).
Orfila, C., Deparis, P.: Evolution des homogreffes cutanées chez la larve de Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 164, 1124–1128 (1970a).
Orfila, C., Deparis, P.: Influence de l’âge du donneur et du receveur sur l’évolution des homogreffes cutanées chez les larves du Triton Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Path. et Biol. 18, 1033–1040 (1970b).
Pantelouris, E. M.: Absence ol thymus in a mouse mutant. Nature (Lond.) 217, 370–371 (1968).
Passalacqua, A.: Compatibilita e incompatibilita embrionale in espianti etero e xenoplastici. Ric. Sci. 22, 1224–1227 (1952).
Pasteels, J. J.: Développement embryonnaire des reptiles. In: Traité de zoologie (P. P. Grassé, ed.), vol. 14, No 3, p. 892–971. Paris: Masson 1970.
Perey, D. Y. E., Finstad, J., Pollara, B., Good, R. A.: Evolution of the immune response VI. First and second set skin homograft rejections in primitive fishes. Lab. Invest. 19, 591–597 (1968).
Pernis, B., Forni, L., Amante, L.: Immunoglobulin spots on the surface of rabbit lymphocytes. J. exp. Med. 132, 1001–1018 (1970).
Rand, H. W., Pierce, M. E.: Skin grafting in frog tadpoles. Local specificity of skin and behaviour of epidermis. J. exp. Zool. 62, 125–172 (1937).
Roelants, G.: Antigen recognition by B and T lymphocytes. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 59, 135–165 (1972).
Romanovsky, A.: Studies on antigenic differentiation in the embryonic development of Rana temporaria. Folia. biol. (Prague) 10, 1–9 (1964).
Romer, A. S.: The vertebrate story, 4th ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press 1959.
Rossi, A.: Sulla incompatibilita larvale tardiva nei trapianti xenoplastici di Urodeli su Anuri. Atti Acad. naz. Lincei 18, 130–135 (1956).
Rossi, A.: Sull incompatibilita larvale nei trapianti xenoplastici di Urodeli su Anuri. Processi degenerativi della code di Triton taeniatus trapiantate nei campo dell’arto posteriore di Discoglossus pictus e di Hyla arborea. Atti Accad. naz. Lincei 24, 193–200 (1958).
Roth, B., Schneider, C. C.: Einfluß der Ionenstärke auf das Immunpräzipitationsvermögen von Amphibien-Antikörpern. Experientia (Basel) 27, 954–955 (1971).
Ruben, L. N.: Immunological maturation and lymphoreticular cancer transformation in larval Xenopus laevis the south african clawed toad. Develop. Biol. 22, 43–58 (1970).
Salkind, J.: La biologie comparée du thymus. Arch. Zool. exp. gen. 55, 81–322 (1915).
Santoro d’Angelo, L., Cuomo, M.: New experiments on xenoplastic grafts between Anura and Urodela in relation to the problems of immunitary tolerance. Riv. Biol. 62, 41–54 (1969).
Schaffer, J.: Über die Thymusanlage bei Petromyzon planeri. S.-B. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-nat. Kl. 103, 149–158 (1895).
Schwab, G. E., Reeves, P. R.: Comparison of the bactericidal activity of difference vertebrate sera. J. Bact. 91, 106–112 (1966).
Schwarzmann, L.: Zur Frage der Antikörperanwesenheit in Froschblut. Z. Immun.-Forsch. 41, 139–160 (1927).
Sidky, Y. A., Auerbach, R.: Tissue culture analysis of immunological capacities of snapping turtles. J. exp. Zool. 167, 187–196 (1968).
Sigel, M. M., Clem, L. W.: Antibody response of fish to viral antigens. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 126, 662–677 (1965).
Simnett, J.D.: Histocompatibility in the platanna Xenopus laevis laevis (Daudin) following nuclear transplantation. Exp. Cell Res. 33, 232–239 (1964).
Simnett, J. D.: Factors influencing the differentiation of amphibian embryos implanted into homologous immunologically competent hosts (Xenopus laevis). Develop. Biol. 13, 112–143 (1966).
Sirotinin, N. N.: A comparative physiological study of the mechanism of antibody formation. Proc. Symp. “Mechanisms of antibody formation”, Academia Prague 1960, p. 113–117.
Slonimsky, P.: Recherches expérimentales sur la genèse du sang chez les Amphibiens. Arch. Biol. (Liège) 42, 415–477 (1931).
Spar, I. L.: Antigenic differences among early developmental stages of Rana pipiens. J. exp. Zool. 123, 467–497 (1953).
Sterba, G.: Über die morphologischen und histogenetischen Thymusprobleme bei Xenopus laevis (Daudin) nebst einigen Bemerkungen über die Morphologie der Kaulquappe. Abh. sächs. Akad. Wiss. 44, 1–54 (1950).
Sterba, G.: Untersuchungen an der Milz des Krallenfrosches (Xenopus laevis laevis Daudin). Morph. Jb. 90, 221–248 (1951).
Sterba, G.: Die Physiologie und Histogenèse der Schilddrüse und des Thymus bei Bachneunaugen. Wiss. Z. ti. Schiller. Univ. Jena, math.-nat. 2, 239–298 (1953).
Stockard, C. R.: The development of the thyroid gland in Bdellolostoma Stoutii. Anat. Anz. 29, 91–99 (1906).
Suran, A. A., Tarail, M. H., Papermaster, B. W.: Immunoglobulins of the leopard shark I. Isolation and characterization of 17 S and 7 S immunoglobulins with precipitating activity. J. Immunol. 99, 679–686 (1967).
Szilagyi, T., Csernyansky, H.: Antibody production in the frog. Acta microbiol. Acad. Sci. hung. 14, 351–356 (1967).
Thoenes, G. H., Hildemann, W. H.: Immunological responses of Pacific hagfish II. Serum antibody production to soluble antigen. Proc. Symp. Developmental aspects of antibody formation and structure, Academia Prague 1970, p. 711–722.
Tournefier, A.: Etude histologique des hétérogreffes embryonnaires de tégument chez les Amphibiens Urodèles. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 93, 99–108 (1968).
Triplett, E. L.: The development of the sympathie ganglia sheath cells and meninges in amphibians. J. exp. Zool. 138, 283–312 (1958).
Triplett, E. L.: On the mechanism of immunologic self recognition. J. Immunol. 89, 505–510 (1962).
Triplett, E. L., Barrymore, S.: Tissue specificity in embryonic and adult Cymatogaster aggregata studied by scale transplantation. Biol. Bull. 118, 463–471 (1960).
Trnka, Z., Franek, F.: Studies on the formation and characteristics of antibodies in frogs. Folia microbiol. (Praha) 5, 374–380 (1960).
Turner, R. J.: The functional development of the reticuloendothelial system in the toad Xenopus laevis (Daudin). J. exp. Zool. 170, 467–480 (1969).
Ver Eecke, A.: Structure et modification fonctionnelle du thymus de la grenouille. Bull. Acad. roy. Méd. Belg. 13, 67–86 (1899a).
Ver Eecke, A.: Nouvelle contribution à l’anatomo-physiologie du thymus chez la grenouille. Ann. Soc. Méd. Gand. 78, 103–114 (1899b).
Voisin, G. A., Kinsky, R. G., Duc, H. T.: Immune status of mice tolerant of living cells. II Continuous presence and nature of facilitation enhancing antibodies in tolerant animals. J. exp. Med. 135, 1185–1203 (1972).
Volpe, E. P.: Fate of neural crest homotransplants in pattern mutants of the leopard frog. J. exp. Zool. 157, 179–196 (1964).
Volpe, E. P.: Transplantation immunity and tolerance in Anurans. Transplant. Proc. 2, 286–292 (1970).
Volpe, E. P.: Immunological tolerance in amphibians. Amer. Zool. 11, 207–218 (1971).
Volpe, E. P., Gebhardt, B. M.: Effect of dosage on the survival of embryonic homotransplants in the leopard frog Rana pipiens. J. exp. Zool. 160, 11–28 (1965).
Volpe, E. P., Gebhardt, B. M.: Evidence from cultured leucocytes of blood cell chimerism in ex-parabiotic frogs. Science 154, 1197–1198 (1966).
Volpe, E. P., Gebhardt, B. M.: Chimerism of bone marrow cells in ex parabiotic frogs. Exp. Cell Res. 49, 194–229 (1968).
Volpe, E. P., Gebhardt, B. M., Curtis, S., Earley, E. M.: Immunologic tolerance and blood cell chimerism in experimentally produced parabiotic frogs. In: Biology of amphibian tumors (M. Mizell, ed.), p. 137–152. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1969.
Vries, J. M. de, van Bekkum, D.W., van Putten, L. M., van der Waaij, D., Balner, H.: Signs of auto immune reactivity in neonatally thymectomized mice. In: La greffe des cellules hématopoiétiques allogéniques, p. 115–118. Paris: CNRS 1965.
Vyazov, O. E., Sorokina, N. N.: Attempt to induce actively acquired tolerance in Amphibians. Proc. Symp. “Mechanisms of immunological tolerance”, Pub. House Czech. Acad. Sci. 1962, p. 175–178.
Wallin, I. E.: The relationship in histogenesis of thymus like structures in Ammocetes. Amer. J. Anat. 22, 127–158 (1917).
Weinheimer, P. F., Evans, E. E., Acton, R. T.: Comparative immunology: the hemolytic complement system of the anuran amphibian Bufo marinus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 38, 483–488 (1971).
Witschi, E.: Development of vertebrates. London: W. B. Saunders Co. 1956.
Wolf, K., Bullock, G. L., Dunbar, C. E., Quimby, M. C.: Tadpole edema virus: pathogenesis and growth studies and additional sites of virus infected bullfrog tadpoles. In: Biology of amphibian tumors (M. Mizell, ed.), p. 327–336. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 1969.
Wollman, E.: Recherches immunologiques sur les animaux inférieurs. Rev. Immunol. 4, 101–110 (1938).
Yntema, C. L., Borysenko, M.: Survival of embryonic limb bud transplants in snapping turtles. Experientia (Basel) 27, 567–569 (1971).
Zaalberg, O. B.: A simple method for detecting single antibody forming cells. Nature (Lond.) 202, 1231 (1964).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1973 Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Du Pasquier, L. (1973). Ontogeny of the Immune Response in Cold-Blooded Vertebrates. In: Arber, W., et al. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology / Ergebnisse der Mikrobiologie und Immunitätsforschung, vol 61. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65531-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65531-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65533-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65531-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive