Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Trigeminal System

  • Chapter
Somatosensory System

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((SENSORY,volume 2))

Abstract

Sensations elicited from the oro-facial region in man and other vertebrates have an importance to the animal beyond those evoked from other somatic tissues. The trigeminal afferent system is organized to serve both the general and the unique somatic sensory functions of this complex area, an area which includes the facial skin and underlying supportive tissues, the cornea, the mucocutaneous junctional tissues bounding the mouth and nostrils, the nasal mucosae, the tongue and teeth, the muscles of mastication, and possibly the extra-ocular muscles. The afferent supply of the meningeal lining of the anterior and middle cranial fossae is also trigeminal, and in primates the facial mimetic muscles mah have a trigeminal afferent innervation. Homology within the trigeminal and spinal somatic afferent systems is to be expected only in those neuronal pathways serving similar sensory functions. One aim in the investigation of the trigeminal sensory system is to identify not only those neural mechanisms that have a structural and functional parallel in the spinal somatic sensory system, but also those mechanisms that subserve a special local sensory role.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbie, A.A.: The brainstem and cerebellum of Echidna aculeata. Phil. Trans. B 224, 1–69 1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D.J., Hannam, A.G., Matthews, B.: Sensory mechanisms in mammalian teeth nd their supporting structures. Physiol. Rev. 50, 171–195 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, K.H.: Ãœber die Feinstruktur der Rezeptoren und Sinushaare. Z. Zellforsch. 75, 39–365 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arwill, T.: Some morphological aspects of the dentinal innervation. In: Sensory Mechanisms in Dentine. Ed. by D.J. Anderson, pp. 3–14. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aström, K. E.: The central course of afferent fibres in the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves and their nuclei in the mouse. Acta physiol. scand. 29, Suppl. 106, 209–320 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaudreau, D.E., Jerge, C.R.: Somatotopic representation in the gasserian of tactile peripheral fields in the cat. Arch. oral Biol. 13, 247–256 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaver, D.L.: Electron microscopy of the Gasserian ganglion in trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 26, Suppl. 138–150 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaver, D.L., Moses, H.L., Ganote, C.E.: Electron microscopy of the trigeminal ganglion. III. Trigeminal neuralgia. Arch. Path. 79, 571–582 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Perl, E.R.: Response of cutaneous sensory units with unmyelated fibers to noxious stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 1025–1043 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleichman, H., deRobertis, E.: Submicroscopic morphology of the infrared receptor of pit vipers. Z. Zellforsch. 50, 748–761 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blom, S.: Afferent influences on tongue muscle activity. Acta physiol. scand. 49, Suppl. 170 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boman, K.K.A.: Electrophysiologische Untersuchungen über die Thermoreceptoren der Gesichtshaut. Acta physiol. scand. 44, Suppl. 149 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brännström, M.: A hydrodynamic mechanism in the transmission of pain producing stimuli through the dentine. In: Sensory Mechanisms in Dentine. Ed. by D.J. Anderson, pp. 73–79. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodal, A.: Central course of afferent fibers for pain in facialis, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. Clinical observations. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 57, 292–306 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodal, A., Rossi, G.F.: Ascending fibers in brain stem reticular formation of cat. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 74, 68–87 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodal, A., Saugstad, L.F.: Retrograde cellular changes in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in the cat following cerebellular lesions. Acta morph. neerl.-scand. 6, 147–159 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodal, A., Szabo, T., Torvik, A.: Corticofugal fibers to sensory trigeminal nuclei and nucleus of the solitary tract. An experimental study in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 106, 527–556 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brookhart, J., Livingston, W.K., Haugen, F.P.: Functional characteristics of afferent fibers from tooth pulp of cat. J. Neurophysiol. 16, 634–642 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A.G., Franz, D.N.: Responses of spinocervical tract neurones to natural stimulation of identified cutaneous receptors. Exp. Brain Res. 7, 231–249 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A.G., Iggo, A.: A quantitative study of cutaneous receptors and afferent fibres in the cat and rabbit. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 193, 707–733 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A.G., Iggo, A., Miller, S.: Myelinated afferent nerve fibers from the skin of the rabbit ear. Exp. Neurol. 18, 338–349 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.W.: The development of the nucleus of spinal tract of V in human fetuses. J. comp. Neurol. 106, 393–424 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.W.: The development of subnucleus caudalis of the nucleus of the spinal tract of V. J. comp. Neurol. 110, 105–134 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.W.: The development of the chief sensory nucleus of V in the human fetus. Anat. Rec. 136, 171 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J.W.: Differentiation of the human subnucleus interpolaris and subnucleus rostralis of the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. J. comp. Neurol. 119, 55–76 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, T.H., Diecke, F.P. J.: Properties of an infrared receptor. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 134, 47–87 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, T.H., Fox, W.: The anatomy of the infrared sense organ in the facial pit of pit vipers. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 98, 219–234 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P.R., Perl, E.R.: Myelinated afferent fibers responsing specifically to noxious stimulation of the skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 190, 541–562 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cajal, S. Ramón y: Histologie du Système Nerveux de l’Homme et des Vertébrés. Paris: Maloine 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M.B.: The dorsal trigeminal tract in the rhesus monkey. J. Anat. (Lond.) 91, 82–90 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M.B., Hanna, G.R.: Fiber projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 117, 117–132 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cauna, N.: Light and electron microscopal structure of sensory end-organs in skin. In: The Skin Senses. Ed. by D.R. Kenshalo, pp. 15–29. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, B.N., Perl, E.R.: Spinal neurons specifically excited by noxious or thermal stimuli: marginal zone of the dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 293–307 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, W.B., Bowsher, D.: Terminal distribution of primary afferent trigeminal fibers in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 6, 372–383 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, F.S.: Comments on Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 541–545. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S.: Muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 122 193–202 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S.: Muscle spindles and other muscle receptors. In: The Structure and Function of Muscles, Vol. I. Ed. by G.H. Bourne, pp. 381–420. New York: Academic Press 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S., Daniel, P., Whitteridge, D.: Muscle spindles and other sensory endings in the extrinsic eye muscles, the physiology and anatomy of these receptors and their connexions with the brainstem. Brain 78, 564–583 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corbin, K.B., Harrison, F.: Function of mesencephalic root of fifth cranial nerve. J. Neurophysiol. 3, 423–435 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, E.C., Yoss, R.E.: The phylogenetic continuity of neural mechanisms as illustrated by the spinal tract of V and its nucleus. Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. 33, 174–208 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I.: Presynaptic component in the afferent inhibition observed within trigeminal brainstem nuclei of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 695–709 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I.: Neural mechanisms of facial sensation. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 9, 301–395 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I.: Tactile sensory pathways from the face. Trans. Ass. Austral. Neurol. 2, 27–39 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I.: The neural coding of ‘tactile’ stimulus parameters in different trigeminal nuclei. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 59–71. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Dykes, R.: Peripheral neural mechanisms of thermal sensation. In: Oral-Facial Sensory and Motor Mechanisms. Ed. by R. Dubner and Y. Kawamura, pp. 7–22. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Johnson, K.O., LaMotte, C.: Warming and cooling the skin: peripheral neural determinants of perceived changes in skin temperature. In: The Somatic Sensory System. Ed. by H.H. Kornhuber. In press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Mayday, G.: Somatotopic organization within the brainstem trigeminal complex of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 2, 290–309 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Mutton, P., Proctor, R.: Functional organization of tactile cutaneous afferents within the semilunar ganglion and trigeminal tract of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 682–694 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Phillips, G.: Secondary neurones within a trigemino-cerebellar projection to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 170, 53–68 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Phillips, G., Ryan, R.D.: Functional organization in the trigeminal main sensory and rostral spinal nuclei of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 168, 129–146 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Proctor, R., Ryan, R.D.: A single-neurone investigation of somatotopic organization within the cat’s trigeminal brainstem nuclei. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 168, 147–157 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Rowe, M. J., Sessle, B. J.: ‘Tactile’ stimulus intensity: information transmission by relay neurons in different trigeminal nuclei. Science 160, 791–794 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Yokota, T.: Cortically evoked depolarization of trigeminal cutaneous afferent fibers in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 170–184 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Yokota, T.: Corticofugal effects on different neuron types within the cat’s brainstem activated by tactile stimulation of the face of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 29, 185–206 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dault, S.H., Smith, R.D.: A quantitative study of the nucleus of the mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve of the cat. Anat. Rec. 165, 79–88 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dejerine, J.: Semiologie des Afferents du Systéme Nerveux, pp. 831–839. Paris: Masson 1914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, A.D.: Nerve plexuses in the oral mucosa. J. dent. Res. 36, 807 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, A.D.: The innervation of hair follicles in the mammalian lip. Anat. Rec. 140, 147–159 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, A.D.: Sensory nerve terminations in the oral mucosa. Arch. oral Biol. 5, 105–114 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, A.D.: Fine structure of nerve-cell bodies and satellite cells in the trigeminal ganglion. J. dent. Res. 42, 990–999 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodt, E., Zotterman, Y.: Mode of action of warm receptors. Acta physiol. scand. 26, 346–357 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubner, R.: Interaction of peripheral and central input in the main sensory nucleus of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 17, 186–202 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubner, R.: Peripheral and central input to the main sensory nucleus of the cat. In: Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 132–147. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J., Matze, H.A.: Efferent fiber connections of the marmoset (Oedipomidas oedipus) trigeminal nucleus caudalis. J. comp. Neurol. 133, 429–438 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J.C.: Physiology of Nerve Cells. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenman, J., Landgren, S., Novin, D.: Functional organization in the main sensory trigeminal nucleus and in the rostral subdivision of the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 59, Suppl. 214 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenman, J., Fromm, G., Landgren, S., Novin, D.: The ascending projections of trigeminal neurons in the cat, investigated by antidromic stimulation. Acta physiol. scand. 60, 337–350 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, R.T., Bowman, J.P., Combs, C.M.: Calibre spectra of the lingual and hypoglossal nerves in the rhesus monkey. J. comp. Neurol. 134, 163–174 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, M.A.: Intramedullary trigeminal tractotomy and its place in the treatment of facial pain. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 12, 297–311 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fearnhead, R.W.: Innervation of dental tissues. In: Structure and Chemical Organization of Teeth. Vol. I. Ed. by A.E.W. Miles, pp. 247–281. London: Academic Press 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M.J.T.: The innervation of the epidermis. In: Skin Senses. Ed. by D.R. Kens-halo, pp. 61–81. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, O.: Discharges from the sensory organs of the cat’s vibrissae and the modification in their activity by ions. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 98, 163–178 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freimann, R.: Untersuchung über Zahl und Anordnung der Muskelspindeln in den Kaumuskeln des Menschen. Anat. Anz. 100, 258–264 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabrawi, A.F., Tarkhan, A.A.: A histological study of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve. Acta anat. (Basel) 67, 361–368 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gairns, F.W.: The sensory nerve endings of the human gingiva, palate, and tongue. J. dent. Res. 35, 958 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner, W.R.: Uncertainty and Structure as Psychological Concepts. New York: Wiley 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerard, M.W.: Afferent impulses in the trigeminal nerve. A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 9, 306–338 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S., Dubner, R.: Fine structural studies of the main sensory nucleus in the cat and rat. J. comp. Neurol. 137, 459–494 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, G., Landgren, S., Seed, W.: The functional characteristics of single cells in the caudal part of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 158, 544–559 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, F.C., Groff, R.A., Lewy, F.H.: Section of the descending spinal root of the fifth cranial nerve. A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 43, 498–509 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, R.F.: Methods of determining oral tactile experience. In: Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 161–181. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, R.F., Hattis, B.F.: Oral mucosa sensory innervation and sensory experience: a review. In: Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 5–62. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundfest, H.: Synaptic and ephaptic transmission. In: The Neurosciences. Ed. by G.C. Quarton, T. Melnechuk and F.O. Schmidt, pp. 353–372. New York: Rockefeller University 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruner, J.E.: Neuropathology of trigeminal neuralgia. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 7–10. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruner, J.E.: Concerning the fine structure of the trigeminal root and its connections. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 43–49. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, J.F.: Stimulus-response relationships in first order fibres from cat vibrissae. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 213, 215–226 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer, B.: Elektrophysiologische Untersuchung von peripheren, corticalen und thalamischen Verbindungen zu. Neuronen der bulbären Trigeminuskerne der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 299, 261–284 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J.D., Oppel, T.W.: Studies in temperature sensation. III. The sensitivity of the body to heat and the spatial summation of the endorgan response. J. clin. Invest. 16, 533–540 (1937).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R., Griffin, C. J.: Fine structure of nerve endings in the human dental pulp. Arch. oral Biol. 13, 773–778 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heimer, L., Wall, P.D.: The dorsal root distribution to the substantia gelatinosa of the rat with a note on the distiibution in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 89–99 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henkin, R.L., Banks, V.: Tactile perception on the tongue, palate and the hand of normal man. In: Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 182–187. Springneid, Ill.: Thomas 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H.: Cutane Wärmereceptoren bei Primaten. Pflügers Arch. 313, 150–152 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Boman, K.K.A.: Afferent impulses in cutaneous sensory nerves in human subjects. J. Neurophysiol. 23, 564–578 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Huopaniemi, T.: Static and dynamic properties of warm fibres in the infraorbital nerve. Pflügers Arch. 309, 1–10 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Iggo, A., Witt, I.: A quantitative study of sensitive cutaneous thermoreceptors with C afferent fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 113–126 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Kenshalo, D.R.: Warm receptors in the nasal regions of cats. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 204, 99–112 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Zotterman, Y.: Action potentials of cold fibers and intracutaneous temperature gradient. J. Neurophysiol. 14, 377–385 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hepp-Reymond, M.C., Wiesendanger, M.: Pyramidal influence on the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat. Arch. ital. Biol. 107, 54–66 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinrichsen, C.F.L., Larramendi, L.M.: Synapses and cluster formation of the mouse mesencephalic fifth nucleus. Brain Res. 7, 296–299 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hufschmidt, H.-J., Spuler, H.: Mono- and polysynaptic reflexes of the trigeminal muscles in human beings. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 25, 332–335 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hugelin, A., Bonvallet, M.: Etude oscillographique d’un reflexe monosynaptique cranien (reflex massetérin). J. Physiol. (Paris) 49, 210–211 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, T.: The spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve in human embryos between 7½ and 8½ weeks of menstrual age and its relation to early fetal behavior. J. comp. Neurol. 97, 143–210 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, T.: The trigeminal nerve in relation to early human fetal activity. Res. Publ. Ass. nerv. ment. Dis. 33, 127–154 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, T.: Some correlations between the appearance of human fetal reflexes and the development of the nervous system. Progr. Brain Res. 4, 93–135 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey, T.: Reflex activity in the oral and facial area of the human fetus. In: Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 195–233. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hun, H.: Analgesia, thermic anaesthesia and ataxia. N. Y. med. J. 65, 613 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.C., McIntyre, A.K.: Properties of cutaneous touch receptors in cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 88–98 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: Cutaneous heat and cold receptors with slowly conducting (C) afferent fibres. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 44, 362–370 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: The electrophysiological analysis of afferent fibres in primate skin. Acta neuroveg. (Wien) 24, 225–240 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: Temperature discrimination in the skin. Nature (Lond.) 204, 481–483 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: Cutaneous receptors with a high sensitivity to mechanical displacement. In: Touch, Heat, and Pain. Ed. by A.V.S. de Reuck and J. Knight, pp. 237–255. Boston: Little Brown 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: Electrophysiological and histological studies of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. In: The Skin Senses. Ed. by D.R. Kenshalo, pp. 84–106. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A.: Cutaneous thermoreceptors in primates and subprimates. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 200, 403–430 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A., Muir, A.R.: The structure and function of a slowly adapting touch corpuscle in hairy skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 200, 763–796 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A., Ogawa, H.: Primate cutaneous thermal nociceptors. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 216, 29–30P (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iriuchijima, J., Zotterman, Y.: The specificity of afferent cutaneous C fibres in mammals. Acta physiol. scand. 49, 267–278 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jerge, C.R.: Organization and function of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 379–392 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerge, C.R.: The function of the nucleus supratrigeminalis. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 393–402 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerge, C.R.: The neural substratum of oral sensation. In: Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 63–83. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaemmerer, E.: A review of the etiolosric factors in trigeminal neuralgia. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 175–179. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, Y.: A role of afferents for manibular and lingual movements. In: Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 170–194. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, Y., Majima, T.: The role of sensory information from the temporomandibular joint in jaw movement. J. dent. Res. 43, 813 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D.R.: Comparison of the thermal sensitivity of the forehead, lip, conjunctiva and cornea. J. appl. Physiol. 15, 987–991 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D.R.: Behavioral and electrophysiological responses of cats to thprmal stimuli. In: The Skin Senses. Ed. by D.R. Kenshalo, pp. 400–418. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D.R.: Psychophysical studies of temperature sensitivity. In: Contributions to Sensory Physiology, Vol. 4. Ed. by W.D. Neff, pp. 19–64. New York: Academic Press 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D.R., Duncan, D.G., Weymark, C.: Thresholds for thermal stimulation of the inner thigh, footpad and face of cats. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 63, 113–138 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D.R., Gallegos, E.S.: Multinle temperature-sensitive spots innervated by single nerve fibers. Science 158, 1064–1065 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerebel, B.: Innervation of human periodontium. Actualités odontostomat. 71, 289–312 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F.W.L.: Facial, vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves in the cat. Arch. Neurol. 6, 264–281 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W.L.: The divisional organization of afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve. Brain 86, 721–732 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F.W.L.: The ultrastructure of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve and the substantia gelatinosa. Exp. Neurol. 16, 359–376 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W. L.: Correlated light and electron microscopic observations on the normal trigeminal ganglion and sensory root in man. J. Neurosurg. 26, Suppl. 132–137 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F.W.L.: Evidence for a peripheral etiology of trigeminal neuralgia. J. Neurosurg. 26, Suppl. 168–174 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F.W.L.: Fine structure and functional characteristics of the primary trigeminal neuron. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 11–21. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F.W.L.: Peripheral versus central factors in trigeminal neuralgia. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 180–190. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W.L.: Electron microscopic observations on degeneration in the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal. In: Oro-Facial Sensory and Motor Mechanisms. Ed. by R. Dtjbner. In press. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F.W. L., Kruger, L., Schwassmann, H.O., Stern, R.: Somatotopic organization of mechanoreceptor units in the trigeminal nuclear complex of the macaque. J. comp. Neurol. 134, 127–144 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W. L., Lysak, W. R.: Somatotopic organization of trigeminal ganglion neurons. Arch, Neurol. (Chic.) 11, 593–602 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, R.B.: Evidence of a central etiology of tic douloureux. J. Neurosurg. 26, Suppl. 175–180 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Michel, F.: A morphological and somatotopic analysis of single unit activity in the trigeminal sensory complex of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 5, 139–156 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Michel, F.: A single neuron analysis of buccal cavity representation in the sensory trigeminal complex of the cat. Arch, oral Biol. 7, 491–503 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Siminoff, R., Witkovsky, P.: Single neuron analysis of dorsal column nuclei and spinal nucleus of trigeminal in cat. J. Neurophysiol. 24, 333–349 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kugelberg, E., Lindblom, U.: Studies in the mechanism of pain in trigeminal neuralgia. In: Pain and Itch. Ed. by G.E.W. Wolstenholme and M. O’Connor, pp. 98–107. London: Churchill 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunc, Z.: Significance of fresh anatomic data on spinal trigeminal tract for possibility of selective tractotomies. In: Pain. Ed. by R.S. Knighton and P.R. Dumke, pp. 351–363. Boston: Little Brown 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunc, Z.: Significant factors pertaining to the results of trigeminal tractotomy. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 90–100. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuypers, H.G.J.M., Tuerk, J.D.: The distribution of the cortical fibres within the nucleus cuneatus and gracilis in the cat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 98, 143–162 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, W., Bishop, G.H.: Pain from dermal, periosteal and facial endings from inflammation. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 69, 490 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, P.P., Weddell, G.: The relationship between neurohistology and corneal sensibility. Brain 79, 119–154(1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, P.P., Weddell, G.: Sensory nerves of the cornea and cutaneous sensibility. Exp. Neurol. 1, 334–359 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsky, W., Stewart, D.: A comparative study of the innervation of the periodontal membrane. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 30, 1355–1369 (1937).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorente de Nó, R.: Contribution al conocimento del nervio trigemino. Libro en honor Ramón y Cajal, Vol. 2, p. 13 (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  • McCroskey, R. L.: Some effects of anesthetizing the articulators under conditions of normal and relayed side-tone. Project Nm 001104500. Report No. 65, U.S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine, Naval Air Station, Pensecola, Fla. (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, E., Aungst, L.F.: Apparent independence of oral sensory functions and arti-culatory efficiency. In: Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 391–397. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, A.K.: Afferent limb of the myotatic reflex arc. Nature (Lond.) 168,168–169 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, A.K., Robinson, R.G.: Pathway for the jaw-jerk in man. Brain 82, 468–474 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Manni, E., Bortolami, R., Desole, C.: Peripheral pathway of eye muscle proprioception. Exp. Neurol. 22, 1–12 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manni, E., Bortolami, R., Deriu, P.L.: Presence of cell bodies of the afferent from the eye muscles of the semilunar ganglion. Arch. ital. Biol. 108, 106–120 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margarida, R., Hardy, J.D., Hammel, H.T.: Measurement of the thermal pain threshold of the hard palate. J. appl. Physiol. 17, 338–342 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. S.: Fine structure of the normal trigeminal ganglion in the cat and monkey. J. Neurosurg. 26, Suppl. 127–131 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meessen, H., Olszewski, J.: A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Rhombencephalon of the Rabbit. Basel: Karger 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehler, W.R.: Some observations on secondary ascending afferent systems in the central nervous system. In: Pain. Ed. by R.S. Knighton and P.R. Dumke, pp. 11–32. Boston: Little Brown 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehler, W.R., Fefferman, M.E., Nauta, W.J.H.: Ascending axon degeneration following anterior cordotomy. An experimental study in the monkey. Brain 83, 718–750 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merzenich, M.M., Harrington, T.: The sense of flutter vibrations evoked by stimulation of the hairy skin of primates: comparison of human sensory capacity with responses of mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the hairy skin of monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 9, 236–260 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M.R., Ralston, H.J., Kasahara, M.: The pattern of cutaneous innervation in the human hand, foot, and breast. In: Advances in Biology of Skin, Vol. 1. Cutaneous Innervation. Ed. by W. Montagna, pp. 1–47. New York: Pergamon Press 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S.: Excitation of mechanoreceptor units in the skin of the rabbit ear. Arch. ital. Biol. 105, 290–314 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, S., Weddell, G.: Mechanoreceptors in rabbit ear skin innervated by myelinated nerve fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 291–305 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moses, H. L.: Comparative fine structure of the trigeminal ganglion, including autopsy studies. J. Neurosurg. 26, Suppl. 112–126 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle, V.B.: Some functional properties of the somatic afferent system. In: Sensory Communication. Ed. by W.A. Rosenblith, pp. 403–436. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press 1961

    Google Scholar 

  • Nafe, J.P., Wagoner, K. S.: The insensitivity of the cornea to heat and pain derived from high temperatures. Amer. J. Psychol. 49, 631–635 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagaki, J., Yamashita, S., Sato, M.: Neural response of cat to taste stimuli of varying temperatures. Jap. J. Physiol. 14, 67–89 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nauta, W.J.H., Kuypers, H.G.J.M.: Some ascending pathways in the brainstem reticular formation. In: Reticular Formation of the Brain. Henry Ford Hospital Symposium. Ed. by H.H. Jasper and L.D. Proctor, pp. 3–30. Boston: Little Brown 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ness, A.R.: The mechanoreceptors of the rabbit mandibular incisor. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 126, 475–493 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, G.K., Schmidt, A.: Structure and function of the facial and labial pits of snakes. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 77, 263–288 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nord, S.G., Kyler, H.J.: A single unit analysis of trigeminal projections to bulbar reticular nuclei of the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 134, 485–494 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nord, S.G.: Somatotopic organization in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the dorsal column nuclei and related structures in the rat. J. comp. Neurol. 130, 343–356 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nord, S.G.: Receptor field characteristics of single cells in the rat spinal trigeminal complex. Exp. Neurol. 21, 236–243 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, H., Sato, M., Yamashita, S.: Multiple sensitivity of chorda tympani fibers of the rat and hamster to gustatory and thermal stimuli. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 199, 223–240 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivecrona, H.: Tractotomy for relief of trigeminal neuralgia. A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 47, 544–564 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Olszewski, J.: On the anatomical and functional organization of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. J. comp. Neurol. 92, 401–413 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olszewski, J., Baxter, D.: Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brain Stem. Basel: Karger 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patrizi, A., Munger, B.: The ultrastructure and innervation of rat vibrissae. J. comp. Neurol. 126, 423–436 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, A.A.: The development and connections of the mesencephalic root of the trigeminal nerve in man. J. comp. Neurol. 90, 1–46 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perkell, J.S.: Physiology of Speech Production: Results and Implications of a Quantitative Cineradiographic Study. pp 104. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfaffman, C.: Afferent impulses from the teeth due to pressure and noxious stimulation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 97, 207–219 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfaffman, C.: Afferent impulses from the teeth resulting from a vibratory stimulation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 97, 220–232 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pineda, A., Maxwell, D.S., Kruger, L.: The fine structure of neurons and satellite cells in the trigeminal ganglion of cat and monkey. Amer. J. Anat. 121, 461–488 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinkus, F.: Ãœber Hautsinnesorgane neben dem menschlichen Haar (Haarscheiben) und ihre vergleichend anatomische Bedeutung. Arch. mikr. Anat. 65, 121–179 (1904).

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, R.: Lingual mechanoreceptors activated by muscle twitch. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 183, 101–111 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poulos, D. A., Lende, R. A.: Response of trigeminal ganglion neurons to thermal stimulation of orofacial regions. I. Steady state response. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 508–517 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poulos, D.A., Lende, R.A.: Response of trigeminal ganglion neurons to thermal stimulation of orofacial regions. II. Temperature change response. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 518–526 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H.J.: The organization of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord. Z. Zeilforsch. 67, 1–23 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H.J.: The fine structure of neurons in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord. J. comp. Neurol. 132, 275–302 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H.J.: Dorsal root projections to dorsal horn neurons in the cat spinal cord. J. comp. Neurol. 132, 303–330 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Réthelyi, M., Szentágothai, J.: The large synaptic complex of the substantia gelatinosa. Exp. Brain Res. 7, 258–274 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rexed, B.: The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 96, 415–495 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rexed, B., Strom, G.: Afferent nervous connexions of the lateral cervical nucleus. Acta physiol. scand. 25, 219–229 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringel, R. L.: Oral region two point discrimination in normal and myopathic subjects. In: Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J. F. Bosma, pp. 309–322. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringel, R.L.: Studies of oral region textural perception. In: Second Symposium on Oral Sensation and Perception. Ed. by J.F. Bosma, pp. 323–331. Springfield Ill.: Thomas 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, M.J.: Trigeminal neural mechanisms of facial tactile sensation. Thesis. University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, M.J., Sessle, B.J.: Somatic afferent input to posterior thalamic neurones and their axon projection to the cerebral cortex. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 196, 19–35 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, G.V.: The dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract in the cat reconsidered as a lateral reticulothalamic system of connections. J. comp. Neurol. 101, 237–262 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakada, S.: Response of Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles in the cat periostea to mechanical stimuli. In: Oral-Facial Sensory and Motor Mechanisms. Ed. by R. Dubner and Y. Kawamura, pp. 105–122. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakada, S., Itow, H., Ikegami, H.: Comparison of mechanoreceptors for electrophysiological properties in the oral lip of cat. Bull. Tokyo dent. Coll. 7, 1–20 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakada, S., Maeda, K.: Characteristics of innervation and nerve endings in cat’s mandibular periostium. Bull. Tokyo dent. Coll. 8, 77–94 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakada, S., Maeda, K.: Correlation between histological structure and response to pressure of mechanoreceptors in the cat mandibular periostium. Bull. Tokyo dent. Coll. 8, 181–196 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, M.: Response of pacinian corpuscles to sinusoidal vibration. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 159, 391–401 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, M., Scheibel, A.B.: Terminal axonal patterns in cat spinal cord. II. The dorsal horn. Brain Res. 9, 32–58 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D.: Excitation of the dentinal receptor in the tooth of the cat. In: Touch, Heat and Pain. Ed. by A.V.S. de Reuck and J. Knight, pp. 261–274. Boston: Little Brown 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sessle, B.J.: Studies of the functional organization of somatic afferent pathways. Ph. D. Thesis. University of New South Wales. Kensington Australia (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheinin, J. J.: Typing of the cells of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in the dog, based on Nissl-granule arrangement. J. comp. Neurol. 50, 109–131 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shende, M.C., King, R.B.: Excitability changes of trigeminal primary afferent preterminals in brainstem nuclear complex of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J. Neurophysiol. 30, 949–963 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C.S.: Reflexes elicitable in the cat from pinna, vibrissae and jaws. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 51, 404–431 (1917).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjöqvist, O.: Studies on pain conduction in the trigeminal nerve. Acta psychiat. (Kbh.) Suppl. 17, 1–139 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöqvist, O.: The conduction of pain in the fifth nerve and its bearing on the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Yale J. Biol. Med. 11, 594–600 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. R.: The structure and function of the haarscheibe. J. comp. Neurol. 131, 459–474 (1967).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.D., Marcarian, H.Q.: Centripetal localization of tooth and tongue tension receptors. J. dent. Res. 47, 616–621 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.D., Marcarian, H.Q., Niemer, W.T.: Bilateral relationships of the trigeminal mesencephalic nuclei and mastication. J. comp. Neurol. 131, 79–92 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.D., Marcarian, H.Q., Niemer, W.T.: Direct projections from the masseteric nerve to the mesencephalic nucleus. J. comp. Neurol. 133, 495–502 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smyth, G.E.: The systemization and central connections of the spinal tract and nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Brain 62, 41–87 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiller, W. G.: Remarks on the central representation of sensation. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 42, 399–418 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, D.: Some aspects of the innervation of the teeth. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 20, 1675–1687 (1927).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W.A., King, R.B.: Fiber projections from the nucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. J. comp. Neurol. 121, 271–286 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, D.H., Scibetta, C.J., King, R.B.: Presynaptic inhibition in the trigeminal relay nuclei. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 135–153 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W.A., Stoops, W.L., Pillone, P.R., King, R.B.: An electrophysiological study of ascending pathways from nucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal complex. J. Neurosurg. 21, 35–48 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Straile, W.E.: Sensory hair follicles in mammalian skin: The tylotrich follicle. Amer. J. Anat. 106, 133–147 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Straile, W. E.: The morphology of tylotrich follicles in the skin of the rabbit. Amer. J. Anat. 109, 1–13 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Straile, W.E.: Encapsulated nerve end-organs in the rabbit, mouse, sheep and man. J. comp. Neurol. 136, 317–336 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strughold, H.: Die Topographie des Kältesinnes in der Mundhöhle. Z. Biol. 83, 515–534 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabo, G.: The regional frequency and distribution of hair follicles in human skin. In: The Biology of Hair Growth. Ed. by W. Montagna and R.A. Ellis, pp. 33–38. New York: Academic Press 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szentágothai, J.: Neuronal and synaptic arrangement in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi. J. comp. Neurol. 110, 219–239 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Szentágothai, J.: Anatomical considerations of monosynaptic reflex arcs. J. Neurophysiol. 11, 445–454 (1948).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szentágothai, J., Kiss, T.: Projections of dermatomes in the substantia gelatinosa. Arch. Neurol. (Chic.) 62, 737–744 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, W.H., Darian-Smith, I., Kornhuber, H.H., Mountcastle, V.B.: The sense of flutter-vibrations: comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 301–334 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taren, J.A.: The positions of the cutaneous components of the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagel nerves in the spinal tract of V. J. comp. Neurol. 122, 389–397 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, A., Bishop, P.O.: The spinocervical tract: dorsal column linkage, conduction velocity, primary afferent spectrum. Exp. Neurol. 13, 1–21 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torvik, A.: Afferent connections to the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract and adjacent structures. J. comn. Neurol. 106, 51–141 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torvik, A.: The ascending fibers from the main trigeminal sensory nucleus. Amer. J. Anat. 100, 1–15 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tower, S.S.: Unit for sensory reception in cornea. J. Neurophysiol. 3, 486–500 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, S.B.: The tactile hair of the white rat. J. comp. Neurol. 23, 1–34 (1913).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walberg, F.: The lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla oblongata in mammals. A comparative-anatomical study. J. comp. Neurol. 96, 283–344 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walberg, F.: The fine structure of the cuneate nucleus in normal cats and following interruption of afferent fibers. Exp. Brain Res. 2, 107–128 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A.E.: Anatomy, physiology and surgical considerations of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. J. Neurophysiol. 2, 234–248 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P.D., Taub, A.: Four aspects of trigeminal nucleus and a paradox. J. Neurophysiol. 25, 110–126 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G., Zander, E.: A critical evaluation of methods used to demonstrate tissue neural elements, illustrated by reference to the cornea. J. Anat. (Lond.) 84, 168–195 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, L.N., Grant, F.C.: Experiences with intra-medullary tractotomy. III. Studies in sensation. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.) 48, 355–381 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, S.: Intensive and extensive aspects of tactile sensitivity as a function of body part, sex, and laterality. In: The Skin Senses. Ed. by D.R. Kenshalo, pp. 195–219. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiesendanger, M., Felix, D.: Pyramidal excitation of lemniscal neurons and fascilitation of sensory transmission in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 25, 1–17 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesendanger, M., Hammer, B., Hepp-Reymond, M.C.: Corticofugal control mechanisms of somatosensory transmission in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat. In: Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ed. by R. Hassler and A.E. Walker, pp. 86–89. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, V.B., Mountcastle, V. B.: Neural activity in mechanoreceptive cutaneous afferents: stimulus-response relations Weber functions, and information transmission. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 359–397 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westrum, L.E., Black, R.G.: Changes in the synapses of the spinal trigeminal nucleus after ipsilateral rhizotomy. Brain Res. 11, 706–709 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, J.C., Sweet, W.H.: Pain and the Neurosurgeon. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T.H., Dixon, A.D.: The intrinsic innervation of the soft palate. J. Anat. (Lond.) 97, 259–267 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D.J.: The maxillary nerve in the cat: a study in growth and form. Thesis for Doctorate in Dental Science, University of Sydney, Australia (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Windle, W.F.: Non-bifurcating nerve fibers of the trigeminal nerve. J. comp. Neurol. 40, 229–240 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkelmann, R.K.: Nerve Endings in Normal and Pathologic Skin. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkelmann, R. K.: New methods for the study of nerve endings. In: The Skin Senses. Ed. by D.R. Kenshalo, pp. 38–57. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, M.: Electrophysiological studies of excitation of dentine evoked by chemical means. In: Sensory Mechanisms in Dentine. Ed. by D.J. Anderson, pp. 47–59. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zander, E., Weddell, G.: Observations on the innervation of the cornea. J. Anat. (Lond.) 85, 68–99 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeigler, H., Witkovsky, P.: The main sensory trigeminal nucleus in the pigeon: a single unit analysis. J. comp. Neurol. 134, 255–264 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zotterman, Y.: Thermal sensation. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section I; Neurophysiology, vol. I. Ed. by H.W. Magoun, pp. 431–458. Washington, D.C.: Americ. Physiol. Soc. 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zotterman, Y.: Specific action potentials in the lingual nerve of the cat. Scand. Arch. Physiol. 75, 105–120 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, E., Welker, W.I.: Coding of somatic sensory input by vibrissae neurons in the rat’s trigeminal ganglion. Brain Res. 12, 138–156 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Baltimore, USA

    Ian Darian-Smith

Authors
  1. Ian Darian-Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Ainsley Iggo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1973 Springer-Verlag Berlin · HeidelBerg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Darian-Smith, I. (1973). The Trigeminal System. In: Iggo, A. (eds) Somatosensory System. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65438-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65438-1_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65440-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65438-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation