Abstract
Long before the mechanism of action of the indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines was understood, it was clear that the amines of this group differ pharmacologically. For instance, while cocaine potentiates the effects of adrenaline (FröHlich and Loewi, 1910) it antagonizes the effects of tyramine (Tainter and Chang, 1927). A parallel to this “cocaine paradox” was observed after chronic sympathetic denervation, a procedure which potentiates the effects of adrenaline and antagonizes those of tyramine (Burn and Tainter, 1931; Bülbring and Burn, 1938).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Axelrod, J., Gordon, E., Hertting, G., Kopin, I. J., Potter, L. T.: On the mechanism of tachyphylaxis to tyramine in the isolated rat heart. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 19, 56–63 (1962).
Barger, G., Dale, H.H.: Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 41, 19–59 (1910).
Barnett, A., Staub, M., Symchowicz, S.: The effect of cocaine and imipramine on tyramine-induced release of noradrenaline–3H from the rat vas deferens in vitro. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 36, 79–84 (1969).
Benfey, B.G., Varma, D.R.: Studies on the cardiovascular actions of antisympathomimetic drugs. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 1, 9–12 (1962).
Bhagat, B., Shideman, F.E.: Mechanism of the positive inotropic response to bretylium and guanethidine. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 20, 56–62 (1963).
Birmingham, A.T., Wilson, A.B.: An analysis of the blocking action of dimethylphenyl-piperazinium iodide on the inhibition of isolated small intestine produced by stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 24, 375–386 (1965).
Brimijoin, S., Trendelenburg, U.: Reserpine-induced release of norepinephrine from isolated spontaneously beating guinea-pig atria. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 176, 149–159 (1971).
Bulbring, E., Burn, J.H.: The action of tyramine and adrenaline on the denervated nictitating membrane. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 91, 459–473 (1938). BURN, J. H.: The action of tyramine and ephedrine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 46, 75–95 (1932).
Bulbring, E., Burn, J.H., Rand, M.J.: Reserpine and adrenaline in arterial walls. Lancet 273, 1097 (1957).
Bulbring, E., Burn, J.H., Rand, M.J.: The action of sympathomimetic amines in animals treated with reserpine. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 144, 314–336 (1958).
Bulbring, E., Burn, J.H., Rand, M.J., Tainter, M. L.: An analysis of the effect of cocaine on the action of adrenaline and tyramine. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 71, 169–193 (1931).
Carlsson, A., Hillarp, N.-A., Waldeck, B.: Analysis of the Mg++-ATP dependent storage mechanism in the amine granules of the adrenal medulla. Acta physiol, scand. 59, Suppl. 215, 38pp (1963).
Carlsson, A., Rosengren, E., Bertler, A., Nilsson, J.: Effect of reserpine on the metabolism of catechol amines. Psychotropic drugs, pp. 363–372. Amsterdam-London-New York-Princeton: Elsevier Publishing Co. 1957.
Carlsson, A., Rosengren, E., Bertler, A., Nilsson, J., Waldeck, B.: Structure-activity relationships for release of 14C-octopamine from adrenergic nerves by phenylethylamines. Acta pharmacol. (Kbh.) 24, 255–262 (1966).
Chang, P.: Sympathomimetic actions of phenoxybenzamine on rat heart. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 4, 240–245 (1968).
Commarato, M.A., Brody, T.M., Mcneill, J.H.: The effect of various drugs on the uptake and metabolism of tyramine-H3 in the rat heart. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 167, 151 to 158 (1969).
Croft, J. R.: The uptake and release of H+norepinephrine by the guinea-pig heart in vivo. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 248, 85–98 (1964).
Croft, J. R., Muskus, A. J., Trendelenburg, U.: Effect of tyramine on isolated guinea-pig atria in relation to their noradrenaline stores. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 18, 600–611 (1962).
De La Lande, I. S., Waterson, J. G.: The action of tyramine on the rabbit ear artery. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 34, 8–18 (1968).
Drasköczy, P.R., Trendelenburg, U.: The uptake of 1-and d-norepinephrine by the isolated perfused rabbit heart in relation to the stereospecificity of the sensitizing action of cocaine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 159, 66–73 (1968).
Drasköczy, P.R., Trendelenburg, U.: Intraneuronal and extraneuronal accumulation of sympathomimetic amines in the isolated nictitating membrane of the cat. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 174, 290–306 (1970).
Eade, N. R.: The release of catechol amines from isolated chromaffin granules. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 12, 61–65 (1957).
Eade, N. R.: Mechanism of sympathomimetic action of aldehydes. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 127, 29–34 (1959).
Von Euler, U.S., Lishajko, F.: Uptake of 1-and d-isomers of catecholamines in adrenergic nerve granules. Acta physiol. scand. 60, 217–222 (1964).
Von Euler, U.S., Lishajko, F.: The uptake of isoprenaline in nerve granules. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 6, 431–434 (1967).
Fleckenstein, A.: Uber Neuro-Sympathomimetica. Verhandl. der Deutschen Ges. f. inn. Med., 59. Kongress, 1953, p. 17–22.
Fleckenstein, A., Bass, H.: Zum Mechanismus der Wirkungsverstärkung und Wirkungsabschwächung sympathomimetischer Amine durch Cocain und andere Pharmaka. I. Die Sensibilisierung der Katzen-Nickhaut für Sympathomimetica der Brenzkatechin-Reihe. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 220, 143–156 (1953).
Fleckenstein, A., Bass, H., Burn, J.H.: The effect of denervation on the action of sympathomimetic amines on the nictitating membrane. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 8, 69–78 (1953).
Fleckenstein, A., Bass, H., Burn, J.H., Stöckle, D.: Zum Mechanismus der Wirkungsverstärkung und Wirkungsabschwächung sympathomimetischer Amine durch Cocain und andere Pharmaka. II. Die Hemmung der Neuro-Sympathomimetica durch Cocain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 224, 401–415 (1955).
Fleming, W.W., Trendelenburg, U.: Development of supersensitivity to norepinephrine after pretreatment with reserpine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 133, 41–51 (1961).
Fröhlich, A., Loewi, O.: Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pharmakologie des vegetativen Nervensystems. II. Mitteilung: Über eine Steigerung der Adrenalinempfindlichkeit durch Cocain. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 62, 159–169 (1910).
Furchgott, R.F., Kirpekar, S.M.: Release of catecholamines in heart by /Mialoalkylamines and by bretylium. Pharmacologist 2, 93 (1960).
Furchgott, R.F., Kirpekar, S.M.: Competition between /Mialoalkylamines and norepinephrine for sites in cardiac muscle. Proceedings of the First International Pharmacological Meeting, vol. 7, pp. 339–350. Oxford: Pergamon Press 1963.
Giachetti, A., Shore, P.A.: Optical specificity of monoamine oxidase. Life Sci. 5, 1373–1378 (1966).
Grobecker, H., Holtz, P., Jonsson, J.: Über die Wirkung des Tyramins auf den isolierten Darm. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 255, 491–509 (1966).
Gulati, O.S., Kelkar, V.V.: Effect of tyramine on human umbilical artery in vitro. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 42, 155–158 (1971).
Haeusler, G.: Early pre-and postfunctional effects of 6-hydroxydopamine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 178, 49–62 (1971).
Hamilton, T.C.: Modification of the vascular response to isoprenaline by cholinomimetic drugs. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 42, 254–262 (1971).
Harrison, D.C., Chidsey, C.A., Goldman, R., Braunwald, E.: Relationships between the release and tissue depletion of norepinephrine from the heart by guanethidine and reserpine. Circulat. Res. 12, 256–263 (1963).
Hertting, G.: The fate of 3H-isoproterenol in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 13, 1119–1128 (1964).
Hertting, G., Axelrod, J., Patrick, R.W.: Actions of bretylium and guanethidine on the uptake and release of (3H)-noradrenaline. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 18, 161–166 (1962).
Holtz, P., Osswald, W., Stock, K.: Über die Beeinflussung der Wirkungen sympathicomi-metischer Amine durch Cocain und Reserpin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 239, 14–28 (1960).
Holtz, P., Osswald, W., Stock, K., Palm, D.: Über den Mechanismus der sympathicomimetischen Wirkungen einiger ali-phatischer Amine. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 251, 144–158 (1965).
Horita, A.: A vasopressor response to reserpine in the cocainized dog. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 122, 474–479 (1958).
Hoszowska-Owczarek, A., Langer, S.Z., Djordjevic, N., De Schaepdryver, A.F.: Stimulant action of tolazoline on the nictitating membrane of the pithed cat. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 174, 135–143 (1968).
Hoszowska-Owczarek, A., Langer, S.Z., Djordjevic, N., De Schaepdryver, A.F., Nnes, I.R.: An action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on adrenaline receptors. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 19, 427–441 (1962).
Hoszowska-Owczarek, A., Langer, S.Z., Djordjevic, N., De Schaepdryver, A.F., Kohli, J.D.: Excitatory action of sympathomimetic amines on 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors of gut. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 35, 383–393 (1969).
Iversen, L.L.: The uptake of noradrenaline by the isolated perfused rat heart. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 21, 523–537 (1963).
Iversen, L.L.: The uptake and storage of noradrenaline in sympathetic nerves, 253 pages. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 1967.
Jacquot, C., Bralet, J., Cohen, Y., Valette, G.: Fixation de la dl-ephedrine–14C par le coeur isole perfuse de rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 903–914 (1969).
Kadzielawa, K.: Mechanism of action of guanethidine. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 19, 74–84 (1962).
Kalsner, S.: Effects of tyramine on responses to and inactivation of histamine in aortic strips. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 175, 489–495 (1970).
Kirpekar, S.M., Furchgott, R.F.: The sympathomimetic action of bretylium on isolated atria and aortic smooth muscle. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 143, 64–76 (1964).
Kopin, I. J., Bridgers, W.: Differences in d-and 1-norepinephrine-H3. Life Sci. 2, 356–362 (1963).
Kopin, I. J., Bridgers, W., Fischer, J.E., Mttsacchio, J.M., Horst, W.D., Weise, V.K.: “False neurochemical transmitters” and the mechanism of sympathetic blockade by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 147, 186–193 (1965).
Krayer, O, Alper, M.H., Paasonen, M.K.: Action of guanethidine and reserpine upon the isolated mammalian heart. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 135, 164–173 (1962).
Krayer, O, Alper, M.H., Paasonen, M.K., Langer, S. Z.: Presence of tone in the denervated and in the decentralized nictitating membrane of the spinal cat and its influence on determinations of supersensitivity. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 154, 14–34 (1966).
Krayer, O, Alper, M.H., Paasonen, M.K., Drasköczy, P.R., Trendelenburg, U.: Time course of the development of supersensitivity to various amines in the nictitating membrane of the pithed cat after denervation or decentralization. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 157, 255–273 (1967).
Lee, F. L.: The relation between norepinephrine content and response to sympathetic nerve stimulation of various organs of cats pretreated with reserpine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 156, 137–141 (1967).
Lee, F. L., Weiner, N., Trendelenburg, U.: The uptake of tyramine and formation of octopamine in normal and tachyphylactic rat atria. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 155, 211–222 (1967).
Lee, W.C., Shin, Y.H., Shideman, F.E.: Cardiac activities of several monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 133, 180–185 (1961).
Liebman, J.: Modification of the chronotropic action of sympathomimetic amines by reserpine in the heart-lung preparation of the dog. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 133, 63–69 (1961).
Liebman, J., Muskus, A. J., Waud, D.R.: The depletion of norepinephrine stores in the heart of the dog by reserpinetype alkaloids. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 136, 76–79 (1962).
Lindmar, R.: Die Wirkung von 1, 1-Dimethyl–4-Phenyl-Piperazinium-Jodid am isolierten Vorhof im Vergleich zur Tyramin-und Nicotinwirkung. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch, exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 242, 458–466 (1962).
Lindmar, R., Löffelholz, K., Muscholl, E.: Unterschiede zwischen Tyramin und Dimethylphenyl-piperazin in der Ca++-Abhängigkeit und im zeitlichen Verlauf der Noradrenalin-Freisetzung am isolierten Kaninchenherzen. Experientia (Basel) 23, 933–934 (1967).
Lindmar, R., Löffelholz, K., Muscholl, E., Muscholl, E.: Die Wirkung von Cocain, Guanethidin, Reserpin, Hexamethonium, Tetracain und Psicain auf die Noradrenalin-Freisetzung aus dem Herzen. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 242, 214–227 (1961).
Lindmar, R., Muscholl, E.: Die Wirkung von Pharmaka auf die Elimination von Nor-adrenalin aus der Perfusionsflüssigkeit und die Noradrenalinaufnahme in das isolierte Herz. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 247, 469–492 (1964).
Lindmar, R., Muscholl, E.: Die Verstärkung der Noradrenalin-Wirkung durch Tyramin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 251, 122–133 (1965).
Lindmar, R., Muscholl, E.: Der Einfluß von Pharmaka auf die Aufnahme von Guanethidin in das Herz. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 253, 67 (1966).
Lundborg, P.: Uptake of metaraminol by the adrenal medullary granules. Acta physiol. scand. 67, 423–429 (1966).
Maengwyn-Davies, G.D., Koppanyi, T.: Cocaine tachyphylaxis and effects on indirectly-acting sympathomimetic drugs in the rabbit aortic strip and in splenic tissue. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 154, 481–492 (1966).
Maickel, R.P., Beaven, M.A., Brodie, B.B.: Implications of uptake and storage of nor-epinephrine by sympathetic nerve endings. Life Sci. 2, 953–958 (1963).
Maj, J., Langwinski, R.: Hypotensive action of tyramine in cats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 18, 820–821 (1966).
Marley, E.: Action of some sympathomimetic amines on the cat’s iris, in situ or isolated. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 162, 193–211 (1962).
Maxwell, R.A., Plummer, A. J., Povalski, H., Schneider, F., Coombs, H.: A comparison of some of the cardiovascular actions of methylphenidate and cocaine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 126, 250–257 (1959a).
Maxwell, R.A., Plummer, A. J., Povalski, H., Schneider, F., Coombs, H., Povalski, H., Plummer, A.J.: A differential effect of reserpine on the pressor amine activity and its relationship to other agents producing this effect. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 125, 178–183 (1959b).
Maxwell, R.A., Plummer, A. J., Povalski, H., Schneider, F., Coombs, H., Povalski, H., Plummer, A.J., Wastila, W.B., Eckhardt, S.B.: Some factors determining the response of rabbit aortic strips to dl-norepinephrine–7-H3 hydrochloride and the influence of cocaine, guanethidine and methylphenidate on these factors. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 151, 253–261 (1966).
Murnaghan, M.F.: Potentiation of tyramine responses by nor-sympathomimetic amines in the reserpine-pretreated cat. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 155, 332–355 (1965).
Musacchio, J.M., Bhagat, B., Jackson, C. J., Kopin, I. J.: The effect of disulfiram on the restoration of the response to tyramine by dopamine and α-methyl-DOPA in the reserpine-treated cat. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 152, 293–297 (1966).
Musacchio, J.M., Bhagat, B., Jackson, C. J., Kopin, I. J., Kopin, I. J., Weise, V.K.: Subcellular distribution of some sympathomimetic amines and their beta-hydroxylated derivatives in the rat heart. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 148, 22–28 (1965).
Muscholl, E., Sprenger, E.: Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Blutdruckwirkung, Aufnahme und Speicherung von Dihydroxyephedrin (a-Methyladrenalin) und Dihydroxy-pseudoephedrin. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 254, 109–124 (1966).
Muscholl, E., Sprenger, E., Weber, E.: Die Hemmung der Aufnahme von α-methylnoradrenalin in das Herz durch sympathomimetische Amine. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 252, 134–143 (1965).
Muskus, A. J.: Evidence for different sites of action of reserpine and guanethidine. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 248, 498–513 (1964).
Nash, C.W., Wolff, S.A., Ferguson, B.A.: Release of tritiated noradrenaline from perfused rat hearts by sympathomimetic amines. Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 46, 35–42 (1968).
Paasonen, M.K., Krayer, O: Effect of reserpine upon the mammalian heart. Fed. Proc. 16, 326 (1957).
Paasonen, M.K., Krayer, O: The release of norepinephrine from the mammalian heart by reserpine. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 123, 153–160 (1958).
Patil, P.N., Jacobowitz, D.: Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs. IX. Pharmacologic and histochemical studies on isomers of cobefrin (a-methylnorepinephrine). J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 161, 279–295 (1968).
Patil, P.N., Jacobowitz, D., Lapidus, J.B., Tye, A.: Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs. I. Comparative effects of DL isomers and desoxy derivatives. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 155, 1–12 (1967a).
Patil, P.N., Jacobowitz, D., Lapidus, J.B., Tye, A., Campbell, D., Tye, A.: Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs. II. Effects of DL isomers and desoxy derivatives on the reserpine-pretreated vas deferens. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 155, 13–23 (1967b).
Pluchino, S.: Direct and indirect effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyramine on cat smooth muscle. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmak. in press (1972).
Pluchino, S., Muskus, A. J., Pluchino, R.: The mechanism of action of guanethidine on the isolated mammalian heart. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 170, 44–49 (1969).
Pluchino, S., Muskus, A. J., Pluchino, R., Trendelenburg, U.: The influence of denervation and of decentralization on the alpha and beta effects of isoproterenol on the nictitating membrane of the pithed cat. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther. 163, 257–265 (1968).
Poch, G.R., Kopin, I.J.: The role of octopamine in tachyphylaxis to tyramine. Biochem. Pharmacol. 15, 210–212 (1966).
Pratesi, P., Blaschko, H.: Specificity of amine oxidase for optically active substrates and inhibitors. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 14, 256–260 (1959).
Ross, S.B., Renyi, A.L.: Uptake of tritiated tyramine and (-F)-amphetamine by mouse heart slices. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 18, 756–757 (1966a).
Ross, S.B., Renyi, A.L.: Uptake of some tritiated sympathomimetic amines by mouse brain cortex slices in vitro. Acta Pharmacol. (Kbh.) 24, 297–309 (1966b).
Ross, S.B., Renyi, A.L., Brunfelter, B.: Cocaine-sensitive uptake of sympathomimetic amines in nerve tissue. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20, 283–288 (1968).
Salzmann, R., Pacha, W., Taeschler, M., Weidmann, H.: The effect of ergotamine on humoral and neuronal actions in the nictitating membrane and the spleen of the cat. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 261, 360–378 (1968).
Schmidt, J.L., Fleming, W.W.: The structure of sympathomimetics as related to reserpine induced sensitivity changes in the rabbit ileum. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 139, 230–237 (1963).
Schmitt, H., Schmitt, H.: Modification des effects des amines sympathicomimétiques sur la pression artérielle et la membrane nictitante par la réserpine. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 125, 30–47 (1960).
Smith, C. B.: The role of monoaminoxidase in the intraneuronal metabolism of norepinephrine released by indirectly-acting sympathomimetic amines or by adrenergic nerve stimulation. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 151, 207–220 (1966).
Steinberg, M.I., Smith, C.B.: Effects of desmethylimipramine and cocaine on the uptake, retention and metabolism of H3-tyramine in rat brain slices. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 173, 176–192 (1970).
Suarne, L., Von Euler, U.S.: Stereospecificity of amine uptake mechanism in nerve granules. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 150, 335–340 (1966).
Stone, C.A., Stavorski, J.M., Ludden, C.T., Wenger, H.C., Torchiana, M.L.: Some direct and indirect sympathomimetic actions of metaraminol. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 161, 49–60 (1966).
Stromblad, B.C.R., Nickerson, M.: Accumulation of epinephrine and norepinephrine by some rat tissues. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 134, 154–159 (1961).
Su, C., Bevan, J.A.: Blockade of the nicotine-induced norepinephrine release by cocaine, phenoxybenzamine and desipramine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 175, 533–540 (1970).
Tainter, M.L., Chang, D.K.: The antagonism of the pressor action of tyramine by cocaine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 30, 193–207 (1927).
Thoa, N.B., Eccleston, D., Axelrod, J.: The accumulation of C14-serotonin in the guinea-pig vas deferens. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 169, 68–73 (1969).
Thoenen, H., Hurlimann, A., Haefely, W.: Mechanism of amphetamine accumulation in the isolated perfused heart of the rat. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20, 1–11 (1968).
Thoenen, H., Hurlimann, A., Haefely, W.: Cation dependence of the noradrenaline-releasing action of tyramine. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 6, 29–37 (1969).
Thoenen, H., Hurlimann, A., Haefely, W., Tranzer, J.P.: Chemical sympathectomy by selective destruction of adrenergic nerve endings with 6-hydroxydopamine. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 261, 271–288 (1968).
Trendelenburg, U.: The action of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on isolated mammalian atria. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 130, 450–460 (I960).
Trendelenburg, U.: Supersensitivity and subsensitivity to sympathomimetic amines. Pharmacol. Rev. 15, 225–276 (1963).
Trendelenburg, U.: The effect of cocaine on the pacemaker of isolated guinea-pig atria. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 161, 222–231 (1968).
Trendelenburg, U., Crout, J. R.: The norepinephrine stores of isolated atria of guinea pigs pretreated with reserpine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 145, 151–161 (1964).
Trendelenburg, U., Crout, J. R., Draskoczy, P.R., Pluchino, S.: The density of adrenergic innervation of the cat’s nictitating membrane as a factor influencing the sensitivity of the isolated preparation to 1-norepinephrine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 166, 14–25 (1969).
Trendelenburg, U., Crout, J. R., Draskoczy, P.R., Pluchino, S., Gomez Alonso De La Sierra, B., Muskus, A.: Modification by reserpine of the response of the atrial pacemaker to sympathomimetic amines. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 141, 301 to 309 (1963).
Trendelenburg, U., Crout, J. R., Draskoczy, P.R., Pluchino, S., Gomez Alonso De La Sierra, B., Muskus, A., Hohn, D., Graefe, K.H., Pluchino, S.: The influence of block of catechol-O-methyl transferase on the sensitivity of isolated organs to catecholamines. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmak. 271, 59–92 (1971).
Trendelenburg, U., Crout, J. R., Draskoczy, P.R., Pluchino, S., Gomez Alonso De La Sierra, B., Muskus, A., Hohn, D., Graefe, K.H., Pluchino, S., Maxwell, R.A., Pluchino, S.: The importance of the intraneuronal uptake in the cat’s nictitating membrane as assessed with methoxamine, a sympathomimetic amine which is not taken up by adrenergic nerves. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 172, 91–99 (1970).
Trendelenburg, U., Muskus, A., Fleming, W. W., Gomez Alonso De La Sierra, B.: Modi-fication by reserpine of the action of sympathomimetic amines in spinal cats; a classification of sympathomimetic amines. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 138, 170–180 (1962a).
Trendelenburg, U., Muskus, A., Fleming, W. W., Gomez Alonso De La Sierra, B.: Effect of cocaine, denervation and decentralization on the response of the nictitating membrane to various sympathomimetic amines. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 138, 181–193 (1962b).
Tsai, T.H., Fleming, W.W.: Sympathomimetic actions of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the isolated nictitating membrane of the cat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14, 369–371 (1965).
Tsai, T.H., Fleming, W.W., Langer, S.Z., Trendelenburg, U.: Effects of dopamine and α-methyl-dopamine on smooth muscle and on the cardiac pacemaker. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 156, 310–324 (1967).
Tsai, T.H., Fleming, W.W., Langer, S.Z., Trendelenburg, U., Wendt, R.L., Mcgrath, W.R.: The negative chronotropic effect of tyramine on isolated guinea-pig atria. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 168, 290–294 (1969).
Tye, A., Baldesberger, R., Lapidus, J.B., Patil, P.N.: Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs. VI. Beta adrenergic effects of ephedrine isomers. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 157, 356–362 (1967a).
Tye, A., Baldesberger, R., Lapidus, J.B., Patil, P.N., Patil, P.N., Lapidus, J.B.: Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs. III. Sensitization by cocaine to isomers of sympathomimetic amines. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 155, 24–30 (1967b).
Urquilla, P.R., Stitzel, R.E., Fleming, W.W.: The antagonism of phentolamine against exogenously administered and endogenously released norepinephrine in rabbit aortic strips. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 172, 310–319 (1970).
Valdecasas, F.G., Salva, J. A., Cuenca, E.: Effect of reserpine on the blood pressure of the spinal cat treated with inhibitors of amino-oxydase. Arzneimittel-Forsch. 8, 655–656 (1958).
Vanderipe, D.R., Kahn, J.B.: The mechanism of the vasodepressor response to tyramine in dogs. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 145, 292–298 (1964).
Van Orden, L.S. III, Bensch, K.G., Langer, S.Z., Trendelenburg, U.: Histochemical and fine structural aspects of the onset of denervation supersensitivity in the nictitating membrane of the spinal cat. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 157, 274–283 (1967).
Varma, D.R., Gillis, R.A., Benfey, B.G.: Reserpine as an antagonist of tyramine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 144, 181–185 (1964).
Wakade, A.R., Cervoni, P., Furchgott, R.F.: Tyramine tachyphylaxis and the interaction of tyramine and bretylium in the guinea-pig isolated left atrium. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. (in press).
Waldeck, B.: On the interaction of threo–3H-a-methylnoradrenaline with the uptake and storage mechanisms of the adrenergic neuron. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 2, 208–213 (1967).
Walsh, M. J., Hollander, P.B., Truitt, E.B., Jr.: Sympathomimetic effects of acetaldehyde on the electrical and contractile characteristics of isolated left atria of guinea pigs. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 167, 173–186 (1969).
Weiner, N., Draskoczy, P.R., Burack, W.R.: The ability of tyramine to liberate catecholamines in vivo. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 137, 47–55 (1962).
Westfall, D.P., Fleming, W.W.: The sensitivity of the guinea-pig pacemaker to norepinephrine and calcium after pretreatment with reserpine. J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 164, 259–269 (1968).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1972 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Trendelenburg, U. (1972). Classification of Sympathomimetic Amines. In: Blaschko, H., Muscholl, E. (eds) Catecholamines. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie / Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 33. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65249-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65249-3_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65251-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65249-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive