Skip to main content

Effects of Anesthetics on Metabolism of Brain

  • Chapter
  • 91 Accesses

Abstract

Because of the complexity and difficulty of access to the brain many of the pioneer studies on cerebral metabolism and anesthesia were done on excised tissue in vitro. Authoritative surveys of the results have been made by Quastel (1965) and by Hunter and Lowry (1956). For a broad view the classic discussion by Butler (1950) is still pertinent.

Supported by Grant GM 15991 of the U.S. Public Health Service.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aldridge, W. N., Parker, V. H.: Barbiturates and oxidative phosphorylation. Biochem. J. 76, 47–56 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, S., James, F. M., Colton, E. T., Gleaton, H. R., Wollman, H.: Effects of cyclopropane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow and carbohydrate metabolism of man. Anesthesiology 29, 170 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allweis, C., Magnes, J.: The uptake and oxidation of glucose by the perfused cat brain. J. Neurochem. 2, 326–336 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansell, G. B., Dohmen, H.: The metabolism of individual phospholipids in the rat brain during hypoglycaemia, anesthesia and convulsions. J. Neurochem. 2, 1–10 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansell, G. B., Morgan, A.: The effects of thiopentone, azacyclonol (frenquel) and reserpine on rat brain phospholipid metabolism in vivo. Biochem. J. 69, 30P–31P (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachelard, H. S.: Glucose metabolism and o(-keto-acids in rat brain and liver in vivo. Nature 205, 903–904 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachelard, H. S., Gaitonde, M. K., Vrba, R.: The effect of psychotropic drugs on the utilization of glucose carbon atoms in the brain, heart and liver of the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 15, 1039–1043 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, E. G., Cooper, O.: The activity of succinate oxidase in relation to phosphate and phosphorus compounds. J. Biol. Chem. 180, 113–124 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkai, A., Allweis, C.: The contribution of blood glucose to the carbon dioxide produced by the narcotized brain of the intact cat. J. Neurochem. 13, 23–33 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkulis, S. S., Geiger, A., Kawakita, Y., Aguilar, V.: Study on the incorporation of 14C derived from glucose into the free amino acids of the brain cortex. J. Neurochem. 5, 339–348 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolini, A., Pepeu, G.: Investigations into the acetylcholine output from the cerebral cortex of the cat in the presence of hyoscine. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 31, 66–73 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battey, L., Heyman, A., Patterson, J. L., Jr.: Effects of ethyl alcohol on cerebral blood flow and metabolism. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 152, 6–10 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beleslin, D., Polak, R. L., Sproull, D. H.: The release of acetylcholine into the cerebral subarachnoid space of anaesthetized cats. J. Physiol. (London) 177, 420–428 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellucci, G., Romeria, C.: II metabolismo cerebrale in corso di anesthesia pentotalica. Rass. studi psichiat. 45, 47–56 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beloff-Chain, A., Catanzaro, R., Chain, E. G., Masi, I., Pocchiari, F.: Fate of uniformly labelled 14C glucose in brain slices. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 144, 22–28 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernheim, F., Bernheim, L. C.: Action of drugs on the choline esterase of the brain. J. Pharmacol. Exptl Therap. 57, 427–436 (1936).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnycastle, D. D., Bonnycastle, M. F., Anderson, E. G.: The effect of a number of central depressant drugs upon brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exptl Therap. 135, 17–20 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, T. C.: Theories of general anesthesia. Pharmacol. Revs 2, 121–160 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, R., Lanphier, E. H., Rahn, H.: Hyperbaric oxygen and persistence of vision in retinal ischemia. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, 914–918 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celesia, G. G., Jasper, H. H.: Acetylcholine released from cerebral cortex in relation to state of activation. Neurology 16, 1053–1063, 1070 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chance, B., Hollunger, G.: Inhibition of electron and energy transfer in mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 418–431 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chance, B., Williams, G. R., Holmes, W. F., Higgins, J.: Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation V. A. mechanism for oxidative phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 217, 439–451 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, P. J., Marshall, B. E.: Effects of halothane on respiratory control and oxygen consumption of rat liver mitochondria. In: Toxicity of anesthetics ( Fink, B. R., Ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, P. J., Wollman, H., Alexander, S. C., Chase, P. E., Behar, M. G.: Cerebral carbohydrate metabolism in man during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 25, 185 to 191 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, B., Mitchell, J. F.: The central release of acetylcholine during consciousness and after brain lesions. J. Physiol. (London) 188, 83–98 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crossland, J., Merrick, A. J.: The effect of anaesthesia on the acetylcholine content of brain. J. Physiol. (London) 125, 56–66 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, R. M. C., Richter, D.: The phosphorus metabolism of the brain. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 137, 252–267 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, P. M., Ngai, S. H., Costa, E.: Effect of oxygen on brain serotonin metabolism in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 214, 591–594 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, T. F., Meyer, A.: Respiration of brain. Biochem. J. 30, 1577–1582 (1936).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durell, J., Sodd, M. A.: Studies on the acetylcholine-stimulated incorporation of radioactive inorganic orthophosphate into the phospholipid of brain particulate preparations. II. Subcellular distribution of enzymic activity. J. Neurochem. 13, 487–491 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, C., Larrabee, M. G.: Effects of anaesthetics on metabolism and on transmission in sympathetic ganglia of rats: measurement of glucose in microgram quantities using glucose oxidase. J. Physiol. (London) 130, 456–466 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, K. A. C.: Brain tissue respiration and glycolysis. In: The biology of mental health and disease. New York: Hoeber 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, K. A. C., Heller, I. H.: Metabolism of neurons and glia. In: Metabolism of the nervous system ( Richter, D., Ed.). New York-London-Paris-Los Angeles: Pergamon 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, K. A. C., Swank, R. L., Henderson, N.: Effects of anesthetics and convulsants on acetylcholine content of the brain. Am. J. Physiol. 162, 469–474 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estler, C.-J.: Der Glykogengehalt des Gehirns weißer Mäuse unter der Einwirkung von Phenobarbital und seine Beziehungen zu Blutzucker und Körpertemperatur. Med. exp. 4, 30–36 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estler, C.-J., Heim, F.: Der Gehalt des Gehirns weißer Mäuse and Adeninnucleotiden, Kreatinphosphat, Coenzym A, Glykogen und Milchsäure in Ätherexcitation und -Narkose. Med. exp. 3, 241–248 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahmy, A. R., Ibrahim, H. H., Talaat, M.: Inhibitory effect of thiopentone on the pyruvic dehydrogenase in brain. Can. J. Biochem. and Physiol. 40, 477–483 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, B., Kenny, G. E.: Metabolic effects of volatile anesthetics in cell culture. Anesthesiology 29, 505–516 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty, F. A., Witkin, L., Fazekas, J. F.: Cerebral hemodynamics during cerebral ischemia induced by acute hypotension. J. Clin. Invest. 38, 1227–1232 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. S., Walker, J. T., Plummer, C. W.: Quantitative estimation of barbiturates in blood by ultra-violet spectrophotometry II experimental and clinical results. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 18, 462–469 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, R. A.: Carrier transport of glucose between blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Am. J. Physiol. 206, 836–844 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, A., Battista, A. F., Chatfield, P. O., Garcia, J. P.: Refractory phase in cerebral machanisms. Elektroencephalogr. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 1, 141–175 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gainer, H., Allweis, C. L., Chaikoff, I. L.: Precursors of metabolic C02 produced by the brain of the anaesthetized intact dog: the effect of electrical stimulation. J. Neurochem. 10, 903–908 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaitonde, M. K., Richter, D.: The uptake of 8-S into rat tissues after injection of (35S) methionine. Biochem. J. 59, 690–696 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaitonde, M. K.,The metabolic activity of the proteins of the brain. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. 145, 83–99 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatfield, P. D., Lowry, O. H., Schulz, D. W., Passonneau, J. V.: Regional energy reserves in mouse brain and changes with ischaemia and anaesthesia. J. Neurochem. 13, 185–195 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger, A.: Correlation of brain metabolism and function by the use of a brain perfusion method in situ. Physiol. Rev. 38, 1–20 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger, A., Kawakita, Y., Barkulis, S. S.: Major pathways of glucose utilization in the brain in brain perfusion experiments in vivo and in situ. J. Neurochem. 5, 323–338 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gey, K. F., Rutishauser, M., Pletscher, A.: Suppression of glycolysis in rat brain in vivo by chlorpromazine, reserpine, and phenobarbital. Biochem. Pharmacol. 14, 507–514 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, E. L., Lennox, W. G., Nims, L. F., Gibbs, F. A.: Arterial and cerebral venous blood: arterial-venous differences in man. J. Biol. Chem. 144, 325–332 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giese, A. C.: Cell physiology 3rd ed. Philadelphia-London-Toronto: W. B. Saunders 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilboe, D. D., Glover, M. B., Cotanch, W. W.: Blood filtration and its effect on glucose metabolism by the isolated dog brain. Am. J. Physiol. 213, 11–15 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleichmann, U., Ingvar, D. H., Lassen, N. A., Lubbers, D. W., Siesjo, B. K., Thews, G.: Regional cerebral cortical metabolic rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide, related to the EEG in the anesthetized dog. Acta Physiol. Scand. 55, 82–94 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, N. D., Passoneatj, J. V., Lowry, O. H.: Effects of changes in brain metabolism on the levels of citric acid cycle intermediates. J. Biol. Chem. 241, 3997–4003 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gombos, G., Otsuki, S., Scruggs, W., Whitney, G., Schmolinske, A., Geiger, A.: Brain metabolites of normal intact narcotized cats. Federation Proc. 22, 633 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, N. M.: Glucose permeability of human erythrocytes and the effects of inhalation anesthetics, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Yale J. Biol, and Med. 37, 319–330 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, L., Clausen, T.: Specificity of the potassium-stimulated respiration to certain areas of the brain.Biochem. Pharmacol. 12, 162–163 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, H. H.: The rates of respiration of neurons and neuroglia in human cerebrum. In: Regional neurochemistry ( Kety, S. S., Elkes, J., Eds.). New York- Oxford-London-Paris: Pergamon 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heyman, A., Patterson, J. L., Jr., Jones, R. W.: Cerebral circulation and metabolism in uremia. Circulation 3, 558–563 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himwich, H. E.: Brain metabolism and cerebral disorders. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Himwich, H. E., Homburger, E., Maresca, R., Himwich, H. E.: Brain metabolism in man: unanesthetized and in pentothal narcosis. Am. J. Psychiat. 103, 689–696 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulme, N. A., Krantz, J. C.: Anesthesia. XLV: Effect of ethyl ether on oxidative phosphorylation in the brain. Anesthesiology 16, 627–631 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, F. E., Jr., Lowry, O. H.: The effects of drugs on enzyme systems. Pharmacol. Revs 8, 89–135 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, S. E., Ghantus, M.: The carbohydrate metabolism of brain II. The effect of varying the carbohydrate and insulin supply on the glycogen, free sugar, and lactic acid in mammalian brain. J. Biol. Chem. 116, 9–10 (1936).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S.: The general metabolism of the brain in vivo. In: Metabolism of the nervous system ( Richter, D., Ed.). New York-London-Paris-Los Angeles: Pergamon 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S., Circulation and metabolism of brain. Am. J. Med. 8, 205–217 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S., Polis, B. D., Nadler, C. S., Schmidt, C. F.: (1) The blood flow and oxygen consumption of the human brain in diabetic acidosis and coma. J. Clin. Invest. 27, 500–510 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kety, S. S., Woodford, R. B., Harmel, M. H., Freyhan, F. A., Appel, K. E., Schmidt, C. F.: (2) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in schizophrenia. The effects of barbiturate semi- narcosis, insulin coma and electroshock. Am. J. Psychiat. 104, 765–770 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. J., Lowry, O. H., Passonneau, J. V., Venson, V.: (1) Effects of convulsants on energy reserves in the cerebral cortex. J. Neurochem. 14, 599–611 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, L. J., Schoepfele, G. M., Lowry, O. H., Passonneau, J. V., Wilson, S.: (2) Effects of electrical stimulation on metabolites in brain of decapitated mice. J. Neurochem. 14, 613–618 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lajtha, A., Toth, J.: The effects of drugs on uptake and exit of cerebral amino acids. Bio- chem. Pharmacol. 14, 729–738 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landau, W. M., Freygang, W. H., Roland, L. P., Sokoloff, L., Kety, S. S.: The local circulation of the living brain: values in the unanesthetized and anesthetized cat. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 80, 125–129 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, M. G.: Transynpatic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism in sympathetic neurons in situ. J. Neurochem. 15, 803–808 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, M. G., Brinley, F. J.: Incorporation of labelled phosphate into phospholipids in squid giant axons. J. Neurochem. 15, 533–545 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, M. G., Holaday, D. A.: Depression of transmission through sympathetic ganglia during general anesthesia. J. Pharmacol. Exptl Therap. 105, 400–408 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, M. G., Klingman, J. D.: Metabolism of glucose and oxygen in mammalian sympathetic ganglia at rest and in action. Neurochem., 2nd ed. ( Elliot, K. A. C., Page, I. H., Quastel, J. H., Eds.). Springfield: Thomas 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, M. G., Klingman, J. D., Leicht, W. S.: Effects of temperature, calcium and activity on phospholipid metabolism in a sympathetic ganglion. J. Neurochem. 10, 549–570 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, M. G., Leicht, W. S.: Metabolism of phosphatidylinositol and other lipids in active neurones of sympathetic ganglia and other peripheral nervous tissues. The sits of the inositide effect. J. Neurochem. 12, 1–13 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrabee, M. G., Posternak, J. M.: Selective action of anesthetics on synapses and axons in mammalian sympathetic ganglia. J. Neurophysiol. 15, 91–114 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassen, N. A.: Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol. Revs 39, 183–238 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lassen, N. A., Christensen, S., Hoedt-Rasmussen, K., Steward, B. M.: Cerebral oxygen consumption in Down’s syndrome. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 15, 595–602 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lennox, W. G., Gibbs, F. A., Gibbs, E. L.: Relationship of unconsciousness to cerebral blood flow and to anoxemia. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 34, 1001–1013 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LePage, G. A.: Biological energy transformations during shock as shown by tissues analyses. Am. J. Physiol. 146, 267–281 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry, O. H., Passonneau, J. V., Hasselberger, F. X., Schtjlz, D. W.: Effect of ischemia on known substrates and cofactors of the glycolytic pathway in brain. J. Biol. Chem. 239, 18–30 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, C. L., Pundlik, P. G.: The effect of some anaesthetics on the acetylcholine concentrations of different areas of dog brain. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 24, 348–351 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margolis, R. U., Heller, A.: The effect of cholinergic and other pharmacologic agents on brain monophosphoinositide turnover in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exptl Therap. 151, 307–312 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, J., Godin, Y., Mandel, P.: Glucose and lactic acid content of the rat brain. J. Neuro- chem. 15, 141–143 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, E. K., Quilliam, J. P.: Effects of central depressant drugs upon acetyl-choline release. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 22, 415–440 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayman, C. I., Gatfield, P. D., Breckenridge, B. M.: The glucose content of brain in anaesthesia. J. Neurochem. 11, 483–487 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcdowall, D. G.: The effects of clinical concentrations of halothane on the blood flow and oxygen uptake of the cerebral cortex. Brit. J. Anaesthesia 39, 186–196 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcdowall, D. G., Harper, A. M.: Blood flow and oxygen uptake of the cerebral cortex of the dog during anaesthesia with different volatile agents. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 41, 146–151 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, I.: Cerebral blood flow during trichloroethylene anesthesia: a comparison with halothane. Brit. J. Anaesthesia 36, 11–18 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHenry, L. C., Jr., Slocum, H. C., Bivens, H. E., Mayes, H. A., Hayes, G. J.: Hyperventilation in awake and anesthetized man. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 12, 270–277 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • McIlwain, H.: Metabolic response in vitro to electrical stimulation of sections of mammalian brain. Biochem. J. 49, 382–393 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIlwain, H, The effect of depressants on the metabolism of stimulated tissues. Biochem. J. 53, 403–412 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLennan, H., Elliott, K. A. C.: Effect of convulsant and narcotic drugs on acetylcholine synthesis. J. Pharmacol. Exptl Therap. 103, 35 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michaelis, M., Quastel, J. H.: The site of action of narcotics in respiratory processes. Biochem. J. 35, 518–533 (1941).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. F.: The spontaneous and evoked release of acetylcholine from the cerebral cortex. J. Physiol. (London) 165, 98–116 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nechaeva, G. A., Sadikova, N. V., Skvortsevich, V. A.: Renewal of amino acids of protein under different functional states. Chem. Abstr. 53, 1500 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, S. R., Schulz, D. W., Passonneau, J. V., Lowry, O. H.: Control of glycogen levels in brain. J. Neurochem. 15, 1271–1279 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, O. E., Morgan, A. P., Kemp, H. G., Sullivan, J. M., Herrera, H. G., Cahill, G. F.: Brain metabolism during fasting. J. Clin. Invest. 10, 1589–1595 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palladin, A. W.: Der Stoffwechsel im Gehirn bei verschiedenem funktionellem Zustand. Wien. klin. Wschr. 66, 473–477 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, E. C., Jr., Lambertsen, C. J., Deutsch, S., Chase, P. E., Linde, H. W., Deepps, R. D., Price, H. L.: Cerebral circulation and metabolism during thiopental anesthesia and hyperventilation in man. J. Clin. Invest. 41, 1664–1671 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quastel, D. M. J., Birks, R. I.: Effect of sodium ions on acetylcholine metabolism in a sympathetic ganglion. Abst. 5th Meet. Canad. Fed. Biol. Sci., p. 64 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quastel, J. H.: Effects of drugs on metabolism of the brain in vitro. Brit. Med. Bull. 21, 49–56 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quastel, J. H., Quastel, D. M. J.: The chemistry of brain metabolism in health and disease. Springfield: Thomas 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafaelsen, O. J.: Action of insulin on glucose uptake of rat brain slices and isolated rat cerebellum. J. Neurochem. 7, 45–51 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossen, R., Kabat, H., Anderson, J. P.: Acute arrest of cerebral circulation in man. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 50, 510–528 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, L. J.: Uptake and distribution of anesthetic agents (Papper, E. M., Kitz, R. J., Eds.). New York: McGraw Hill 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, W.: Cerebral metabolism of isotopic glucose in normal human subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 10, 37–43 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, W., Cerebral metabolism of doubly labeled glucose in humans in vivo. J. Appl. Physiol. 20, 117–130 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schieve, J. F., Wilson, W. P.: The influence of age, anesthesia and cerebral vascular activity to CO2. Am. J. Med. 15, 171–174 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmahl, F. W.: Effects of anesthetics on regional cerebral blood flow and the regional content of some metabolites of the brain cortex of the cat. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 41, 156–159 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. F., Kety, S. S., Pennes, H. H.: The gaseous metabolism of the brain of the monkey. Am. J. Physiol. 143, 33–52 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, K. F.: Effect of halothane anesthesia on regional acetylcholine levels in the rat brain. Anesthesiology 27, 788–792 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schueler, F. W., Gross, E. G.: The effect of nembutalized blood upon the in vitro respiration of brain. J. Pharmacol. Exptl Therap. 98, 28–29 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. L., Satterthwaite, H. S., Sokoloff, L.: Induction of brain D()-B-hydroxy- butyrate dehydrogenase activity by fasting. Science 163, 79–81 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff, L.: Local cerebral circulation at rest and during altered cerebral activity induced by anesthesia or visual stimulation. Regional Neurochem. (Kety, S. S., Ed.). New York: Pergamon 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, W. E.: Acid-soluble phosphorus compounds and lactic acid in the brain. J. Biol. Chem. 135, 43–50 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuku, K., Korey, S. R., Terry, R. D.: Studies on protein synthesis in brain microsomal system. J. Neurochem. 11, 403–412 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swank, R. L., Cammermeyer, J.: The selective effect of anesthetics and picrotoxin on the cerebral cortex of the dog: an electroencephalographic and histochemical study. J. Cellular Comp. Physiol. 34, 43–70 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takemori, A. E.: Effect of central depressant agents on cerebral glucose C-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of rats. J. Neurochem. 12, 407–415 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tews, J. K., Carter, S. H., Stone, W. E.: Chemical changes in the brain during insulin hypoglycaemia and recovery. J. Neurochem. 12, 679–693 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theye, R. A.: Myocardial and total oxygen consumption with halothane. Anesthesiology. 28, 1042–1047 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theye, R. A., Michenfelder, J. D.: (1) The effect of halothane on canine cerebral metabolism. Anesthesiology 29, 1113–1118 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theye, R. A., Michenfelder, J. D, (2) The effect of nitrous oxide on canine cerebral metabolism. Anesthesiology 29, 1119 — 1124 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theye, R. A., Tuohy, G. F.: Oxygen uptake during light halothane anesthesia in man. Anesthesiology 25, 627–633 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tobias, J. M., Lipton, M. A., Lepinat, A. A.: Effect of anesthetics and convulsants on brain acetylcholine content. Proc. Soc. Exptl Biol. Med. 61, 51–54 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuji, H., Balagot, R. C., Sadove, M. S.: Effect of anesthetics on brain y-aminobutyric and glutamic acid levels. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 183, 133–135 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, I.: Effects of diethylether and halothane on firefly luciferin bioluminescence. Anesthesiology 26, 603–606 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, I., Mietani, W.: Microsomal ATPase of rabbit brain and effects of general anesthetics. Biochem. Pharmacol. 16, 1370–1374 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, G.: Inhibition of a brain protease by general anaesthetics. Nature 207, 419–420 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, J. L., Elliott, K. A. C.: Effects of narcotics and convulsants on tissue glycolysis and respiration. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 103, 24–34 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, L., Dripps, R. D., Kety, S. S.: Blood flow and oxygen consumption of the human brain during anesthesia produced by thiopental. Anesthesiology 12, 308–313 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, N.: The content of adenine nucleotides and creatine phosphate in brain of normal and anaesthetized rats: a critical study of some factors influencing their assay. J. Neurochem. 7, 241–250 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westfall, B. A.: Effects of phenobarbital on oxygen consumption of brain slices. J. Pharma¬col. Exptl Therap. 96, 193–197 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, V. P., Michaelson, I. A., Kerkland, R. J. A.: The separation of synaptic vesicles from nerve ending particles “synaptosomes”. Biochem. J. 90, 293–303 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittam, R.: Active cation transport as a pace-maker of respiration. Nature 191, 603–604 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins, D. S., Featherstone, R. M., Schwidde, J. T., Brotman, M.: Studies on the depression of brain oxidations. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 35, 411–420 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S., Paterson, R. A., Heath, H.: The effect of B, B-iminodiproprionitrile and anaesthesia on some adenine nucleotides of rat brain and retina. J. Neurochem. 15, 227 to 233 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, S., Schaeppi, V.: Effects of pentothal on neural activity in somatosensory cortex and brain stem in cat. Electroencephalog. and Clin. Neurophysiol. 13, 248–256 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 Springer-Verlag/Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fink, B.R. (1972). Effects of Anesthetics on Metabolism of Brain. In: Chenoweth, M.B. (eds) Modern Inhalation Anesthetics. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie/Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 30. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65055-0_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65055-0_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65057-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65055-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics