Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Instability of Tandem Repetitive DNA in “Natural” and Transgenic Organisms

  • Conference paper
Book cover Transgenic Organisms and Biosafety

Abstract

Genome research of the last 10 years has forced us to re-evaluate our view of DNA as a relatively stable molecule. Unprecedented levels of DNA instability in germline and soma cells have been observed, associated primarily with tandem repetitive (tr) DNA sequences. We will discuss here briefly the structure and possible functions of trDNA in eukaryotes, the putative mechanisms of mutational change in repeat clusters and the evolutionary dimensions of trDNA instability (for other relevant reviews, sec Pardue and Hennig 1990; Vogt 1990; Charlesworth et al. 1994). A special focus will be on the behaviour of trDNA after DNA transfer experiments in transgenic organisms, with reference to our own work in dipteran insects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aaltonen LA, Peltomäki P, Leach FS, Sistonen P, Pytkkänen L, Mecklin J-P, Järvinen H, Powell SM, Jen J, Hamilton SR, Petersen GM, Kinrlcr KW, Vogelstein B, de la Chapelle A (1993) Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 260, 812–816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen MJ, Jeffreys J, Surani MA, Barton S, Norris ML, Collick A (1994) Tandemly repeated transgenes of the human minisatellite MS32 (D1S8), with novel mouse gamma satellite integration. Nucl Acids Res 22. 2976–2981

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armour JAL, Jeffreys AJ (1992) Biology and applications of human minisatellite loci. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2, 850–856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armour JAL, Patel I, Thein SL, Fey MF, Jeffreys AJ (1989) Analysis of somatic mutations athuman minisatellite loci in tumors and cell lines. Genomics 4, 328–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armour JAL, Wong Z, Wilson V, Royic NJ, Jeffreys AJ (1989) Sequences flanking the repeat arrays of human minisatellites: association with tandem and dispersed repeat elements. Nucl Acids Res 17, 4925–4935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aslanidis C, Jansen G, Amemiya C, Shutler G, Mahadevan M, Tsilfidis C, Chen C, Alleman J, Wormskamp NGM, Vooijs M, Buxton J, Johnson K, Smeets HJ, Lennon GG, Carrano AV, Korneluk RG, Wieringa B, de Jong PJ (1992) Cloning of the essential myotonic dystrophy region and mapping of the putative defect. Nature 355, 548–551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assaad FF, Tucker KL, Signer ER (1993) Epigenetic repeat-induced gene silencing (RIGS) in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 22, 1067–1085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ault JG, Rieder CL (1994) Centrosome and kinctochore movement during mitosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6, 41–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker SM, Bronner CE, Zhang L, Plug AW, Robatzck M, Warren G, Elliott EA, Yu J, Ashley T, Arnheim N, Flavell RA, LUkay RM (1995) Male mice defective in the DNA mismatch repair gene PMS 2 exhibit abnormal chromosome synapsis in meiosis. Cell 82, 309–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker WK (1968) Position-effect variegation. Adv Genet 14, 133–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow C, Meister B, Lendahl U, Vennström B (1995) Altered expression after expansion of a v-erbA transgene in transgenic mice. Transgenic Research 4, 378–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum M, Ngan VK, Clarke L (1994) The ccntromeric K-type repeat and the central core are together sufficient to establish a functional Schizosaccharomyces pombe centromere. Mol Biol Cell 5, 747–761

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett ST, Lucassen AM, Gough SCL, Powell EE, Undlien DE, Pritchard LE, Merriman ME, Kawaguchi Y, Dronsfield MJ, Pociot F, Nerup J, Bouzekri N, Cambon-Thomsen A, Roenningen KS, Barnett AH, Bain SC, Todd JA (1995) Susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes at IDDM 2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the insulin gene minisatcUite locus. Nature Genet 9, 284–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beridze T (1986) Satellite DNA, Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Bingham PM, Scott MO, Wang S, McPhaul MJ, Wilson EM, Garbern, JY, Merry DE, Fischbeck, KH (1995) Stability of an expanded trinucleotide repeat in the androgen receptor gene in transgenic mice. Nature Genet 9 191–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn EH (1991) Structure and function of telomeres. Nature 350, 569–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn EH (1994) Telomeres: no end in sight. Cell 77, 621–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolshakov VN, Zharkikh AA, Zhimnler IF (1985) Intercalary heterochromatin in Drosophila. Chromosoma 92, 200–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bronner CE, Baker SM, Morrison PT, Warren G, Smith LG, Lescoe MK, Kane M, Earabino C, lipford J, Lindblom A, Tannergaerd P, Bollag RJ, Godwin AR, Ward DC, Nordenskjodd M, Fishel R, Kolodner R, Liskay RM (1994) Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMI.Hl is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 368, 258–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brook JD, McCurrach ME, Harley HG, Buckler AJ, Church D, Aburatani H, Hunter K, Stanton VP, Thirion J-P, Hudson T, Sohn R, Zemelman B, Snell RG, RundJe SA, Crow S, Davies J, Shelbourne P,Buxton J, Jones C, Juvonen V, Johnson K, Harper PS, Shaw DJ, Housman DE (1992) Molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy: expansion of a trinucleotide (CTG) repeat at the 3′ end of a transcript encoding a protein kinase family member. Cell 68, 799–808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown KE, Barnctt MA, Burgtorf C, Shaw P, Buckle VJ, Brown WRA (1994) Dissecting the centromere of the human Y chromosome with cloned telomeric DNA. Hum Mol Genet 3, 1227–1237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown WRA, MacKinnon PJ, Villasante A, Spurr N, Buckle VJ, Dobson MJ (1990) Structure and polymorphism of human telomere-associated DNA. Cell 63, 119–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Brutlag D L (1980) Molecular arrangement and evolution of heterochromatic DNA. Ann Rev Genet 14, 121–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buard J, Vergnaud G (1994) Complex recombination events at the hypermutable minisatellite CEB1 (D2S90). EMBO J 13, 3203–3210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke JR, Wingfield MS, Lewis KE, Roses AD, Lee JE, Hulette C, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM (1994) The haw river syndrome: dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy ( DRPLA) in an African-American family. Nature Genet 7, 521–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burright EN, Clark HB, Servadio A, Matilla T, Fedderson RM, Yunis WS, Duvick LA, Zoghbi HY, Orr HT (1995) SCA1 transgenic mice: a model for neurodegeneration caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat. Cell 82, 937–948

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butner KA, Lo CW (1986) High frequency DNA rearrangements associated with mouse centromeric satellite DNA. J Mol Biol 187, 547–556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buxton J, Shelbournc P, Davics J, Jones C, van Tongeren T, Aslanidis C, de Jong P, Jansen G, Anvret M, Riley B, Williamson R, Johnson K (1992) Detection of an unstable fragment of DNA specific to individuals with myotonic dystrophy. Nature 355, 547–548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabot EL, Doshi P, Wu M-L, Wu C-I (1993) Population genetics of tandem repeats in centromeric heterochromatin: unequal crossing over and chromosomal divergence at the responder locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 135, 477–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carango P, Noble JE, Marks HG, Funanage VL (1993) Absence of myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) mRNA as a result of a triplet repeat expansion in myotonic dystrophy. Genomics 18, 340–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carmena M, Abad JP, Villasante A, Gonzalez C (1993) The Drosophila melanogaster dodecasatellite sequence is closely linked to the centromere and can form connections between sister chromatids during mitoses. J Cell Sci 105, 41–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cattanach BM (1974) Position-effect variegation in the mouse. Genet Res 23, 291–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalier-Smith T (1985) Eucaryote gene numbers, non-coding DNA and genome size. In: T Cavalier-Smith (Ed) The evolution of genome size (pp 69 - 103 ). John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Cech TR (1994) Chromosome end games. Science 266, 387–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cederberg H, Agurell E, Hedenskog M, Rannug U (1993) Amplification and loss of repeat units of the human minisatellite MSI integrated in chromosome III of a haploid yeast strain. Mol Gen Genet 238, 38–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandley AC, Mitchell AR (1988) Hypervariable minisatellite regions are sites for crossingover at meiosis in man. Cytogenet Cell Genet 48, 152–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth B, Sniegowski P, Stephan W (1994) The evolutionary dynamics of repetitive DNA in eukaryotes. Nature 371, 215–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee B, Lo CW (1989) Chromosomal recombination and breakage associated with instability in mouse centromeric satellite DNA. J Mol Biol 210, 303–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherdshewasart W, Gharti-Chhetri GB, Negrutiu I (1996) Range of expression and transmission instability of kanamycin - resistance reporter gene in Direct Gene Transfer experiments. This volume

    Google Scholar 

  • Chou S-H, Zhu L, Reid BR (1994) The unusual structure of the human centromere (GGA)2 motif. Unpaired Guanosine residues stacked between sheared G A Pairs. J Mol Biol 244, 259–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung M, Ranum LPW, Duvick LA, Servadio A, Zoghbi HY, Orr HT (1993) Evidence for a mechanism predisposing to intergenerational CAG repeat instability in spinocerebellar ataxia type I. Nature Genet 5, 254–258

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coggins LW, O’Prey M (1989) DNA tertiary structures formed in vitro by misaligned hybridization of multiple tandem repeat sequences. Nucl Acids Res 17, 7417–7427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn M, Edström J-F (1992a) Chromosome ends in Chironomus palladivittatus contain different subfamilies of telomere-associated repeats. Chromosoma 101, 634–640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn M, Edström J-E (1992b) Telomere-associated repeats in Chironomus form discrete subfamilies generated by gene conversion. J Mol Evol 35, 114–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collick A, Norris ML, Allen MJ, Bois P, Barton SC, Surani MA, Jeffreys AJ (1994) Variable germline and cmbryonic instability of the human minisatellite MS32 (OIS8) in transgenic mice. EMBO J 13, 5745–5753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran LM, Thompson JK, Walliker D, Kemp DJ (1988) Homologous recombination within subtelomeric repeat sequences generates chromosome size polymorphism in P. falciparum. Cell 53, 807 - 813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dallas JF (1988) Detection of DNA fingerprints of cultivated rice by hybridization with a human minisatellite DNA probe. PNAS 85, 6831–6835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Wind N, Dekker M, Berns A, Radman M, te Riele H (1995) Inactivation of the mouse Msh 2 gene results in mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperre-combination, and predisposition to cancer. Cell 82, 321–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiBartolomeis SM, Tartof KD, Jackson FR (1992) A superfamily of Drosophila satellite related ( SR) DNA repeats restricted to the X chromosome euchromatin. Nucl Acids Res 20, 1113–1116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doolittle WF, Sapienza C (1980) Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature 284, 601–603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorer DR, Henikoff S (1994) Expansions of transgene repeats cause heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in Drosophila. Cell 77, 993–1002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorlhac de Borne F, Vincentz M, Chupeau Y, Vaucheret H (1994) Co-suppression of nitrate reductase host genes and transgenes in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol Gen Genet 243, 613–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Dover G A (1980) Ignorant DNA? Nature 285, 618–620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dover GA (1982) Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature 299, 111–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dover GA (1986) Molecular drive in multigene families: how biological novelties arise, spread and are assimilated. Trend Genet 2, 159 - 165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dover GA (1989) Victims or perpetrators of DNA turnover? Nature 342, 347–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichler EE, Holden JJA, Popovich BW, Reiss AL, Snow K, Thibodeau SN, Richards CS, Ward PA, Nelson DL (1994) Length of uninterrupted CGG repeats determines instability in the FMR 1 gene. Nature Genet 8, 88–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichler EE, Kunst CB, Lugenbeel KA, Ryder OA, Davison D, Warren ST, Nelson DL (1995) Evolution of the cryptic FMR1 CGG repeat. Nat Genet 11, 301–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eissenberg JC, James TC, Foster-Hartnett DM, Hartnett T, Ngan V, Elgin SCR (1990) Mutation in a heterochromatin-specific chromosomal protein is associated with suppression of position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87. 9923–9927

    Google Scholar 

  • Ely J, Deka R, Chakraborty R, Ferrel RE (1992) Comparison of Five Tandem Repeat Loci between Humans and Chimpanzees. Genomics 14, 692–698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epplen JT (1988) On simple repeated GAT/CA sequences in animal genomes: a critical reappraisal. J of Heredity 79, 409–417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Y, Zhang F, Lokey LK, Chastain JL, Lakkis L, Eberhart D, Warren ST (1995) Translational suppression by trinucleotide repeat expansion at FMR 1 . Science 268. 731–734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer N, Azorin F, Villasante A, Gutiérrez C, Abad JP (1995) Centromeric Dodeca-satellite DNA sequences form fold-back structures. J Mol Biol 245, 8–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavell RB (1986) Repetitive DNA and chromosome evolution in plants. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 312, 227–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler C, Drinkwater R, Skinner J, Burgoyne L (1988) Human satellite-III DNA: an example of a “macrosatellite” polymorphism. Hum Genet 79, 265–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fray RG, Grierson D (1993) Identification and genetic analysis of normal and mutant phytogene synthase genes of tomato by sequencing, complementation and co-suppression. Plant Mol Biol 22, 589–602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall JG (1981) Chromosome structure and the c-value paradox. J Cell Biol 91, 3s–14s

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galli J, Wieslander L (1993) A repetitive secretory protein gene of a novel type in Chironomus tentans is specifically expressed in the salivary glands and exhibits extensive length polymorphism. J Biol Chem 268, 11888–11893

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber H-P, Seipel K, Georgiev O, Höfferer M, Hug M, Rusconi S, Schaffner W (1994) Transcriptional activation modulated by homopolymcric glutamine and proline stretches. Science 263, 808–811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grady D, Ratliff R, Robinson D, McCanlies E, Meyne J, Moyzis R (1992) Highly conserved repetitive DNA sequences are present at human centromeres. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89, 1695–1699

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray IC, Jeffreys AJ (1991) Evolutionary transience of hypervariable minisatellites in man and the primates. Proc R Soc Lond B 243, 241–253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green H (1993) Human genetic diseases due to codon reiteration: relationship to an evolutionary mechanism. Cell 74, 955–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haaf T, Warburton PE, Willard HF (1992) Integration of human α-satellite DN into Simian chromosomes: centromere protein binding and disruption of normal chromosome segregation. Cell 70, 681–696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hägele K (1977) Differential staining of polytene chromosome bands in Chironomus by Giemsa banding methods. Chromosoma S9, 207–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamel BC, Smits APT, de Graaff E, Smeets DFCM, Schoute F, Eussen BHJ, Knight SJL, Davies KE, Assman-Hulsmans CFCH, Oostra BA (1994) Segregation of FRAXE in a large family: clinical, psychometric, cytogenetic, and molecular data. Am J Hum Genet 55, 923–931

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hankeln T (1990) Molekulare Analyse phylogenetisch bedeutsamer repetitiver DNA bei Chironomidcn. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum

    Google Scholar 

  • Hankeln T, Fillippova MA, Kiknadze II, Aimanova KG, Schmidt ER (1994a) Centromeric heterochromatin and satellite DNA in the Chironomus plumosus species group. Genome 37, 925–934

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hankeln T, Rohwcdder A, Weich B, Schmidt ER (1994b) Transposition of minisatelite-like DNA in Chironomus midges. Genome 37, 542–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW (1990) Telomeres shorten during aging of human fibroblasts. Nature 345, 458–460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley HG, Brook JD, Floyd J, Rundle SA, Crow S, Walsh KV, Thibault M-C, Harper PS, Shaw DJ (1991) Detection of linkage disequilibrium between the myotonic dystrophy locus and a new polymorphic DNA marker. Am J Hum Genet 49, 68–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harley HG, Brook JD, Rundle SA, Crow S, Reardon W, Buckler AJ, Harper PS, Housman DE, Shaw DJ (1992) Expansion of an unstable DNA region and phenotypic variation in myotonic dystrophy. Nature 355, 545–546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart CM, Fischer B, Neuhaus JM, Meins F Jr (1992) Regulated inactivation of homologous gene expression in transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris plants containing a defense-related tobacco chitinase gene. Mol Gen Genet 235, 179–188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heartlein MW, Knoll JHM, Latt SA (1988) Chromosome instability associated with human alphoid DNA transfected into the Chinese hamster genome. Mol Cell Biol 8. 3611–3618

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht A, Laroche T, Strahl-Bolsinger S, Gasser SM, Grunstein M (1995) Histone H3 and H4 N-Tcrmini interact with SIR3 and SIR4 proteins: a molecular model for the formation of heterochromatin in yeast. Cell 80, 583–592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegemann JH, Fleig UN (1993) The centromere of budding yeast. BioEssays 15, 451–460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heitz E (1934) Über α-und ß-Heterochromatin sowie Konstanz und Bau der Chromomeren bei Drosophila. Biol Zentralbl 54, 588–609

    Google Scholar 

  • Henikoff S (1990) Position-effect variegation after 60 years. Trends Genet 6, 422–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig W, Hennig I, Stein H (1970) Repeated sequences in the DNA of Drosophila and their localization in giant chromosomes. Chromosoma (Berl) 32, 31–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershfield B, Swift H (1990) Characterization of a tandemly repeated DNA from the fleshfly Sarcophaga bullata. Chromosoma (Berl) 99, 125–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinds HL, Ashley CT, Sutcliffe JS, Nelson DL, Warren ST, Housman DE, Schalling M (1993) Tissue specific expression of FMR- 1 provides evidence for a functional role in fragile X syndrome. Nature Genet 3, 36–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan NC, Slot F, Traverse KL, Garbe JC, Bendena WG, Pardue M-L (1995) Stability of tandem repeats in the Drosophila melanogatter Hsr-omega nuclear RNA. Genetics 139, 1611–1621

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz H, Thoburn P, Haber JE (1984) Rearrangements of highly polymorphic regions near telomeres of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 4, 2509–2517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hwu HR, Roberts JW, Davidson FH, Britten RJ (1986) Insertion and/or deletion of many repeated DNA sequences in human and higher ape evolution. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 83, 3875–3879

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeno M, Masumoto H, Okazaki T (1994) Distribution of CENP-B boxes reflected in CREST centromere antigenic sites on long-range α-satellite DNA arrays of human chromosome 21. Hum Mol Genet 3, 1245–1257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inglehearn CF, Cooke HJ (1990) A VNTR immediately adjacent to the human pseudoautosomal telomere. Nucl Acids Res 18, 471–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M (1993) Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature 363, 558–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Jabs EW, Goble CA, Cutting GR (1989) Macromolecular organization of human cen- tromeric regions reveals high-frequency, polymorphic macro DNA repeats. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86. 202–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James TC, Elgin SCR (1986) Identification of a nonhistone chromosomal protein associated with heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster and its gene. Mol Cell Biol 6, 3862–3872

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarman AP, Wells AR (1989) Hypervariable minisatellites: recombinators or innocent bystanders? TIG 5, 367–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys AJ, MacLeod A, Tamaki K, Neil DL, Monckton DC (1991) Minisatellite repeat coding as a digital approach to DNA typing. Nature 354, 204–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Kelly R, Taylor BA, Bulfield G (1987) Mouse DNA ‘fingerprints’: analysis of chromosome localization and germ-line stability of hypervariable loci in recombinant inbred strains. Nucl Acids Res 15, 2823–2836

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys AJ, Wilson V, Thein SL (1985) Hypervariable minisatellite regions in human DNA. Nature 314, 67–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys AJ, Neumann R, Wilson V (1990) Repeat unit sequence variation in minisatellites: a novel source of DNA polymorphism for studying variation and mutation by single molecule analysis. Cell 60, 473–485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffreys AJ, Tamaki K, MacLeod A, Monckton DG, Neil DL, Armour JAL (1994) Complex gene conversion events in germline mutation at human minisatellites. Nature Genet 6, 136–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John B (1988) The biology of heterochromatin. In: RS Verma (Ed) Heterochromatin (pp 1–147 ) Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • John B, Miklos G L G (1979) Functional aspects of satellite DNA and heterochromatin. Int Rev Cytol 58, 1–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John B, Miklos GLG (1988) The eukaryote genome in development and evolution. Allen and Unwin, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RE, Kovvali GK, Prakash L, Prakash S (1995) Requirement of the yeast RTH1 5′ to 3′ exonuclease for the stability of simple repetitive DNA. Science 269, 238–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones C, Penny L, Mattina T, Yu S, Baker E, Voullaire L, Langdon W Y, Sutherland G R, Richards R I, Tunnacliffe A (1995) Association of a chromosome deletion syndrome with a fragile site within the proto-oncogene CBL2. Nature 376, 145–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpen GH, Spradling AC (1992) Analysis of subtelomeric heterochromatin in the Drosophila minichromosome Dp1187 by single P dement insertional mutagenesis. Genetics 132, 737–753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawaguchi Y, Okamoto T, Taniwaki M, Aizawa M, Inoue M, Katayama S, Kawakami H, Nakamura S, Nishimura M, Akiguchi I, Kimura J, Narumiya S, Kakizuka A (1994) CAG expansions in a novel gene for Machado-joseph disease at chromosome 14q32.1. Nature Genet 8. 221–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly RG (1994) Similar origins of two mouse minisatellites within transposon-like LTRs. Genomics 24, 509–515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly R, Bulfield G, Collick A, Gibbs M, Jeffreys AJ (1989) Characterization of a highly unstable mouse minisatellite locus: evidence for somatic mutation during early development. Genomics 5, 844–856

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy GC, German MS, Rutter WJ (1995) The minisatellite in the diabetes susceptibility locus IDDM 2 regulates insulin transcription. Nature Genet 9, 293–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keyl H-G (1965) Duplikationen von Untereinheiten der chromosomalen DNS wahrend der Evolution von Chironomus thummi. Chromosoma (Berl) 17, 139–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keyl H-G, Strenzke K (1956) Taxonomie und Cytologie von zwei Subspezies der Art CJiironomus thummi. Z Naturforschg 11b. 727–735

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PLC, Coviello GM, Wright WE, Weinrich SL, Shay JW (1994) Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 266, 2011–2014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koide R. Ikeuchi T, Onodera O, Tanaka H, Jgarashi S. Endo K, Takahashi H, Kondo R, Ishikawa A, Hayashi T, Saito M, Tomoda A, Miike T, Naito H, Ikuta F, Tsuji S (1994) Unstable expansion of CAG repeat in hereditary dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy ( DRPLA ). Nature Genet 6, 9–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krontiris TG, Devlin B, Karp DD, Robert NJ, Risch N (1993) An association between the risk of cancer and mutations in the hrasl minisatellite locus. J of Medicine 329, 517–523

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl DPA, Caskey T (1993) Trinucleotide repeats and genome variation. Curr Opin Genet Development 3, 404–407

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunst CB, Warren ST (1994) Cryptic and polar variation of the fragile X repeat could result in predisposing normal alleles. Cell 77, 853–861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Künzler P, Matsuo K, Schaffner W (1995) Pathological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of short unstable DNA repeats in the human genome. Biol. Chem Hoppe-Seyler 376, 201–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Spada AR, Paulson HL, Fischbeck KH (1994) Trinucleotide repeat expansion in neurological disease. Annals of Neurology 36, 814–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Spada AR, Wilson EM, Lubahn DB, Hardling AE, Fischbeck KH (1991) Androgen receptor gene mutations in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Nature 352, 77–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larin Z, Fricker MD, Tyler-Smith C (1994) De novo formation of several features of a centromere following introduction of a Y alphoid YAC into mammalian cells. Hum Mol Genet 3, 689–695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson DD, Spangler EA, Blackburn EH (1987) Dynamics of telomere length variation in Tetrahymena thermophila. Cell 50, 477–483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavedan C, Hofmann-Radvanyi H, Shelbournc P, Rabes J-P, Duros C, Savoy D, Dehaupas I, Luce S, Johnson K, Junien C (1993) Myotonic dystrophy: size- and sex-dependent dynamics of CTG meiotic instability, and somatic mosaicism. Am J Hum Genet 52, 875–883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le M-H, Duricka D, Karpen GH (1995) Islands of complex DNA are widespread in Drosophila centric heterochromatin. Genetics 141, 283–303

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, Liu B, Jen J, Parsons R, Peltomäki P, Sistonen P, Aaltonen LA, Nyström-Lahti M, Guan X-Y, Zhang J, Melzer PS, Yu J-W, Kao F-T, Chen DJ, Cerosaletti KM, Fournier REK, Todd S, Lewis T, Leach RJ, Naylor SL, Weissenbach J, Mecklin J-P, Järvinen H, Petersen GM, Hamilton SR, Green J, Jass J, Watson P, Lynch HT, Trent JM, de la Chapelle A, Kinzler KW, VogeUtein B (1993) Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyopsis colorectal cancer. Cell 75, 1215–1225

    Google Scholar 

  • Levinson G, Gutman GA (1987) Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution. Mol Biol Evol 4, 203–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li S-H, McInnis MG, Margolis RL, Antonarakis SE, Ross CA (1993) Novel triplet repeat containing genes in human brain: cloning, expression, and length polymorphisms. Genomics 16, 572–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lica LM, Narayanswami S, Hamkalo BA (1986) Mouse satellite DNA, centromere structure, and sister chromatid pairing. J Cell Biol 103, 1145–1151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl G, Gersdorf E, Menzel HJ, Seed M, Humphries S, Utermann G (1990) Variation in the size of human apolipoprotein A is due to a hypcrvariable region in the gene. Hum Genet 84, 563–567

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Nicolaides NC, Markowitz S, Willson JKV, Parsons RE, Jen J, Papadopolous N, Peltomäki P, de la Chapelle A, Hamilton SR, Kinzler KW, VogeUtein B (1995) Mismatch repair gene defects in sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Nature Genet 9, 48–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohe AR, Brutlag DL (1987a) Identical satellite DNA sequences in sibling species of Drosophila. J Mol Biol 194, 161–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohe AR, Brutlag DL (1987b) Adjacent satellite DNA segments in Drosophila: structure of junctions. J Mol Biol 194, 171–179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohe AR, Roberts P (1988) Evolution of satellite DNA sequences in Drosophila. In: RS Verma (Ed) Heterochromatin (pp 148–186 ) Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons KM, Stein JH, Smithies O (1988) Length polymorphisms in human proline-rich protein genes generated by intragenic unequal crossing over. Genetics 120, 267–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald ME, Novelletto A, Lin C, Tagle D, Barnes G, Bates G, Taylor S, Allitto B, Altherr M, Myers R, Lehrach H, Collins FS, Wasmuth JJ, Frontali M, Gusella IF (1992) The huntington’s disease candidate region exhibits many different haplotypes. Nature Genet 1, 99–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcais B, Charlieu JP, Allain B, Brun E, Bellis M, Roizes G (1991) On the mode of evolution of alpha satellite DNA in human populations. J Mol Evol 33, 42–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maresca A, Singer MF, Lee TNH (1984) Continuous reorganization leads to extensive polymorphism in a monkey centromeric satellite. J Mol Biol 179, 629–649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Balbas A, Rodriguez-Campos A, Garcia-Ramirez M, Sainz J, Carrera P, Aymami J, Azorin F (1989) Satellite DNAs contain sequences that induce curvature. Biochemistry 29, 2342–2348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason JM, Biessmann H (1995) The unusual telomeres of Drosophila. TIG 11, 58–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzke M A, Matzke AJM, Mittelsten-Scheid O (1994) Inactivation of repeated genes - DNA-DNA interaction. In: Homologous recombination and gene silencing in plants. Paszkowski J (ed) pp 271–307. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • McEachern MJ, Blackburn EH (1995) Runaway telomere alongation caused by telomerase RNA gene mutations. Nature 376, 403–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang W-J, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, Scanu AM, Lawn RM (1987) cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen. Nature 300, 132–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittelsten-Scheid O, Paszkowski J, Potrykus J (1991) Reversible inactivation of a transgene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 228, 104–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monckton DG, Caskey CT (1995) Unstable triplet repeat diseases. Circulation 91, 513–519

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morin GB, Cech TR (1986) The telomeres of the linear mitochondrial DNA of Tetra-hymena thermophila consist of 53 bp tandem repeats. Cell 46, 873–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Molekulargenetik, gentechnologische Sicherheitsforschung und Beratung, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55099, Mainz, Germany

    T. Hankeln & E. R. Schmidt

  2. Kinderklinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 55101, Mainz, Germany

    A. Winterpacht

Authors
  1. T. Hankeln
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Winterpacht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. R. Schmidt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Molekulargenetik, Gentechnologische Sicherheitsforschung und Beratung, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Johannes-J.-Becher-Weg 32, 55099, Mainz, Germany

    Erwin R. Schmidt  & Thomas Hankeln  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Hankeln, T., Winterpacht, A., Schmidt, E.R. (1996). Instability of Tandem Repetitive DNA in “Natural” and Transgenic Organisms. In: Schmidt, E.R., Hankeln, T. (eds) Transgenic Organisms and Biosafety. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61460-6_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61460-6_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-61077-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-61460-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation