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Polyphosphatspeichernde Bakterien und Weitergehende biologische Phosphorentfernung in Kläranlagen

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Ökologie der Abwasserorganismen

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Zusammenfassung

Kommunale Kläranlagen mit biologischen Reinigungsstufen sind bisher meist darauf ausgerichtet und optimiert worden, eine möglichst vollständige Entfernung der organischen Schmutzstoffe aus dem Abwasser zu gewährleisten. Ein großes, weltweites Problem sind aber meist immer noch die anorganischen Nährstoffe, die mit dem nur unvollständig gereinigten Abwasser in natürliche Gewässer gelangen. Durch den erhöhten Zufluß an Stickstoff und Phosphor kann es zu einer Störung des ökologischen Gleichgewichts in Seen, langsam fließenden Flüssen und Talsperren, aber auch den Meeren kommen. Eine zu gute Versorgung mit den anorganischen Nährsalzen führt zu einer Eutrophierung der Gewässer. Es kann eine „Algenblüte“, eine Massenentwicklung von Algen, ausgelöst werden. Bekannte Folgen sind: Schaum- und Schleimbelästigung an Badestränden und eine Toxinbildung durch Cyanobakterien, die zu Haut- und Atemproblemen beim Menschen und zu Todesfällen bei Tieren führen kann. Die O2-Atmung der Algen bei Nacht und besonders die spätere Biomassezersetzung verursachen in den Gewässern u.a. Sauerstoffmangel, so daß es zu Fischsterben kommt. Ein O2-Mangel bewirkt sekundär auch eine Reduktion von Nitrat zum giftigen Nitrit oder eine Phosphatfreisetzung aus dem Sediment. Die Bereitung von Trinkwasser aus eutrophierten Gewässern erfordert außerdem einen sehr hohen Reinigungsaufwand. Es ist deshalb eines der wichtigsten Ziele in der heutigen Abwassertechnik, neben der Beseitigung der organischen Schmutzstoffe auch die anorganischen Nährsalze Stickstoff und Phosphor weitgehend zu entfernen.

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Schön, G. (1996). Polyphosphatspeichernde Bakterien und Weitergehende biologische Phosphorentfernung in Kläranlagen. In: Ökologie der Abwasserorganismen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61423-1_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61423-1_16

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