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Factors Determining the Fate of Organic Chemicals in the Environment: the Role of Bacterial Transformations and Binding to Sediments

  • Chapter
Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Environmental Management ((SSEM))

Summary

Factors determining the bacterial transformation of xenobiotics have been summarized. Both aerobic and anaerobic reactions have been included, and the justification for use of the enrichment methodology presented. Attention has been drawn to important experimental considerations: (i) procedures for quantification of substrates and their metabolites including the significance of adsorption processes; (ii) microbiological procedures with particular reference to problems associated with volatile substrates and anaerobic reactions.

The O-methylation of halogenated phenolic compounds was used as a convenient reaction - for which quantitative data were available - to discuss the significance of the following environmental factors: (i) the effect of co-substrates and the concurrent metabolism procedure; (ii) the effect of substrate concentration and cell density; (iii) quantitative rates of transformation. The results of experiments illustrating salient features of all of these are presented. Attention is specially drawn to important problem areas and unresolved issues including the following: (i) the extrapolation of laboratory experiments to environmental situations; (ii) the complexity of kinetics which rnay be encountered with certain substrates, and the difficulty of calculating specific rates for natural processes due to inherent difficulties in determining cell numbers in natural populations of bacteria; (iii) aspects of metabolism including the specificity of biodegratative reactions, the role of catabolic plasmids and their stability under natural conditions.

An overview of current research in anaerobic reactions is given with particular emphasis on new metabolic reactions and the role of syntrophy in practical applications. Attention is directed to outstanding problems including the following: (i) the stability of consortia and mechanisms for their metabolic dependence; (ii) the substrates occurring under natural conditions and which might plausibly serve as growth substrates for anaerobic bacteria.

A brief note is appended on the role of sediments in determining the environmental fate of xenobiotics and, in a personal summing up, attention is directed to the following aspects which are felt to be of cardinal significance in any environmental hazard assessment: (i) the occurrence and identification of metabolites and the conditions under which they are produced; (ii) the extent to which the initial xenobiotic - or its metabolites - are bound to sediments or soil; (iii) the extent to which pathways elucidated by laboratory experimentation are realized in field situations.

It is finally emphasized that significant progress in solving the outstanding issues will require application of the best - and often most sophisticated - modern techniques.

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Authors
  1. Alasdair H. Neilson
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  1. Swedish Environmental Research Group, Götgatan 35, 116 21, Stockholm, Sweden

    Lars Landner

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Neilson, A.H. (1989). Factors Determining the Fate of Organic Chemicals in the Environment: the Role of Bacterial Transformations and Binding to Sediments. In: Landner, L. (eds) Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61334-0_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61334-0_4

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