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Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow pp 353–377Cite as

Possible Chemical Transformations in Snow and Ice Induced by Solar (UV PHOTONS) and Cosmic Irradiation (MUONS)

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Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASII,volume 43))

Abstract

Over the last decade there has been a growing interest in the chemical composition of the snow packs in the polar regions (Bales and Wolff, 1995). Delmas (Delmas, 1992; Delmas, 1994) has noted that “information recorded in polar ice cores over the last several hundred millennia is invaluable to studies aimed at understanding the pre-industrial environmental system and anticipating the future evolution of the climate and the atmosphere.” For example, the isotopie composition of the ice (H20) matrix is a reliable paleothermometer. From the analysis of deep Antarctic and Greenland ice cores the ice age environmental conditions appeared to correspond to about 6 °C cooler temperatures and atmospheric CO2 and CH4 levels lower by factors of nearly 2 and 4, respectively. The biogeochemical cycles of S and N also appear to be affected by climatic changes that result in modifications in the source intensity and the transport of gaseous precursors. Even though atmospheric sulfate is derived principally from marine biogenic sources (i.e., dimethyl sulfide emission), cataclysmic volcanic eruptions can contribute sporadically to the atmospheric sulfur budget through large point source emissions of SO2. These events are ultimately detected in polar ice as H2SO4 spikes. Nitrate, which is the next most abundant anion found in polar snowfall, exhibits concentration changes that are poorly understood, but which could be linked with the polar ozone hole formation. In addition to ions derived primarily from gas-to-particle conversions,

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering Science W.M. Keck Laboratories California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA

    Michael R. Hoffmann

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  1. Michael R. Hoffmann
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, CB3 OET, Cambridge, UK

    Eric W. Wolff

  2. Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Roger C. Bales

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© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Hoffmann, M.R. (1996). Possible Chemical Transformations in Snow and Ice Induced by Solar (UV PHOTONS) and Cosmic Irradiation (MUONS). In: Wolff, E.W., Bales, R.C. (eds) Chemical Exchange Between the Atmosphere and Polar Snow. NATO ASI Series, vol 43. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61171-1_16

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61171-1_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64730-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-61171-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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