Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Exposure Assessment Methodologies for Humans and Ecosystems

  • Conference paper
Urban Air Pollution

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASEN,volume 8))

  • 127 Accesses

Abstract

The principal components of exposure are the magnitude of the pollutant concentration, the duration of the exposure, and the frequency of the exposure (Sexton and Ryan, 1988). Human exposure assessments of these three components include measuring pollutant concentrations (outdoor, indoor, microenvironmental, personal), but also characterizing personal exposure scenarios, such as activity patterns and ventilation rates. Ecological exposure is the expression of the magnitude, duration, and frequency of contact between an ecological resource and a “stressor;” i.e., a physical, chemical, or biological entity that can induce an adverse response” (Risk Assessment Forum, 1992).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, G.E. and Lundberg, G.W. (1983). User’s Manual for SHEAR. Research Triangle Park: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behar, J.V., Thomas, J., Pandian, M., and Tsang, A. (1994). “National Benzene Exposure Study Using Benzene Exposure Assessment Model (BEAM).” Paper presented at the Fourth Conference for Exposure Analysis; September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biller, W. B. (1986). Analysis of Short-Term SO2 Population Exposures in the Vicinity of Power Plants. Durham: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drye, E., Ozkaynak, H., Burbank, R., Billick, I.H., Spengler, J.D., Ryan, P.B., Baker, P.E., and Humble, C. (1989). “Development of models for predicting the distribution of nitrogen dioxide concentrations.” J. Air Poll. Cont. Assoc. 39: 1169–1177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan, N. (1989). “Estimation of microenvironmental concentration distributions using integrated exposure measurements,” pp. 15–1 to 15–14 in: T. Starks (ed.), Proceedings of the Research Planning Conference on Human Activity Patterns. Las Vegas: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (1993). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program: Master Glossary. EPA/620/R-93/013. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschenroeder, A.Q., Magil, G.C., and Woodruff, CR. (1985). Assessing the Health Risks of Airborne Carcinogens. Palo Alto: Electric Power Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S.R., Seigneur, C., and Lundberg, G.W. (1984). Numerical Modeling of Ozone Population Exposure: Application to a Comparison of Alternative Ozone Standards. San Rafael: Systems Applications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hidy, G.M. (1975). Summary of the California Aerosol Characterization Experiment. J. Air Poll. Cont. Assoc. 25: 1106–1114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsaker, CT., MacCarthy, J.F., Shugart, L.R., and O’Neill, R.V. (1990). Indicators Relevant to Multiple Resource Categories. In Ecological Indicators for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program., eds. C.T. Hunsaker and D.E. Carpenter, 2–1 2–18. EPA 600/3–90/060. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T., Paul, R.A., and Capel, J.E. (1992). Application of the Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposure Model (HAPEM) to Mobile Source Pollutants. Durham: IT Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T.R., Capel, J. and McCoy, M. (1993). Estimation of Ozone Exposures Experienced by Urban Residents Using a Probabilistic Version of NEM and 1990 Population Data. Durham: IT Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T.R., Capel, J., Olaguar, E., and Wijnberg, L. (1992). Estimation of Ozone Exposures Experienced by Urban Residents Using a Probabilistic Version of NEM. Research Triangle Park: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T.R., Capel, J., Paul, R., and Wijnberg, L. (1992). Estimates of Carbon Monoxide Exposures and Associated Carboxyhemoglobin Levels in Denver Residents Using a Probabilistic Version of NEM. Research Triangle Park:

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiepeis, N.E., Ott, W.R., and Switzer, P. (1994). “A Total human exposure model (THEM) for respirable suspended particulates.” Paper 94-WA75A.03 presented at the Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association; June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lead Working Group (1994). Guidance Manual for the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model for Lead in Children. (The IEUBK Model.) Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-450/R-93–081).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, J., Galbraith, H., Burger, J., and Wartenberg, D. (1993). A Paradigm for Ecological Risk Assessment. Environmental Management. Vol. 17, No. 1, 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lurmann, F.W., Weiner, A.M., and Colóme, S.D. (1989). “Development of a new regional human exposure model (REHEX) and its application to the California South Coast Air Basin.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association; June.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCurdy, T. (Draft in Process). Modeling the “Dose Profile” in Human Exposure Assessments: Ozone as an Example. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messer, J.J. (1990). EMAP Indicator Concepts. In Ecological Indicators for the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program., eds. C.T. Hunsaker and D.E. Carpenter, 2–1 – 2–18. EPA 600/3–90/060. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council (1991). Human Exposure Assessment for Airbone Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • OAQPS Staff (1989). Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead: Exposure Analysis Methodology and Validation. Research Triangle Park: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-450/2-89-011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, W.R. (1984). “Exposure estimates based on computer generated activity patterns.” Clin. Toxicol. 21: 97–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radian Corporation (1985). A Study of Feasible Modeling Alternatives for Simulating Human Exposure and Risk Resulting from Airborne Pollutants. Research Triangle Park: Radian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Risk Assessment Forum (1992). Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/600/R-92/001. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, P.B., Spengler, J.D., and Letz, R. (1986). “Estimating personal exposures to NO2.” Environ. Inter. 12: 394–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, M. (1989). “The influence of daily activity patterns on differential exposure to carbon monoxide among social groups, “pp. 18–1 to 18–21 in T.H. Starks (ed.), Proceedings of the Research Planning Conference on Human Activity Patterns. Las Vegas: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sexton, K. and Ryan, P.B. (1988). Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution: Methods, Measurements, and Models. In Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health., 208. Washington, DC: Health Effects Institute. National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1990). Nonoccupational Pesticide Exposure Study (NOPES). EPA/600/3–90/003. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992). Federal Register. Guidelines for Exposure Assessment. Vol. 57. No. 104. FRL-4129–5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, L.A. (1987). The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study: Summary and Analysis, Vol. 1. EPA/600/6–87/002a. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J.G, Robinson, N.F., Chow, J.C., Henry, R.C., Kim, B.M., Pace, T.G., Meyer, E.L., and Nguyen, Q. (1990). “The USEPA/DRI Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model, CMB 7.0” Environ. Software.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA

    Daniel A. Vallero

Authors
  1. Daniel A. Vallero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Inquinamento Atmosferico, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29, 300, CP 10, I-00016, Monterotondo Stazione, Italy

    Ivo Allegrini  & Franco De Santis  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Vallero, D.A. (1996). Exposure Assessment Methodologies for Humans and Ecosystems. In: Allegrini, I., De Santis, F. (eds) Urban Air Pollution. NATO ASI Series, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61120-9_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61120-9_36

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64703-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-61120-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation