Skip to main content

The Conjunction of Threats to Regional Food Production: How Serious Are Environment, Economy, Population and Climate?

  • Conference paper
Book cover Climate Change and World Food Security

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASII,volume 37))

  • 456 Accesses

Abstract

Environmental degradation, economic growth, the population ‘explosion’ and climate change have been put forward as major ongoing or potential threats to developing region or global food security (Brown and Kane, 1994; Doos, 1994; Fischer et al, 1994). Much of the evidence for such views comes from the extrapolation of local or sub-regional measurements and analyses, and commonly involves the application of computer models that, although numerically complex, tend to be functionally simplistic in terms of their ability to represent natural processes and economic systems. Can we, therefore, be any more confident in these prognoses than those made 200 or 20 years ago? They have proved to be too pessimistic, because of their absolute or relative neglect of key factors like technology and external trade in food (Malthus, 1798; Carson, 1962; Meadows et al, 1972; IFPRI, 1987; U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, 1982)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexandratos, N. (ed). (1995). World Agriculture: Towards 2010. John Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alt, K., Osborn, C. and Colaccio, D. (1989). Soil erosion: what effect on agricultural productivity? Agricultural Information Bulletin. No. 556. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altieri, M.A. (1992). Where the rhetoric of sustainability ends, agro-ecology begins. Ceres, 24(2): 33–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behnke, R.H., Spooner, I. and Kercen, C. (1993). Range Ecology at Disequilibrium: New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannahs. Overseas Development Institute, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bie, S. W. (1990). Dryland degradation Measurement Techniques, World Bank Environment Department Working Paper 26, World Bank, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biot, Y. (1993). How long can high stocking densities last? In: Behnke, R.H., Spooner, I. and Kerven, C. (eds). Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannahs. Overseas Development Institute, International Institute for Environment and Development and the Commonwealth Secretariat, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biot, Y., Lambert, R. and Perkin, S. (1992) What’s the Problem? An Essay on Land Degradation, Science and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. School of Development Studies Discussion Paper No. 222. University of East Anglia, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, J. and Favis-Mortlock, D.T. (1993). Climate change and soil erosion in Britain. The Geographical Journal, 159 (2): 179–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boserup, E. (1965). The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boserup, E. (1993). The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Population Pressure. Earthscan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L.R. and Kane, H. (1994). Full House: Reassessing the Earth’s Population Supporting Capacity. W.W. Norton and Co., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, S.J. (1989). Technology for Small-scale farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, I. (1993). Going, going, gone! Tropical agriculture as we knew it. Tropical Agriculture Association Newsletter, 13 (3).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosson, P. (1986). Soil erosion and policy issues. In: Phipps, T., Crosson, P. and Price, K. (eds.). Agriculture and the Environment, Resources for the Future, Washington D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosson. P. and Anderson, J.R. (1992). Resources and Global Food Prospects: Supply and Demand for Cereals to 2030. World Bank Technical Paper No. 184, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosson, P. and Anderson, J.R. (1995). Demand and supply: trends in global agriculture. In: Downing, T.E. (ed.)Climate Change and World Food Security. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Janvry, A. and Garcia, R. (1988). Rural Poverty and Environmental Degradation in Latin America: Causes, Effects and Alternative Solutions. Paper for the IF AD sponsored international consultation on environment, sustainable development and the role of small farmers, Rome, 11–13 October 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doos, B.R. (1994). Environmental degradation, global food production and risk for large-scale migrations. Ambio, 23 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, T.E. (1992). Climate Change and Vulnerable Places: Global Food Security and Country Studies in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Senegal and Chile. Environmental Change Unit Research Report No. 1. Environmental Change Unit, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dregne, H., Kassa, M. and Rozanov, B. (1991). A new assessment of the world status of desertification. Desertification Control Bulletin 20. UNEP, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. (1968). The Population Bomb. Ballantine, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. and Ehrlich, A. (1990). The Population Explosion. Simon & Schuster, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Hinnawi (1985). Environmental Refugees. UNEP, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Euroconsult (1989). Agricultural Compendium for Rural Development. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (1986). African Agriculture: The Next 25 years. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (1990). Committee for Food Security. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, G., Froberg, K., Keyzer, M.A, Parikh, K.S and Tims, W. (1990). Hunger — beyond the reach of the invisible hand. IIASA, Laxenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, G., Froberg, K., Rosensweig, C. and Parry, M.L. (1994). Climate change and world food supply, demand and trade. Global Environmental Change, 4(1): 7–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, G., Froberg, K., Rosensweig, C. and Parry, M.L. (1995). Impacts of potential climate change on global and regional food production and vulnerability. In: Downing, T.E. (ed.) (1995). Climate Change and World Food Security. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • HMSO (1977). SARUM 76 Global modelling project. Department of the Environment Research Report 19. HMSO, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Bruce, J., Hoesung Lee, B.A., Callander, B.A., Haites, E., Harris, N. and Maskell, K. (eds.) (1995). Climate change 1994. Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the 1PCC IS92 Emission Scenarios. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) (1987). Food Needs of Developing Countries: Projections of Production and Consumption to 1990. International Food Policy Research Institute. Research Report No. 3, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimball, B.A., Pinter, P.J., Wall, G.G., Hunsake, D.J, Garcia, RL. and LaMorte, RL. (1995). Progress Report on Free-Air C02 Enrichment (FACE) wheat experiments. Global Change Newsletter 2 IB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malthus (1798). First Essay on Population. Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCalla, A.F. (1994). Agriculture and Food Needs to 2025: Why We Should be Concerned. Sir John Crawford Memorial Lecture Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadows, D.H, Meadows, D.L, Randers, J. and Behrens, W.W. (1972). Limits to Growth. Universe Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meadows, D.H, Richardson, J. and Bruchman, G. (1982). Groping in the dark. John Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merril-Sands, D. (1986). The Technology Applications Gap: Overcoming Constraints to Small-farm Development. FAO, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India (1990). National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas — Guidelines. Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Dehli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. (1988). Dryland Management. The Desertification Problem, World Bank Environment Department Working Paper 8, World Bank, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norse, D. (1991). Population and global climate change. In: Jaeger, J. and Ferguson, H.L. (eds). Climate Change: Science Impacts and Policy — Proceedings of the Second World Climate Conference. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norse, D. (1992a). Policies for Sustainable Agriculture: Getting the Balance Right. Staff Working Paper 3. IF AD, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norse, D. (1992b). A new strategy for feeding a crowded planet. Environment, 34: 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldeman, L.R, Hakkeling, RT.A. and Sombroek, W.G. (1990). Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD). ISRIC/UNEP, Wageningen and Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paddock, W. and Paddock, P. (1967). Famine - 1975. Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parikh, K.S. and Ghosh, U. (1991). Natural Resources Accounting for Soils: Toward an Empirical Estimate of Costs of Soil Degradation for India. Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Discussion Paper No. 48, Dehli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parikh, K.S, Fischer, G, Froberg, K. and Gulbrandsen, G. (1988). Toward Free Trade in Agriculture. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pretty, J.N. (1993). Regenerating Agriculture: Policies and Practices for Sustainability and Self-reliance. Earthscan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reijk, C. (1992). Soil and Water Conservation in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards Sustainable Production by the Rural Poor; IF AD, Rome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosensweig, C. and Parry, M.L. (1994). Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature, 367: 133–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russel, C. and Russel, W.M.S. (1968). Violence, Monkeys and Man. Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smaling, E.M.A. (1991). Two scenarios for the sub-Sahara: one leads to disaster. Ceres: the FAO Review, 22 (2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabolcs, I. 1992. Salination of soils and water and its relation to desertification. Desertification Bulletin 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiffen, M., Mortimore, M. and Gichuki, F. (1994). More People, Less Erosion — Environmental Recovery in Kenya. Wiley, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Council on Environmental Quality. (1982) The Global 2000 Report to the President: Entering the 21st Century. Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.K. Royal Society of London (1992). Population Growth, Resource Consumption and a Sustainable World. Joint statement released on 27 February 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment Development Issues for the 21st Century. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (1993). World Population Prospects. UN, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Keulen, H. and Breman, H. (1990). Agricultural development in the west African Sahelian region: a cure against land hunger?Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 32: 117–197.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Braun, J. and Pandya-Lorch, R. (eds). (1991). Income Sources of Malnourished People in Rural Areas: Microlevel Information and Policy Implications. Working papers on commercialisation of agriculture and nutrition, No. 5. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waggoner, P.E. (1994). How Much Land can Ten Billion People Spare for Nature? Task force 121 U.S. Council for Agriculture, Science and Technology, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren, A. and Agnew, C.T. (1988). An Assessment of Desertification and Land Degradation in Arid and Semi-arid Areas. International Institute for Environment and Development. Paper 2, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (1992). World Development Report 1992. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Norse, D. (1996). The Conjunction of Threats to Regional Food Production: How Serious Are Environment, Economy, Population and Climate?. In: Downing, T.E. (eds) Climate Change and World Food Security. NATO ASI Series, vol 37. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61086-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61086-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64687-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-61086-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics