Skip to main content

Pediatric Hepatic Drug Reactions

  • Chapter
Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 121))

Abstract

Children are considered less susceptible to drug hepatotoxicity than adults. This is thought to be due to differences in their hepatic drug metabolism which protect against drug hepatotoxicity. However, most children take fewer medications than adults. Children are less likely to be obese; they generally do not smoke or drink. Drug hepatotoxicity does occur in children, and adolescents may be at equivalent risk for drug hepatotoxicity as adults. Difficulties in diagnosing drug hepatotoxicity in children. and consequent underreporting of these adverse drug reactions. may also contribute to the perceived rarity of pediatric hepatic drug reactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Agran PF, Zenk KE, Romansky SG (1983) Acute liver failure and encephalopathy in a 15-month-old infant. Am J Dis Child 137:1107–1114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson GD, Acheampong AA, Wilensky AJ, Levy RH (1992) Effect of valproate dose on formation of hepatotoxic metabolites. Epilepsia 33:736–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson GD, Acheampong AA, Levy RH (1994) Interaction between valproate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Neurology 44:742–744

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Appleton RE, Farrell K, Applegarth DA, Dimmick JE, Wong LT, Davidson AG (1990) The high incidence of valproate hepatotoxicity in infants may relate to familial metabolic defects. Can J Neurol Sci 17:145–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Arena JM, Rourk MH Jr, Sibrack CD (1978) Acetaminophen: report of an unusual poisoning. Pediatrics 61:68–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bannerjee AK, Lakhani S, Vincent M, Selby P (1988) Dose-dependent acute hepatitis associated with administration of high dose methotrexate. Hum Toxicoll 7:561–562

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barnet B, Joffe A (1991) Hepatic vein thrombosis in a teenager: a case report. J Adolesc Health 12:60–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Barron KS, Person DA, Brewer EJ (1982) The toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 9:149–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Beaudry P, Brickman H, Wise M, MacDougall D (1974) Liver enzyme disturbances during isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 110:581–584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Beever IW, Blair IA, Brodie MJ (1982) Circulating hydrazine during treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 13:599P

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Beghi E, Bizzi A, Codegoni AM, Trevisan D, Torri W (1990) Valproate, carnitine metabolism, and biochemical indicators of liver function. Collaborative Group for the Study of Epilepsy. Epilepsia 31:346–352

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Benson GD (1983) Hepatotoxicity following the therapeutic use of antipyretic analgesics. Am J Med 75:85–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Berson A, Freneaux E, Larrey D, Lepage V, Douay C, Mallet C, Fromentry B, Benhamou IP, Pessayre D (1994) Possible role of HLA in hepatotoxicity - an exploratory study in 71 patients with drug-induced idiosyncratic hepatitis. J Hepatol 20:336–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Blake KV, Bailey D, Zientek GM, Hendeles L (1988) Death of a child associated with multiple overdoses of acetaminophen. Clin Pharm 7:391–397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Boelsterli UA, Goldlin C (1991) Biomechanisms of cocaine-induced hepatocyte injury mediated by the formation of reactive metabolites. Arch Toxicol 65:351–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bohles H, Richter K, Wagner-Thiessen E, Shaefer H (1982) Decreased serum carnitine in valproate induced Reye syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 139:185–186

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Brain C, MacArdle B, Levin S (1984) Idiosyncratic reactions to carbamazepine mimicking viral infection in children. Br Med J 289:354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bremnes RM, Smeland E, Huseby N-E, Eide TJ, Aarbakke J (1991) Acute hepatotoxicity after high-dose methotrexate administration to rats. Pharmoacol Toxicol 69:132–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Campbell RL, Small EW, Lesesne HR, Levin KJ, Moore WH (1977) Fatal hepatic necrosis after halothane anesthesia in a boy with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a case report Anesth Analg 56:589–593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Casteels-Van Daele M, Igodt-Ameye L, Corbell L, Eeckels R (1975) Hepatotoxicity of rifampicin and isoniazid in children. J Pediatr 86:739–741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chabrol B, Mancini J, Chretien D, Rustin P, Munnich A, Pinsard N (1994) Valproateinduced hepatic failure in a case of cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 153: 133–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Christen U, Buergin M, Gut J (1991) Halothane metabolism: Kupffer cells carry and partially process trifiouroacetylated protein adducts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 175:256–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clark JH, Russell GJ, Fitzgerald SF (1983) Fatal acetaminophen toxicity in a two year old. J Ind St Med Assoc 76:832–835

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Coulter DR, Allen RJ (1981) Hyperammonemia with valproic acid therapy. J Pediatr 99:317–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cribb AE, Spielberg SP (1992) Sulfamethoxazole is metabolized to the hydroxylamine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51:522–526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cribb AE, Miller M, Tesoro A, Spielberg SP (1990) Peroxidase-dependent oxidation of sulfonamides by monocytes and neutrophils from humans and dogs. Mol Pharmacol 38:744–751

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dake MD, Madison JM, Montgomery CK, Shellito JE, Hinchcliffe W A, Winkler ML, Bainton DF (1985) Electron microscopic demonstration lysosomal inclusion bodies in lung. liver. lymph nodes. and blood leukocytes of patients with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity. Am J Med 78:506–512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Davis M, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R (1980) Hypersensitivity and jaundice due to azathioprine. Postgrad Med J 56:274–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. DeMorais SMF, Wells PG (1988) Deficiency in bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase as a genetic determinant of acetaminophen toxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 247:323–331

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. De-Nardo V., Lapadula G., Soligno O (1988) Hepatic injury and death of a three year old girl due to paraeetamol poisoning. Minerva Pediatr 40:571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. DeGroot H, Noll T (1983) Halothane hepatotoxicity: relation between metabolic activation. pyrexia. covalent binding. lipid peroxidation and liver cell damage. Hepatology 3:601–606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. DeLeve LD, Kaplowitz N (1991) Selective susceptibility of hepatic endothelial cells to dacarbazine toxicity. a model for hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Hepatology 14:161A

    Google Scholar 

  33. DePinho RA, Goldberg CS, Lefkowitch JH (1984) Azathioprine and the liver. Evidence favoring idiosyncratic. mixed cholestatic-hepatocellular injurv in humans. Gastroenterology 86:162–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Derby LE, Jick H, Henry DA, Dean AD (1993) Erythromycin-associated cholestatic hepatitis. Med J Aust 158:600–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Dickinson RG, Bassett ML, Searle J, Tyrer JH, Eadie MJ (1985) Valproate hepatotoxicity: a review and report of two instances in adults. Clin Exp Neurol 21:79–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Diehl AM, Latham P, Boitnott JK, Mann J, Maddrey WC (1984) Cholestatic hepatitis from erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Am J Med 765:931–934

    Google Scholar 

  37. Dincsoy HP, Saelinger DA (1982) Haloperidol-induced chronic cholestatic liver disease. Gastroenterology 83:694–700

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Doughty R, Giesecke L, Athreya B (1980) Salicylate therapy in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 134:461–463

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Dreifuss FE, Santilli N, Langer DH, Sweeney KP, Moline KA, Menander KB (1987) Valproic acid hepatic fatalities. Neurology 37:379–385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dujovne CA, Chan CH, Zimmerman HJ (1967) Sulfonamide hepatic injury. Review of the literature and report of a case due to sulfamethoxazole.N Engl J Med 277:785–788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Duvoux C, Kracht M, Lang P, Vernant J-P, Zafrani E-S, Dhumeaux D (1991) Hyperplasie nodulaire regenerative du foie associee a la prise d’azathioprine. Gastroenterol Clin Bioi 15:968–973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Eadie MJ, Hooper WD, Dickinson RG (1988) Valproate-associated hepatotoxicity and its biochemical mechanisms. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 3:85–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Eadie MJ, McKinnon GE, Dunstan PR, MacLaughlin D, Dickinson RG (1990) Valproate metabolism during hepatotoxicity associated with the drug. QJ Med 77:1229–1240

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Elitsur Y (1990) Pemoline (Cylert)-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 11:143–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Essell JH, Thompson JM, Harman GS, Halvorson RD, Snyder MJ, Johnson RA, Rubinsak JR (1992) Marked increase in veno-occlusive disease of the liver associated with methotrexate use for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in patients receiving busulfan/cyclophosphamide. Blood 79:2784–2788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Evans WE, Self TH, Weisbusrt MR (1976) Phenobarbital-induced hepatic dysfunction. Drug Intell Clin Ph arm 10:439–443

    Google Scholar 

  47. Farrell G, Prendergast D, Murray M (1985) Halothane hepatitis: detection of a constitutional susceptibility factor. N Engl J Med 313: 131 0-1314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Farrell GC (1988) Mechanism of halothane-induced liver injury: is it immune or metabolic idiosyncrasy? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:465–482

    Google Scholar 

  49. Fernhoff PM, Lammer EJ (1984) Craniofacial features of isotretinoin embryopathy. J Pediatr 105:595–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fisher R, Nau H, Gandolfi AJ, Putnam CW, Brendel K (1991) Valproic acid hepatotoxicity in human liver slices. Drug Chern Toxicol 14:375–394

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fisher RL, Saniuk JT, Nau H, Gandolfi AJ, Brendel K (1994) Comparative toxicity of valproic acid and its metabolites in liver slices from adult rats, weanling rats and humans. Toxicol In Vitro 8:371–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fuller CM, Yassinger S, Imperato tj, Ruebner B (1977) Haloperidol-induced liver disease. West J Med 127:515–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Funck-Brentano C, Pessayre D, Benhamou JP (1983) Hépatites dues à divers dérivés de I’erythromycine. Clin Bioi (Paris) 7:362–369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Garty BZ, Kauli R, Ben-Ari J, Lubin E, Nitzam M, Laron Z (1985) Hepatitis associated with propylthiouracil treatment. Drug Intell Clin Ph arm 19:740–742

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Geneve J, Zafrani ES, Dhumeaux D (1989) Amiodarone induced liver disease. J Hepatol 9:130–133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Gerber N, Dickinson RG, Harland RC, Lynn RK, Houghton D, Antonias JI (1979) Reye-like syndrome associated with valproic acid therapy. J Pediatr 95:142–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ghishan FK (1983) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Clin Pediatr 22:212–214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gilbert SC, Klintmalm G, Mentor A, Silverman A (1990) Methotrexate-induced cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation in three patients with psoriasis: a word of caution in light of the expanding use of this“steroid sparing” agent. Arch Intern Med 150:889–891

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Granneman GR, Wang Sl, Kesterson JW, Machinist JM (1984) The hepatotoxicity of valproic acid and its metabolites in rats. IT. intermediary and valproic acid metabolism. Hepatology 4:1153–1158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Green MD, Shires TK, Fischer LJ (1984) Hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in neonatal and young rats. I. Age-related changes in susceptibility. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74:116–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Green SH (1984) Sodium valproate and routine liver function tests. Arch Dis Child 59:813–814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Greene JW, Graft L, Gishan FK (1983) Acetaminophen poisoning in infancy. Am J Dis Child 137:386–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Gurumurthy PG, Krishnamurthy MS, Nazareth O, Parthasarthy R, Raghupati Sarma G, Somasundaram PR, Tripathy SP, Ellard GA (1984) Lack of relationship between hepatic toxicity and acetylator phenotype in three thousand South Indian patients during treatment with isoniazid for tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 129:58–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gut J, Christen U, Huwyler J (1993) Mechanisms of halothane toxicity: novel insights. Pharmacol Ther 58:133–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hadzic N, Portmann B, Davies ET, Mowat AP, Mieli-Vergani G (1990) Acute liver failure induced by carbamazepine. Arch Dis Child 65:315–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hamdan JA, Manasra K, Ahmed M (1985) Salicylate-induced hepatitis in rheumatic fever. Am J Dis Child 139:453–455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Harb JM, Werlin SL, Camitta BM, Oechler H, Kamen BA, Blank EL (1983) Hepatic ultrastructure in leukemic children treated with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 5:323–331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hassall E, Israel DM, Gunasekaran T, Steward D (1990) Halothane hepatitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr II:553–557

    Google Scholar 

  69. Henretig FM, Selbst SM, Forrest C, Kearney TK, Orel H, Werner S, Williams TA (1989) Repeated acetaminophen overdosing. Clin Pediatr 28:525–528

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hickson GB, Greene JW, Craft LT (1983) Apparent intentional poisoning of an infant with acetaminophen. Am J Dis Child 137:917

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hickson GB, Altemeier WA, Martin ED, Campbell PW (1989)Parental administration of chemical agents: a cause of apparent life threatening events: J Pediatr 83:772–776

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Hjelm M, Ds Silva LVK, Seakins IWT, Oberholzer VG, Rolles CJ (1986) Evidence of inherited urea cycle defect in a case of fatal valproate toxicity. Br Med J 292:23–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Honio I, Suou T, Hirayama C (1988) Hepatotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in man: pharmacokinetic analysis. Res Commun Chern Pathol Pharmacol 61: 149–165

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hruban RH, Sternberg SS, Meyers P, Fleisher M, Menendez-Botet C, Boitnott JK (1991) Fatal thrombocytopenia and liver failure associated with carboplatin therapy. Cancer Invert 9:263–268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Ilyin GP, Rissel M, Malledant Y, Tanguy M, GuillouzoA (1994) Human hepatocytes express triftuoroacetylated neoantigens after in vitro exposure to halothane. Biochem Pharmacol 48:561–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Inman WHY, Mushin WW (1978) laundiee after repeated exposure to halothane: a further analysis of reports to the Committee of Safety of Medicines. Br Med J 2:1455–1456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jaffe SL (19119) Pemoline and liver function. J Am Aead Child Adolesc Psychiatr 211:457–458

    Google Scholar 

  78. Jeurissen ME, Boerbooms AM, van de Putte LB, Kruijsen MW (1990) Azathioprine induced feveL chills, rash. and hepatotoxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 49:25–27

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Jolivet J, Cowan KH, Curt GA, Clendeninn NJ, Crabner BA (1983) The pharmacology and clinical use of methotrexate. N Engl J Med 309: 1094–1104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Jollow DJ, Mitchell JR, Potter WZ, Davis DC, Gillette JR, Brodie BB (1973) Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. II. Role of covalent binding in vivo.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 187: 195–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Jonas MM, Edison MS (1988) Propylthiouracil hepatotoxicity: two pediatric cases and review of the literature. J Pediatr Gastrocnterol Nutr 7:776–779

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kahn HD, Faguet GB, Agee JF, Middleton HM (1984) Drug-induced liver injury. In vitro demonstration of hypersensitivity to both phenytoin and phenobarbital.Arch Intern Med 144:1677–1679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kane RE, Kotagel S, Bacon BR, Vogler CA (1992) Valproate use associated with persistent hyperammonemia and mitochondrial injury in a child with Down’s syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 14:223–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kassahun K, Farrell K, Abbott F (1991) Identification and characterization of the glutathione and N-acetyicysteine conjugates of (e )-2-proply-2,4-pentadienoic acid, a toxic metabolite of valproic acid, in rats and humans. Drug Metab Dispos 19:525–535

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kassahun K, Hu P, Grillo MP, Davis MR, Jin LX, Baillie TA (1994) Metabolic activation of unsaturated derivatives of valproic acid - identification of novel gluathione adducts formed through coenzyme A-dependent and -independent processes. Chern Bioi Interact 90:253–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kay JDS, Hilton-Jones D, Hyman N (1986) Valproate toxicity and ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency. Lancet 11:1283–1284

    Google Scholar 

  87. Keeffe EB, Reis TC, Berland JE (1982) Hepatotoxicity to both erythromycin estolate and erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Dig Dis Sci 27:701–704

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Keirn D, Ragsdale C, Heidelberger K, Sullivan D (1990) Hepatic fibrosis and the use of methotrexate for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 17:846–848

    Google Scholar 

  89. Kenna JG, Newberger J, Mieli-Vergani G, Mowat AP, Williams R (1987) Halothane hepatitis in children. Br Med J 294:1209–1211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kenna JG, Satoh H, Christ DD, Pohl LR (1988a) Metabolic basis for a drug hypersensitivity: antibodies in sera from patients with halothane hepatitis recognize liver neoantigens that contain the triftuoroacetyl group derived from halothane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 245:1103–1109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kenna JG, Neuberger J, Williams R (1988b) Evidence for expression in human liver of halothane-induced neoantigens recognized by antibodies in sera from patients with halothane hepatitis. Hepatology 8:1635–1641

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kenna JG, Martin JL, Satoh H, Pohl LR (1990) Factors affecting the expression of triftuoracteylated liver microsomal protein neoantigens in rats treated with halothane. Drug Metab Dispos 18:788–793

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Kennedy BJ (1970) Metabolic and toxic effects of mithramycin during tumor therapy. Am J Med 49:494–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kesterson JW, Granneman GR, Machinist JM (1984) The hepatotoxicity of valproate in rats. I. Toxicologic, biochemical and histopathologic studies. Hepatology 4:1143–1152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Keulen FP, Kochen W (1985) Hepatotoxitat unter Valproinsaure Behandlung. Klin Padiatr 197:431–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kingsley E, Gray P, Tolman KG, Tweedale R (1983) The toxicity of metabolites of sodium valproate in cultured hepatocytes. J Clin Pharmacol 23:178–185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Kleckner HB, Yakulis V, Heller P (1875) Severe hypersensitivity to diphenylhydantoin with circulating antibodies to the drug. Ann Intern Med 83:522–523

    Google Scholar 

  98. Kochen W, Schneider A, Ritz A (1983) Abnormal metabolism of valproic acid in fatal hepatic failure. Eur J Pediatr 14:30–35

    Google Scholar 

  99. Kondo T, Ishida M, Kaneko S, Hirano T, Otani K, Fukushima Y, Muranaka H, Koide N, Yokoyama M, Nakata S et al. (1992a) Is 2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid, a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproate, responsible for valproate-induced hyperammonemia? Epilepsia 33:550–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kondo T, Kaneka S, Otani K, Ishida M, Hirano T, Fukushima Y, Muranaka H, Koide N, Yokoyama M (1992b) Associations between risk factors for valproate hepatotoxicity and altered valproate metabolism. Epilepsia 33:172–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kossak BD, Schmidt-Sommerfeld E, Schoeller DA, Rinaldo P, Penn D, Tonsgard JH (1993) Impaired fatty acid oxidation in children on valproic acid and the effect of L-carnitine. Neurology 43:2362–2368

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kowdley KV, Keeffe EB, Fawaz KA (1992) Prolonged cholestasis due to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Gastroenterology 102:2148–2150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Lightfoot RWJ, Willkens RF, Furst OF, Williams HJ, Dent PE, Weinblatt ME (1994) Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Suggested guidelines for monitoring liver toxicity. Arthintis Rheum 37:316–328

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Laub MC, Paetzke-Brunner I, Jaeger G (1986) Serum carnitine during valproic acid therapy. Epilepsia 27:559–562

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Lauterburg BH, Vaishnav Y, Stillwell WG, Mitchell JR (1980) The effect of age and glutathione depletion on hepatic glutathione turnover in vivo determined by acetaminophen probe analysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 213:54–58

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Lauterburg BH, Smith CV, Todd EL, Mitchell JR (1985) Pharmacokinetics of the toxic hydrazino metabolites formed from isoniazid in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 235:566–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Lederman S, Fysh WJ, Tredger M, Gamsu HR (1983) Neonatal paracetamol poisoning: treatment by exchange transfusion. Arch Dis Child 58:631–633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Levy RH, Rettenmeier A W, Anderson GO, Wilensky AJ, Friel PN, Baillie TA. Acheampong A, Tor J, Guyot M, Loiseau P (1990) Effects of poly therapy with phenytoin, carbamazepine, and stiripentol on formation of 4-ene-valproate. a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproic acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 48:225–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Lewis IJ, Rosenbloom L (1982) Glandular fever-like syndrome. pulmonary eosinophilia and asthma associated with carbamazepine. Postgrad Med J 58:100–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Lewis JH, Tice HL, Zimmerman HJ (1983) Budd-Chiari syndrome assoicated with oral contraceptive steroids. Review of treatment of 47 cases. Dig Dis Sci 28:673–683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ, Benson GO, Ishak KG (1984) Hepatic injury associated with ketoconazole therapy. Analysis of 33 cases. Gastroenterology 86:503–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lewis JH, Ranard RC, Caruso A. Jackson LK, Mullick F. Ishak KG, Seeff LB, Zimmerman HJ (1989) Amiodarone hepatotoxicity: prevalence and clinicopathologic correlations among 104 patients. Hepatology 9:679–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Li X, Norwood DL, Mao L-F, Schulz H (1991) Mitochondrial metabolism of valproic acid. Biochemistry 30:388–394

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Lieh-Lai MW, Sarnaik AP, Newton JF, Miceli IN, Fleischman LE, Hook JB, Kauffman RE (1984) Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in a severely poisoned young child. J Pediatr 105:125–128

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Litt IF, Cohen ML, McNamara H (1976) Isoniazid hepatitis in adolescents. J Pediatr 89:133–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Lockhat D, Katz SS, Lisbona R, Mishkin S (1981) Oral contraceptives and liver disease. Can Med Assoc J 124:993–999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Losek JH, Werlin SL (1981) Sulfasalazine hepatotoxicity. Am J Dis Child 135:1070–1072

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Maddrey WC (187) Hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd Chiari syndrome): possible association with the use of oral contracptives. Semin Liver Dis 7:32–39

    Google Scholar 

  119. Maddrey WC, Boitnott JK (1973) Lsoniazid hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 79:1–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Maggiore G, Larizza O, Lorini R, DeGiacomo C, Scotta MS, Severi F (1989) PTU hepatotoxicity mimicking autoimmune chronic active hepatitis in a girl. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 8:547–548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Malekzadeh MH, Grushkin CM, Wright HT, Fine RN (1972) Hepatic dysfunction after renal transplantation in children. J Pediatr 81 :279–285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Martin JL, Kenna JG, Martin BM, Thomassen D, Reed GF, Pohl LR (1993) Halothane hepatitis patients have serum antibodies that react with protein disulfide isomerase. Hepatology 18:858–863

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Martincz-Roig A, Cami J, Llorens-Teroi J, De LaTorre R, Perich F (1986) Acetylation phenotype and hepatotoxicity in the treatment of tuberculosis of children. Pediatrics 77:912–915

    Google Scholar 

  124. Matsuda I, Ohtani Y, Ninoniya N (1986) Renal handling of carnitine in children with carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia associated with valproate therapy. J Pediatr 109: 131–134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. McCreadie RG, MacDonald IM (1977) High dosage haloperidol in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatr 131:310–316

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. McDonald GB, Sharma P, Matthews DE, Shulman HM, Thomas ED (1985) The clinical course of 53 patients with veno-occlusive disease of the liver after marrow transplantation. Transplantation 39:603–608

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. McGeachy TE, Bloomer WE (1953) The phenobarbital sensitivity syndrome. Am J Med 14:600–604

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. McIntosh S, Davidson DL, O’Brien RT, Pearson HA (1977) Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in children with leukemia. J Pediatr 90:1019–1021

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. McVeagh P, Ekert H (1975) Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapy following nephrectomy and radiation therapy for righ-sided Wilm’s tumor. J Pediatr 87:627–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Menard DB, Gisselbrecht C, Marty H, Reyes F, Dhumeaux D (1980) Antineoplastic agents and the liver. Gastroenterology 78:142–164

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Meredith TJ, Newman B, Goulding R (1978) Paracetamol poisoning in children. Br Med J 2:478–479

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Miller RP, Roberts RJ, Fischer LF (1976) Acetaminophen elimination kinetics in neonates, children and adults. Clin Pharmacol Ther 19:284–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Millington DS, Bohan TP, Roe CR, Yergey AL, Liberato DJ (1985) Valproylcarnitine: a novel drug metabolite identified by fast atom bombardment and thermos pray liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Clin Chim Acta 145:69–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Miner DJ, Kissinger PT (1979) Evidence for the involvement of N-acetyl-pquinoneimine in acetaminophen metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 28:3285–3290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Minow RA, Stern MH, Casey JH, Rodriguez V, Luna MA (1976) Clinico-pathologic correlation of liver damage in patients treated with 6-mercaptopruine and adriamycin. Cancer 38:1524–1528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Mitchell AA, Lacouture PG, Sheehan JE, Kauffman RE, Shapiro S (1988) Adverse drug reactions in children leading to hospital admission. Pediatrics 82: 24–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Mitchell J, Zimmerman H, Ishak K, Thorgeirsson UP, Timbrell JA, Snodgrass WR, Nelson SD (1976) Isoniazid liver injury: clinical spectrum, pathology and probable pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med 84:181–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, Davis DC, Gillette JR, Brodie BB (1973a) Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. 1. Role of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 187:185–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, Gillette JR, Brodie BB (1973b) Acetaminopheninduced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 187:211–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Moult PJ, Sherlock S (1975) Halothane-related hepatitis. A clinical study of twenty-six cases.QJ Med 44:99–114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mulberg AE, Bell LM (1993) Fatal cholestatic hepatits and multisystem failure associated with nitrofurantoin. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 17:307–309

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Mullick FG, Ishak KG (1980) Hepatic injury associated with diphenylhydantoin therapy. Am J Clin Pathol 74:442–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Murphy JV, Maquardt KM, Shug AL (1985) Valproic acid associated abnormalities of carnitine metabolism. Lancet 1:820–821

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Murphy JV, Groover RV, Hodge C (1993) Hepatotoxic effects in a child receiving valproate and carnitine. J Pediatr 123:318–320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Nehra A, Mullick F, Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ (1990) Pemoline-associated hepatic injury. Gastroenterology 99:1517–1519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Newman M, Auerbach R, Feiner H, Holzman RS, Shupack J, Migdal P, Culubret M, Camuto P, Tobias H (1989) The role of liver biopsies in psoriatic patients receiving long-term methotrexate treatment. Arch Dermatol 125:1218–1224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Nogen AG, Breener JE (1978) Fatal acetaminophen overdosage in a growing child. J Pediatr 92:832–833

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. O’Brien RJ, Long MW, Cross FS, Lyle MA, Snider DE (1983) Hepatotoxicity from isoniazid and rifampin among children treated for tuberculosis. Pediatrics 72:491–499

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Parke DV (1987) Activation mechanisms to chemical toxicity. Arch Toxicol 60:5–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Parker LN (1975) Hepatitis and propilthiouracil. Ann Intern Med 82:228–229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Pellinen P, Honkakoshi P, Stenback F, Niemitz M, Alhava E, Pelkonen O, Lang MA, Pasanen M(1994) Cocaine N-demethylation and the metabolism-related hepatotoxicity can be prevented by cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors. Eur ./ Pharmacol 270:35–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Penta JS, vanHoff DO, Muggia FM (1977) Hepatotoxicity of combination chemotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia. Ann Intern Med 87:247–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Perez C, Sutow WW, Wang YM, Pearson HA (1979) Evaluation of overall toxicity of high-dosage methotrexate regimens. Med Pediatr Oncol 6:219–2211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Perino LE, Warren GH, Levine JS (1987) Cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity in humans. Gastroenterology 93:176–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Perry MC (1982) Hepatotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Semim Oncol 9:65–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Pessayre D, Bentata M, Degott C, Nouel O, Miguet JP, Rueff R, Benhamou JP (1977) Isoniazid-rifampin fulminant hepatitis. A possible consequence of the enhancement of isoniazid hepatotoxicity by enzyme induction.Gastroenterology 72:284–289

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Peterson RG, Rumack BH (1978) Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in children. Pediatrics 62:877–879

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Peterson RG, Rumack BH (1981) Age as a variable in acetaminophen overdose. Arch Intern Med 141:390–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Petty BG, Zahka KG, Bernstein MT (1978) Aspirin hepatitis associated with encephalopathy. J Pediatr 93:881–882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Phillips KG (1983) Hepatotoxicity of erythromycin ethylsuccinate in a child. Can Med Assoc J 129:411–-412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Pohl LR, Satoh H, Christ DD, Kenna J (1988) The immunologic and metabolic basis of drug hypersensitivities. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 28:367–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Ponsoda X, Jover R, Castell JV, Gomez-Lechon MJ (1992) Potentiation of cocaine hepatotoxicity in human hepatocytes by ethanol. Toxicol In Vitro 6:155–158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Potter WZ, Davis DC, Mitchell JR, Jollow OJ, Gillette JR, Brodie BB (1973) Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. III. Cytochrome P-450-mediated covalent binding in vitro.J Pharmacol Exp Ther 187:203–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Poucell S, Ireton J, Valencia-Mayoral P, Downbar E, Larratt L, Patterson J, Blendis L, Phillips MJ(1984) Amiodarone-associated phospholipidosis of the liver. Light, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies.Gastroenterology 110:926–936

    Google Scholar 

  165. Powell-Jackson PR, Tredger JM, Williams R (1984) Hepatotoxicity to sodium valproate: a review. Gut 25:073–681

    Google Scholar 

  166. Powers NG, Carson SH (1987) Idiosyncratic reactions to phenytoin. Clin Pediatr 20: 120–124

    Google Scholar 

  167. Pratt CB, Johnson WW (1971) Duration and severity of fatty metamorphosis of the liver following L-asparaginase therapy. Cancer 28:361–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Pratt DS, Dubois RS (1990) Hepatotoxicity due to pemoline (Cylert). A report of two cases.J Pediatr Gastroenteror Nutr 10:239–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Psacharopoulos HJ, Mowat AP, Davies M, Portmann B, Silk DBA, Williams R (1980) Fulminant hepatic failure in childhood: an analysis of 31 cases. Arch Dis Child 55:252–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Qureshi IA, Letarte J, Tuchweber B, Yousef L, Qureshi SR (1985) Heptotoxicology of sodium valproate in ornithine transcarbamylase-deficient mice. Toxicol Lett 25:297–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Raucy JL, Lasker JM, Lieber CS, Black M (1989) Acetaminophen activation by human liver cytochromes P45011EI and P450IA2. Arch Biochem Biophys 271 :270–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Reddy EM (1979) Propylthiouracil and hepatitis: a case report. J Natl Med Assoc 72:1185–1186

    Google Scholar 

  173. Rettenemeier A W, Gordon WP, Prickett KS, Levy RH, Lockard JS, Thummel KE, Baillie TA (1986) Metabolic fate of valproic acid in the rhesus monkey. Formation of a toxic metabolite, 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid. Drug Metab Dispos 14:443–453

    Google Scholar 

  174. Rettie AE, Rettenmeier AW, Howald WN, Baillie TA (1987) Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed formation of delta4-VP A, a toxic metabolite of valproic acid. Science 235:890–893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Ribe J, Benkov KJ, Thung SN, Shen SC, Leleiko NS (1986) Fatal massive hepatic necrosis: a probable hypersensitivity reaction to sulfasalazine. Am J Gastroenterol 81:205–208

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Rieder MJ, Uetrecht J, Shear NH, Spielberg SP (1988) Synthesis and in vitro toxicity of hydroxylamine metabolites of sulfonamides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 244:724–728

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Rieder MJ, Uetrecht J, Shear NH, Cannon M, Miller M, Spielberg SP (1989) Diagnosis of sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions by in-vitro “rechallenge” with hydroxylamine metabolites. Ann Intern Med 110:286–289

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Roberts EA, Spielberg SP, Goldbach M, Phillips MJ (1990) Phenobarbital hepatotoxicity in an 8-month-old infant. J Hepatol 10:235–239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Roberts I, Robinson Ml, Mughal MZ, Rutcliffe IG, Prescott LF (1984) Paracetamol metabolites in the neonate following maternal overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol 18:201–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Roenigk HH Jr(1988) Liver toxicity of retinoid therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 19:199–208

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Rollins BJ (1986) Hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Am J Med 81:297–306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Rollins DE, vonBahr C, Glaumann H, Moldeus P, Rane A (1979) Acetaminophen: potentially toxic metabolites formed by human fetal and adult liver microsomes and isolated fetal liver cells. Science 205:1414–1416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Rudoy R, Stuemky J, Poley R (1973) Isoniazid administration and liver injury. Am J Dis Child 125:733–736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Rumack BH (1984) Acetaminophen overdose in young children. Treatment and effects of alcohol and other additional ingestants in 417 cases. Am J Dis Child 138:428–433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Sampson P (1975) Scientists meet and compare notes on hyperactive children. J Am Med Assoc 232:1204–1216

    Google Scholar 

  186. Sarma GR, Immanuel C, Kailasam S, Narayama ASL, Venkatesen P (1986) Rifamipicin-induced release of hydrazine from isoniazid - a possible cause of hepatitis during treatment of tuberculosis with regimens containing isoniazid and rifampicin. Am Rev Respir Dis 133:1072–1075

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Satoh H, Fukada Y, Anderson DK, Ferrans VI, Gillette JR, Pohl LR (1985) Immunological studies on the mechanism of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity: immunohistochemical evidence of trifluoroacetylated hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 233:857–862

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Satoh H, Martin BM, Schulick AH, Christ DD, Kenna JG, Po hi LR (1989) Human anti-endoplasmic reticulum antibodies in sera of patients with halothane-induced hepatitis are directed against a trifluoroacetylated carboxylesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:322–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Scheffner D, Konig ST, Rauterberg-Ruland I, Kochen W, Hoffman WI, Unkelbach ST (1988) Fatal liver failure in 16 children with valproate therapy. Epilepsia 29:530–542

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Schnabel R, Rambeck B, Janssen F (1984) Fatal intoxication with sodium valproate. Lancet 1:221–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Seaman WE, Ishak KG, Plotz PH (1974) Aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 80:1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Seeff LB, Cuccherini BA, Zimmerman HI, Alder E, Benjamin SB (1986) Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholics. A therapeutic misadventure. Ann Intern Med 104:399–404

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Seth V, Beotra A (1989) Hepatic function in relation to acetyl at or phenotype in children treated with antitubercular drugs. Ind J Med Res 89:306–309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Shapiro PA, Antonioli DA, Peppercorn MA (1980) Barbiturate-induced submassive hepatic necrosis. Am J Gastroenterol 74:270–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Sharp JR, Ishak KG, Zimmerman HI (1980) Chronic active hepatitis and severe hepatic necrosis associated with nitrofurantoin. Ann Intern Med 92:14–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Shear NH, Spielberg SP (1985) In vitro evaluation of toxic metabolite of sulfadiazine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 63:1370–1372

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Shear NH, Spielberg SP (1988) Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. In vitro assessment of risk.J Clin Invest 82: 1826–1832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Shear NH, Spielberg SP, Grant DM, Tang BK, Kalow W (1986) Differences in metabolism of sulfonamides predisposing to idiosyncratic toxicity. Ann Intern Med 105:179–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Shergy WJ, Polisson RP, Caldwell DS, Rice JR, Pisetsky DS, Allen NB (1988) Methotrexate-associated hepatotoxicity: retrospective analysis of 210 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 85:771–774

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Shriner K, Goetz MB (1992) Severe hepatotoxicity in a patient receiving both acetaminophen and zidovudine. Am J Med 93:94–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Simon JB, Manley PN, Brien JF, Armstrong PW (1984) Amiodarone hepatotoxicity simulating alcoholic liver disease. N Engl J Med 311 :167–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Smith DW, Isakson G, Frankel LR, Kerner JA Jr (1986) Hepatic failure following ingestion of mUltiple doses of acetaminophen in a young child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 5:822–825

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Smith DW, Cullity GJ, Silberstein EP (1988) Fatal hepatic necrosis associated with multiple anticonvulsant therapy. Aust NZJ Med 18:575–581

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Sotolongo RP, Neefe LJ, Rudzki C, Ishak KG (1978) Hypersensitivity reaction to sulfasalazine with severe hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology 75:95–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Spielberg SP, Gordon GB, Blake DA, Goldstein DA, Herlong HF (1981a) Predisposition to phenytoin hepatotoxicity assessed in vitro. N Engl J Med 305:722–727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Spielberg SP, Gordon GB, Blake DA, Mellits ED, Bross DS (1981b) Anticonvulsant toxicity in vitro: possible role of arene oxides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 217: 386–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Spyridis P, Sinantios C, Papadea I, Oreopoulos L, Hadziyannis S, Papadotos C (1979) Isoniazid liver injury during chemoprophylaxis in children. Arch Dis Child 54:65–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Sterneck M, Wiesner R, Ascher N, Roberts J, Ferrell L, Ludwig J, Lake J(1991) Azathioprine hepatotoxicity after liver transplantation. Hepatology 14:806–810

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Suchy FJ, Balistreri WF, Buchino J, Sondheimer JM, Bates SR, Kearns GL, Still JD, Bove KE (1979) Acute hepatic failure associated with the use of sodium valproate. Report of two fatal cases.N Engl J Med 300:962–966

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Swetnam SM, Florman AL (1984) Probable acetaminophen toxicity in an 18-monthold infant due to repeated overdosing. Clin Pediatr 23: 104–105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Sznol M, Ohnuma T, Holland JF (1987) Hepatic toxicity drugs used for hematologic neoplasia. Semin Liver Dis 7:237–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Taft LI (1965) Methotrexate induced hepatitis in childhood leukemia. Isr J Med Sci 1:823–827

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Thurston JH, Hauhart RE (1992) Amelioration of adverse effects of valproic acid on ketogenesis and liver coenzyme A metabolism by cotreatment with pantothenate and carnitine in developing mice: possible clinical significance. Pediatr Res 31 :419–423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Tolman KG, Freston JW, Berenson MM, Samella JJ (1973) Hepatotoxicity due to pemoline. Report of two cases.Digestion 9:532–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Topley J, Benson J, Squier MV, Chessells JM (1979) Hepatotoxicity in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Med Pediatr Oncol 7:393–399

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Tsagaropoulou-Stinga H, Mataki-Emmanouilidou T, Karadi-Kavalioti S, Manios S (1985) Hepatotoxic reactions in children with severe tuberculosis treated with isoniazid-rifampin. Pediatr Infect Dis 4:270–273

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Ulshen MH, Grand RJ, Crain ID, Gelfand EW (1978) Hepatotoxicity with encephalopathy associated with aspirin therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 93;1034–1037

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Valla D, Le MG, Poynard T, Zucman N, Rueff B, Benhamou IP (1986) Risk of hepatic vein thrombosis in relation to recent use of oral contraceptives. A case control study.Gastroenterology 90:807–811

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Vanderhoof JA, Ament ME (1976) Fatal hepatic necrosis due to isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in a 15-year-old girl. J Pediatr: 88:867–868

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Vanpelt FNAM, Kenna JG (1994) Formation of trifluoroacetylated protein antigens in cultured rat hepatocytes exposed to halothane in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 48:461–471

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Walker A, Park-Hah J (1977) Possible isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in a two-yearold child. J Pediatr 91:344–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Wanless IR, Dore S, Gopinath G, Tan J, Cameron R, Heathcote EJ, Blendis LM, Levy G (1990) Histopathology of cocaine hepatotoxicity. Report of four cases. Gastroenterology 98:497–501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Wark H (1991) Halothane hepatitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 13:222–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Wark HJ (1983) Postoperative jaundice in children. Anaesthesia 38:237–242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Warner LO, Beach TP, Gariss JP, Warner EJ (1984) Halothane and children: the first quarter century. Anesth Analg 63:838–840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Weber JL, Cutz E (1980) Liver failure in an infant. Can Med Assoc J 123:112–117

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Whiting-O’Keefe QE, Fye KH, Sack KD (1991) Methotrexate and histologic hepatic abnormalities: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 90:711–716

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Yagupsky P, Gazala E, Sofer S (1985) Fatal hepatic failure and encephalopathy associated with amiodarone therapy. J Pediatr 107:967–970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Zachariae H, Kragbulle K, Sugaard H (1980) Methotrexate induced liver cirrhosis. Br J Dermatol 102:407–412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Zafrani ES, Berthelot P (1982) Sodium valproate in the induction of unusual hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2:648–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Zafrani ES, Ishak KG, Rudzki C (1979) Cholestatic and hepatocellular injury associated with erythromycin esters. Report of nine cases. Dig Dis Sci 24:385–396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Zimmerman HJ (1990) Update of hepatotoxicity due to classes of drugs in common clinical use: non-steroidal drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antihypertensives, and cardiac and psychotropic drugs. Semin Liver Dis 10:322–338

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Zimmerman HJ, Ishak KG (1982) Valproate-induced hepatic injury. analysis of 23 fatal cases. Hepatology 2:591–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Zitelli BJ, Alexander J, Taylor S, Miller KD, Howrie DL, Kuritsky IN, Perez TH, VanThiel DH (1987) Fatal hepatic necrosis due to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar). Ann Intern Med 106:393–395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Zucker P, Daum F, Cohen MI (1975) Aspirin hepatitis. Am J Dis Child 129:1433–1434

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Zucker P, Daum F, Cohen MI (1977) Fatal carbamazepine hepatitis. J Pediatr 91:667–668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roberts, E.A. (1996). Pediatric Hepatic Drug Reactions. In: Cameron, R.G., Feuer, G., de la Iglesia, F.A. (eds) Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 121. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61013-4_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61013-4_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64657-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-61013-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics