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Cocaine

  • Chapter
Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 118))

Abstract

Cocaine is the principal alkaloid of Erythoxylon coca, a shrub that grows in the Andean Highlands and the northwestern portions of the Amazon River in South America. The coca plant has been cultivated by the Indians in these areas for several thousand years, and the dried leaves are still used today. Those living in the Highland areas mix the leaves with lime or ash and chew or suck this combination. Addition of the alkaline ash promotes release of the cocaine by changing the pH of saliva. Amazonian Indians first pulverize the alkaline and coca leaf combination. They place this combination into their mouths, where it is mixed with saliva and then swallowed. Coca ingested in these ways has been used for religious, medicinal, and energizing purposes for centuries (see JOHANSON arid FISCHMAN 1989 for a more complete discussion of this history). Since significant cocaine plasma levels can be attained when coca leaves are chewed and sucked as described (PALY et al. 1980), the effects achieved by coca chewing are undoubtedly due to the actions of this principal constituent.

This chapter was prepared during the same period of time that another chapter on the same topic was being prepared by CEJ. That chapter will appear in Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (edited by F.E. Bloom and D.J. Kupfer) and was co-authored by Charles R. Schuster. Portions of the chapters overlap and all authors have agreed to this arrangement. In addition, the editors of both book have been informed.

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Authors
  1. M. W. Fischman
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  2. C.-E. Johanson
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University Psychiatric Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 2751 E. Jefferson Avenue, 48207, Detroit, MI, USA

    Charles R. Schuster Ph.D.

  2. Director, The National Institute on Drug Abuse, Addiction Research Center, P.O. Box 5180, 21224, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Michael J. Kuhar Ph.D.

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© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Fischman, M.W., Johanson, CE. (1996). Cocaine. In: Schuster, C.R., Kuhar, M.J. (eds) Pharmacological Aspects of Drug Dependence. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 118. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60963-3_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60963-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64631-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60963-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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