Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mechanisms of resistance to HIV infection

  • Chapter
Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection

  • 90 Accesses

Abstract

The global expansion of the HIV-1 pandemic represents one of the world’s most pressing public health problems. HIV-1 has spread from the sites of the original epidemic in Africa, North America and Europe to involve all corners of the globe. This includes the rapid and devastating spread of HIV-1 into human populations in India, Southeast Asia, and South America. The vast majority of new HIV-1 infections worldwide occur through sexual contact. The second most common route of transmission is from mother to infant during pregnancy and delivery, or after birth as a result of breast feeding. In comparison to these routes of transmission, the worldwide incidence of new HIV-1 infections from direct intravenous injection of contaminated blood, either via medical administration of contaminated blood products or from sharing of needles during the recreational use of intravenously injected drugs, is almost negligible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aldous MC, Watret KC, Mok JY, Bird AG, Froebel KS (1994) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and CD8 subpopulations in children at risk of HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 97: 61

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alkhatib G, Combadiere C, Broder CC, Feng Y, Kennedy PE, Murphy PM, Berger EA (1996) CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-lα, MIP-1βreceptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 272: 1955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Arthur LO, Bess JW Jr, Sowder RC II, Benveniste RE, Mann DL, Chermann JC, Henderson LE (1992) Cellular proteins bound to immunodeficiency viruses: implications for pathogenesis and vaccines. Science 258: 1935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bagasra O, Farzadegan H, Seshamma T, Oakes JW, Saah A, Pomerantz RJ (1994) Detection of HIV-1 proviral DNA in sperm from HIV-1-infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 8: 1669

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bakshi SS, Tetali S, Abrams EJ, Paul MO, Pahwa SG (1995) Repeatedly positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 DNA polymerase chain reaction in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed seroreverting infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 14: 658

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bhat S, Spitalnik SL, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Silberberg DH (1991) Galactosyl ceramide or a derivative is an essential component of the neural receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Borkowsky W, Krasinski K, Cao Y, Ho D, Pollack H, Moore T, Chen SH, Allen M, Tao PT (1994) Correlation of perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with maternal viremia and lymphocyte phenotypes. J Pediatr 125: 345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Brettler DB, Somasundaran M, Forsberg AF, Krause E, Sullivan JL (1992) Silent HIV-1 infection: a rare occurence in a high risk heterosexual population. Blood 80: 2396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bryson YJ, Pang S, Wei LS, Dickover R, Diagne A, Chen ISY (1995) Clearance of HIV infection in a perinatally infected infant. N Engl J Med 332: 833

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Burchett SK, Kornegay J, Pitt J, Landesman S, Rosenblatt H, Hillyer G, Garcia P, Kalish L, Burns D, Davenney K, Lew J (1996) Assessment of maternal plasma HIV viral load as a correlate of vertical transmission. Abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. (Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health) abstr. no. LB3

    Google Scholar 

  11. Busch MP, Operskalski EA, Mosley JW, Lee T-H, Henrard D, Herman S, Sachs DH, Harris M, Huang W, Stram DO (1996) Factors influencing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission by blood transfusion. J Infect Dis 174: 26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Byrne JA, Oldstone MBA (1984) Biology of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: clearance of virus in vivo. J Virol 51: 682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Cao Y, Qing L, Zhang LQ, Safrit JT, Ho DD (1994) Virological and immunological characterization of long-term survivors of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 332: 201

    Google Scholar 

  14. Celentano DD, Nelson KE, Suprasert S, Eiumtrakul S, Tulvatana S, Kuntolbutra S, Akarasewi P, Matanasarawoot A, Wright NH, Sirisopana N, Theetranont C (1996) Risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion among young men in northern Thailand. JAMA 275: 122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chan W, Rodgers A, Hancock R, Taffs F, Kitchin P, Farrar G, Llew F (1992) Protection in SIV- vaccinated monkeys correlates with anti-HLA class I antibody responses. J Exp Med 176: 1203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cherwinski HM, Schumacher JH, Brown KD, Mosmann TR (1987) Two types of mouse helper T cell clone. J Exp Med 166: 1229

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cheynier R, Langlade-Demoyen P, Marescot MR, Blanche S, Blondin G, Wain-Hobson S, Griscelli C, Vilmer E, Plata F (1992) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the peripheral blood of children born to human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected mothers. Eur J Immunol 22: 2211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chmiel J, Detels R, Kaslow RA, VanRaden M, Kingsley LA, Brookmeyer R, The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Group (1987) Factors associated with prevalent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 126: 568

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Choe H, Farzan M, Sun Y, Sullivan N, Rollins B, Ponath PD, Wu L, Mackay CR, LaRosa G, Newman W, Gerard N, Gerard C, Sodroski J (1996) The β-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. Cell 85: 1135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Clerici M, Shearer GM (1993) A TH1 TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today 14: 107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Clerici M, Berzosky J A, Shearer GM, Tacket CO (1991) Exposure to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific T helper cell responses before detection of infection by polymerase chain reaction and serum antibodies. J Infect Dis 164: 178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Clerici M, Giorgi JV, Chou CC, Gudeman VK, Zack JA, Gupta P, Ho HN, Nishanian PG, Berzofsky J A, Shearer GM (1992) Cell-mediated immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1 in seronegative homosexual men with recent sexual exposure to HIV-1. J Infect Dis 165: 1012

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clerici M, Sison AV, Berzofsky JA, Rakusan TA, Brandt CD, Ellaurie M, Villa M, Colie C, Venzon DJ, Sewver JL, Shearer G (1993) Cellular immune factors associated with mother-to-infant transmission of HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 7: 1427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Clerici M, Clark EA, Polacino P, Axberg I, Kuller L, Casey NI, Morton WR, Shearer GM, Benveniste RE (1994) T cell proliferation to subinfectious SIV correlates with lack of infection after challenge of macaques. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 8: 1391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Clerici M, Levin JM, Kessler HA, Harris A, Berzofsky JA, Landay AL, Shearer GM (1994) HIV- specific T helper activity in seronegative health care workers exposed to contaminated blood. JAMA 271: 42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cloyd MW, Moore BE (1990) Spectrum of biological properties of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) isolates. Virology 174: 103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cocchi F, DeVico AL, Garzino-Demo A, Arya SK, Gallo RC, Lusso P (1995) Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 270: 1811

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O’Sullivan MJ, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson RL (1994) Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 331: 1173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Connor RI, Paxton WA, Sheridan KE, Koup RA (1996) Macrophages and CD4+ T-lymphocytes from two multiply exposed uninfected individuals resist infection with primary NSI isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Coutlee F, Olivier C, Cassol S, Voyuer H, Kessous EA, Saint AP, He Y, Fauvel M (1994) Absence of prolonged immunosilent infection with human immunodeficiency virus in individuals with high-risk behavior. Am J Med 96: 42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. DeGruttola V, Seage GR, Mayer KH, Horsburgh CR (1989) Infectiousness of HIV between male homosexual partners. J Clin Epidemiol 42: 849

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. De Maria A, Cirillo C, Moretta L (1994) Occurence of HIV-specific CTL activity in apparently uninfected children born to HIV-1 infected mothers. J Infect Dis 170: 1296

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeir W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, DiMarzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381: 661

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. DelPrete GF, De Carli M, Mastromauro C, Biagiotti R, Macchia D, Falagiani P, Ricci M, Romagnani S (1991) Purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosisand excretory-secretory antigen(s) of Toxocara canisexpand in vitro human T cells with stable and opposite (type 1 T helper or type 2 T helper) profile of cytokine production. J Clin Invest 88: 346

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Detels R, Liu Z, Hennessey K, Kan J, Visscher BR, Taylor JMG, Hoover DR, Rinaldo CR, Phair JP, Saah AJ, Giorgi JV (1994) Resistance to HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirology 7: 1263

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dickover RE, Garratty EM, Herman SA, Sim MS, Plaeger S, Boyer PJ, Keller M, Deveikis A, Stiehm ER, Bryson YJ (1996) Identification of levels of maternal HIV-1 RNA associated with risk of perinatal transmission. Effect of maternal zidovudine treatment on viral load. JAMA 275: 599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Doranz BJ, Rucker J, Yanjie Y, Symth RJ, Samson M, Peiper SC, Parmentier M, Collman RG, Doms RW (1996) A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the β-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors. Cell 85: 1149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Downs AM, De Vicenzi I (1996) Probability of Heterosexual transmission of HIV: relationship to the number of unprotected sexual contacts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirolgoy 11: 388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Dragic T, Litwin V, Allaway GP, Martin SR, Huang Y, Nagashima KA, Cayanan C, Maddon PJ, Koup RA, Moore JP, Paxton WA (1996) HIV-1 entry into CD4 cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 381: 667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Fang G, Burger H, Grimson R, Tropper P, Nachman S, Mayers D, Weislow O, Moore R, Reyelt C, Hutcheon N, Baker D, Weiser B (1995) Maternal plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA level: a determinant and projected threshold for mother-to-child transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 12100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA (1996) HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor. Science 272: 872

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Goedert JJ, Duliege A-M, Amos CI, Felton S, Biggar RJ (1991) High risk of HIV-1 infection for first-born twins. Lancet 338: 1471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Horuk R (1994) Molecular properties of the chemokine receptor family. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15: 159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Imagawa D, Detels R (1991) HIV-1 seronegative homosexual men. N Engl J Med 325: 1250

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Imagawa DT, Lee MH, Wolinsky SM, Sano K, Morales F, Kwok S, Sninsky JJ, Nishanian PG, Giorgi J, Fahey JL, Detels R (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in homosexual men who remain seronegative for prolonged periods. N Engl J Med 320: 1458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Jehuda-Cohen T, Slade B, Powell J, Villinger F, De B, Folks T, McClure H, Sell K, Ahmed-Ansari A (1990) Polyclonal B cell activation reveals antibodies against HIV-1 in HIV-1 seronegative individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3972

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Just J, Louie L, Abrams E, Nicholas SW, Wara D, Stein Z, King MC (1992) Genetic risk factors for perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 6: 215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kaslow RA, Duquesnoy R, VanRaden M, Kingsley L, Marrari M, Friedman H, Su S, Saah AJ, Detels R, Phair J (1990) Al, Cw7, B8, DR3 HLA antigen combination associated with rapid decline of T helper lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. A report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Lancet 335: 927

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kelker HC, Seidlin M, Vogler M, Valentine FT (1992) Lymphocytes from some long-term seronegative heterosexual partners of HIV infected individuals proliferate in response to HIV antigens. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses 8: 1355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kilpatrick DC, Hague RA, Yap PL, Mok JY (1991) HLA antigen frequencies in children born to HIV-infected mothers. Dis Markers 9: 21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kingsley LA, Detels R, Kaslow R, Polk BF, Rinaldo CRJ, Chmiel J, Detre K, Kelsey SF, Odaka N, Ostrow D, VanRaden M, Visscher B (1987) Risk factors for seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus among male homosexuals. Lancet I: 345

    Google Scholar 

  52. Klein MR, Keet IP, D’Amaro J, Bende RJ, Hekman A, Mesman B, Koot M, Waal LP de, Coutinho RA, Miedema F (1994) Associations between HLA frequencies and pathogenic features of human immunodeficinecy virus type 1 infection in seroconverters from Amsterdam cohort of homosexual men. J Infect Dis 169: 1244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Korber BT, Learn G, Mullins JI, Hahn BH, Wolinsky S (1995) Protecting HIV databases. Nature 378: 242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Koup RA, Ho DD (1991) Immunosilent HIV-1 infection: intrigue continues. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 5: 1263

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Koup R, Cao Y, Ho DD, Krogstad PA, Chen ISY, Korber BT, Wolinsky SM, Mullins J, Walker BD, Ammann A, The Ariel Project Cohort Group (1996) Lack of a maternal viral threshold for vertical transmission of HIV-1. Abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. (Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health) abstr. no. LB2

    Google Scholar 

  56. Krieger JN, Coombs RW, Collier AC, Ho DD, Ross SO, Zeh JE, Corey L (1995) Intermittent shedding of human immunodeficiency virus in semen: implications for sexual transmission. J Urol 154: 1035

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Landesman SH, Kalish LA, Burns DN, Minkoff H, Fox HE, Zorrilla C, Garcia P, Fowler MG, Mofenson L, Tuomala R (1996) Obstetrical factors and the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from mother to child. The Women and Infants Transmission Study. N Engl J Med 334: 1617

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Langlade-Demoyen P, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Ferchal F, Oksenhendler E (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nef-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in noninfected heterosexual contact of HIV-infected patients. J Clin Invest 93: 1293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lederman MM, Jackson BJ, Kroner BL, White GCI, Eyster ME, Aledort LM, Hilgartner MW, Kessler CM, Cohen AR, Kiger KP, Goedert JJ (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infection status and in vitro susceptibility to HIV infection among high-risk HIV-1-seronegative hemophilicas. J Infect Dis 172: 228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lehner T, Wang Y, Cranage M, Bergmeier LA, Mitchell E, Tao L, Hall G, Dennis M, Cook N, Brookes R, Klavinskis L, Jones I, Doyle C, Ward R (1996) Protective mucosal immunity elicited by targeted iliac lymph node immunization with a subunit SIV enevelope and core vaccine in macaques. Nature Med 2: 767

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Levy JA (1993) HIV pathogenesis and long-term survival. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 7: 1401

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Levy JA (1993) Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbiol Rev 57: 183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Levy JA, Mackewicz CE, Barker E (1996) Controlling HIV pathogenesis: the role of the noncytotoxic anti-HIV response of CD8+ T cells. Immunol Today 17: 217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Levy JA, Mackewicz CE, Barker E (1996) Controlling HIV pathogenesis: the role of the noncytotoxic anti-HIV response of CD8+ T cells. Immunol Today 17: 217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Liuzzi G, Bagnarelli P, Chirianni A, Clementi M, Nappa S, Tullio Cataldo P, Valenza A, Piazza M (1995) Quantitation of HIV-1 genome copy number in semen and saliva. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 9: 651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lohman BL, Miller CJ, McChesney MB (1995) Antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vaginal mucosa of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. J Immunol 12: 5855

    Google Scholar 

  67. Ludlam CA, Tucker J, Steel CM, Tedder RS, Cheingsong-Popov R, Weiss RA, McClelland DBL, Philip I, Prescott RJ (1985) HTLV-III infection in seronegative heamophiliacs after transfusion of Factor VIII. Lancet II: 233

    Google Scholar 

  68. Lukacher AE, Braciale VL, Braciale TJ (1984) In vivo effector function of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is highly specific. J Exp Med 160: 814

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Mackewicz C, Levy JA (1992) CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity: nonlytic suppression of virus replication. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Res Hum Retroviruses 8: 1039

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Maggi E, Mazzetti M, Ravina A, Annunziato F, Carli M de, Piccinni MP, Manetti R, Carbonari M, Pesce AM, DelPrete G, Romagnani S (1994) Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to THO shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and THO cells. Science 265: 244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Marcus R (1988) Surveillance of health care workers exposed to blood from patients infected with HIV. N Engl J Med 319: 1118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mayaux MJ, Blanche S, Rouzioux C, Le Chenadec J, Chambrin V, Firtion G, Allemon MC, Vilmer E, Vigneron NC, Tricoire J (1995) Maternal factors associated with prenatal HIV-1 transmission: the French Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Synd Hum Retrovirology 8: 188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. McMichael A, Koup R, Ammann A (1996) Transient HIV infection in infants. N Engl J Med 334: 801

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Moses S, Plummer FA, Bradley J, Ndinya-Achola JO, Nagelkerke NJD, Ronald AR (1994) The association between lack of male circumcision and risk for HIV infection: A review of epidemiological data. Sex Transm Dis 21 (4): 201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mosmann TR, Cherwinski H, Bond MW, Giedlin MA, Coffman RL (1986) Two types of murine helper T cell clone I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 136: 2348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. O’Brien TR, Busch MP, Donegan E, Ward JW, Wong L, Samson SM, Perkins HA, Altman R, Stoneburner RL, Holmberg SD (1994) Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirology 7:705

    Google Scholar 

  77. Ometto L, Zanotto C, Maccabruni A, Caselli D, Truscia D, Giaquinto C, Ruga E, Chieco-Bianchi L, De Rossi A (1995) Viral phenotype and host-cell susceptibility to HIV-1 infection as risk factors for mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 9: 427

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Pan L-Z, Sheppard HW, Winkelstein W, Levy JA (1991) Lack of detection of HIV in persistently seronegative homosexual men with high or medium risks for infection. J Infect Dis 164: 962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Paxton WA, Martin SR, Tse D, O’Brien TR, Skurnick J, VanDevanter NL, Padian N, Braun JF, Kotler DP, Wolinsky SM, Koup RA (1996) Relative resistance to HIV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk sexual exposures. Nature Med 2: 412

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pinto LA, Sullivan J, Berzofsky JA, Clerici M, Kessler HA, Landay AL, Shearer GM (1995) Env-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in HIV-seronegative health care workers occupationally exposed to HIV contaminated body fluids. J Clin Invest 96:867

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Plourde PJ, Pepin J, Agoki E, Ronald AR, Ombette J, Tyndall M, Cheang M, Ndinya-Achola JO, D’Costa LJ, Plummer FA (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion in women with gential ulcers. J Infect Dis 170: 313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Ndinya-Achola JO, Kreiss JK, Gakinya MN, Waiyaki P, Cheang M, Piot P, Ronald AR, Ngugi EN (1991) Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 163: 233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Prevots DR, Ancelle-Park RA, Neal JJ, Remis RS (1994) The epidemiology of hetersexually acquired HIV infection and AIDS in western industrialized countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 8: S109

    Google Scholar 

  84. Rasheed S, Li Z, Xu D (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus load. Quantitative assessment in semen from seropositive individuals and in spiked seminal plasma. J Reprod Med 40: 747

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Roos MTL, Lange JMA, Goede REY de, Coutinho RA, Schellekens PTA, Miedema F, Tersmette M (1992) Viral phenotype and immune response in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 165: 427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Roques PA, Gras G, Parnet-Mathieu F, Mabondzo AM, Tranchot-Diallo J, Herve F, LasFargues G, Courpotin C, Dormont D (1995) Clearance of HIV infection in 12 perinatally infected children: clinical, virological and immunological data. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 9: F19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rowland-Jones SL, Nixon DF, Gotch F, Hallam N, Froebel K, Aldhous MC, Ariyoshi K, Kroll JS, McMichael A (1993) HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell activity in an HIV-exposed but uninfected infant. Lancet 341: 860

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rowland-Jones S, Sutton J, Ariyoshi K, Dong T, Gotch F, McAdam S, Whitby D, Sabally S, Gallimore A, Corrah T, Takiguchi M, Schultz T, McMichael A, Whittle H (1995) HIV-specific cytotoxic T cells in HIV-exposed but uninfected Gambian women. Nature Med 1: 59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Salgame P, Abrams JS, Clayberger C, Goldstein H, Convit J, Modlin RL, Bloom BR (1991) Differing lymphokine profiles of functional subsets of human CD4 and CD8 T cell clones. Science 254: 279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Salvato MS, Emau P, Malkovsky M, Schultz KT, Johnson E, Pauza CD (1994) Cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques infected rectally with low dose simian immunodeficiency virus. J Med Primatol 23: 125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Schwartz RH (1985) T-lymphocyte recognition of antigen in association with gene products of the major histocompatibility complex. Annu Rev Immunol 3: 237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sethi KK, Omata Y, Schneweis KE (1983) Protection of mice from fatal herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by adoptive transfer of cloned virus-specific and H-2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 64: 443

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Gakinya MN, Ndinya-Achola JO, D’Costa LJ, Karasira P, Cheang M, Ronald AR, Piot P, Plummer FA (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus infection among men with sexually transmitted diseases. N Engl J Med 319: 274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sperling RS, Shapiro DE, Coombs R, Todd J, McSherry G, Connor EM, Balsley J, Group APOS (1996) Maternal plasma HIV-RNA and the success of zidovudine (ZDV) in the prevention of mother-child-transmission. Abstracts of the 3rd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. (Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health) abstr. no. LB1

    Google Scholar 

  95. Spira AI, Ho DD (1995) Effect of different donor cells on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and selection in vitro. J Virol 69: 422

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Spira AI, Marx PA, Patterson BK, Mahoney J, Koup RA, Wolinsky SM, Ho DD (1996) Cellular targets of infection and route of viral dissemination following an intravaginal inoculation of SIV into rhesus macaques. J Exp Med 183: 215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Steel CM, Ludlam CA, Beatson D, Peutherer JF, Cuthbert RJ, Simmonds P, Morrison H, Jones M (1988) HLA haplotype AI B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease. Lancet I: 1185

    Google Scholar 

  98. Stefano KA, Collman R, Kolson D, Hoxie J, Nathanson N, Gonzalez-Scarano F (1993) Replication of a macrophage-tropic strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a hybrid cell line, CEMxl74, suggests that cellular accessory molecules are required for HIV-1 entry. J Virol 67: 6707

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Stott J, Kitchin P, Page M, Flanagan B, Taffs L, Chan W, Mills K, Silvera P, Rodgers A (1991) Anti-cell antibody in macaques. Nature 353: 393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Study, European Collaborative (1991) Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 339: 1007

    Google Scholar 

  101. Taylor R (1994) Quiet clues to HIV-1 immunity: do some people resist infection? J NIH Res 6: 29

    Google Scholar 

  102. Vyakaram A, Matear PM, Martin SJ, Wagstaff M (1995) Thl cells specific for HIV-1 gag p24 are less efficient than Th0 cells in supporting HIV replication, and inhibit virus replication in Th0 cells. Immunology 86: 85

    Google Scholar 

  103. Wainberg MA, Blain N, Fitz-Gibbon L (1987) Differential susceptibility of human lymphocyte cultures to infection by HIV. Clin Exp Immunol 1987: 136

    Google Scholar 

  104. Walker CM, Moody DJ, Stites DP, Levy JA (1986) CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 234: 1563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Ward JW, Bush TJ, Perkins HA, Lieb LE, Allen JR, Goldfinger D, Samson SM, Pepkowitz SH, Fernando LP, Holland PV (1989) The natural history of transfusion-associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Factors influencing the rate of progression to disease. N Engl J Med 321: 947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Williams LM, Cloyd MW (1991) Polymorphic human gene(s) determines differential susceptibility of CD4 lymphocytes to infection by certain HIV-1 isolates. Virology 184: 723

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wolinsky SM, Wike CM, Korber BT, Hutto C, Parks WP, Rosenblum LL, Kunstman KJ, Furtado MR, Munoz JL (1992) Selective transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants from mothers to infants. Science 255: 1134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Yap KL, Ada GL (1978) The recovery of mice from influenza A infection: adoptive transfer of immunity with influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognizing a common virion antigen. Scand J Immunol 8: 413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Zhang LQ, MacKenzie P, Cleland A, Holmes EC, Leigh Brown AJ, Simmonds P (1993) Selection for specific sequences in the external envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 upon primary infection. J Virol 67: 3345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Zhu T, Mo H, Wang N, Nam DS, Cao Y, Koup RA, Ho DD (1993) Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1 in patients with primary infection. Science 261: 1179

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Zhu T, Wang N, Carr A, Nam DS, Moor-Jankowski R, Cooper DA, Ho DD (1996) Genetic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and genital secretions: evidence for viral compartmentalization and selection during sexual transmission. J Virol 70: 3098

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center and the Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA

    William A. Paxton & Richard A. Koup

Authors
  1. William A. Paxton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard A. Koup
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Immunoregulation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1876 Building 10, Room 11B13, 20892-1876, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Anthony S. Fauci

  2. Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vadois (CHUV), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Giuseppe Pantaleo

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Paxton, W.A., Koup, R.A. (1997). Mechanisms of resistance to HIV infection. In: Fauci, A.S., Pantaleo, G. (eds) Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60867-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60867-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64593-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60867-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation