Abstract
Imaging of soft tissue is performed using B-scan ultrasound in which the ultrasound echo amplitude is measured and displayed. Information about blood flow is acquired by measurement of the Doppler shift of the transmitted ultrasound after it is scattered by moving blood. The essential quantities of interest in Doppler ultrasound are shown in Fig. 1. Blood of velocity v flows in a vessel. Ultrasound is transmitted with frequency F, and the angle between the ultrasound beam and the direction of motion of the blood flow is θ. Ultrasound is scattered in all directions from the moving blood. The ultrasound backscattered towards the transducer is received. This now has a frequency of F+δF. The frequency shift is the Doppler shift. The Doppler effet is a general effect which occurs when there is relative motion between a source of waves and an observer. The most common situation in which the Doppler effect is present is in the change in tone which is heard as an ambulance or police car passes by.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adamson SL, Morrow RJ, Langille BL et al. (1989) Site dependent effect of increases in placental vascular resist-ance on the umbilical arterial velocity waveform in fetal sheep. Ultrasound Med Biol 16: 19–27.
Bluth EI, Stavros AT, Marich KW et al. (1988) Carotid duplex sonography: a multicenter recommendation for standardised imaging and Doppler criteria. Radiographics 8: 487–506.
Bonnefous O, Pesque P (1986) Time domain formulation of pulse-Doppler ultrasound and blood velocity estimation by cross correlation. Ultrasonic Imaging 8: 73–85.
Censor D, Newhouse VL, Vantz T, Ortega HV (1988) Theory of ultrasound Doppler-spectra velocimetry for arbitrary beam and flow configuration. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 35: 740–751.
Cobbold RSC, Veltink PH, Johnston KW (1983) Influence of beam profile and degree of insonation on the CW Doppler ultrasound spectrum and mean velocity. IEEE Trans Son Ultrason 30: 364–370.
David JY, Jones S, Giddens D (1991) Modern spectral analysis techniques for blood velocity and spectral measurements with pulsed Doppler ultrasound. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 38: 589–596.
Evans DH (1982) Some aspects of the relationship be-tween instantaneous volumetric blood flow and continuous wave Doppler ultrasound recordings. I. The effect of ultrasonic beam width on the output of maximum frequency, mean frequency and RMS processors. Ultrasound Med Biol 8: 605–609.
Evans DH, McDicken WN, Skidmore R, Woodcock JP (1989) Doppler ultrasound: physics, instrumentation and clinical applications. Wiley, Chichester.
Fox MD, Gardiner WM (1988) Three-dimensional Doppler velocimetry of flow jets. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 35: 834–841.
Gosling RC, King DH (1974) Continuos wave ultra-sound as an alternative and complement to X-rays. In: Reneman RS (ed) Cardiovascular applications of ultra-sound. North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 266–282.
Guo Z, Durand LG, Lee HC (1994) Comparison of time- frequency distribution techniques for analysis of simulated Doppler ultrasound signals of the femoral artery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 41: 332–342.
Hoskins PR (1990) Measurement of arterial blood flow by Doppler ultrasound. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 11: 1–26.
Hoskins PR (1996) Measurement of maximum velocity using duplex ultrasound systems. Br J Radiol 69: 172–177.
Hoskins PR, Loupas T, McDicken WN (1991) A comparison of three difficult filters for speckle reduction of Doppler spectra. Ultrasound Med Biol 16: 375–389.
Kasai C, Namekawa K, Koyano A, Omoto R (1985) Realtime two-dimensional blood flow imaging using an autocorrelation technique. IEEE Trans Son Ultrason 32: 458–464.
Kenton AR, Martin PJ, Evans DH (1996) Power Doppler: an advance over colour Doppler for transcranial imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 22: 313–317.
McDicken WN, Sutherland GR, Moran CM, Gordon LN (1992) Colour Doppler imaging of the myocardium. Ultrasound Med Biol 18: 651–654.
McPherson DS, Evans DH, Bell PRF (1984) Common femoral artery Doppler waveforms: a comparison of three methods of objective analysis with direct pressure measurements. Br J Surg 71: 46–49.
Newhouse VL, Furgason ES, Johnson GF, Wolf DA (1980) The dependence of ultrasound Doppler band-width on beam geometry. IEEE Trans Son Ultrason 27: 50–59.
Overbeck JR, Beach KW, Strandness DE (1992) Vector Doppler: accurate measurements of blood velocity in two dimensions. Ultrasound Med Biol 18: 19–31.
Pourcelot L (1974) Applications cliniques de l’examen Doppler transcutane. In: Peronneau (ed) Velocimetrie ultrasonore Doppler. Seminaire INSERM, Paris, pp 213–240.
Robinson ML, Sacks D, Perlmutter GS, Marinelli DL (1988) Diagnostic criteria for carotid duplex sono-graphy. Am J Roentgenol 151: 1045–1049.
Rubin JM, Bude RO, Carson PL et al. (1994) Power Doppler US: a potentially useful alternative to mean-frequency based color Doppler US. Radiology 190: 853–856.
Schlindwein FS, Evans DH (1989) A real time autoregressive spectrum analyser for Doppler signals. Ultra-sound Med Biol 15: 263–272.
Skidmore R, Woodcock JP (1980) Physiological inter-pretation of Doppler shift waveforms. I. Theoretical considerations. Ultrasound Med Biol 6: 7–10.
Thomson RS, Stevens RJ (1989) Mathematical model for interpretation of Doppler velocity waveform indices. Med Biol Eng Comput 27: 269–276.
Thrush AJ, Evans DH (1995) Intrinsic spectral broadening: a potential cause of misdiagnosis of carotid artery disease. J. Vase Invest 1: 187–192.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hoskins, P.R., McDicken, W.N. (1997). Physics and Instrumentation of Doppler Ultrasound. In: Lanzer, P., Lipton, M. (eds) Diagnostics of Vascular Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60512-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60512-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64437-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60512-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive