Abstract
There is an almost universal consensus that the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased considerably in western industrialised countries since the second world war. Reasons for this are poorly understood, although several environmental risk factors have been identified that may enhance the risk for sensitisation and the appearance of allergic manifestations. Even if all factors that are known to affect the incidence of allergic manifestations are combined, however, this would only partly explain the increase.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bräbäck L, Breborowicz A, Dreborg S, Knutsson A, Pieklik H, Björkstén B. Atopic sensitization and respiratory symptoms among Polish and Swedish schoolchildren. Clin Exper Allergy 1994; 24: 826–835
Bräbäck L, Breborowicz A, Julge K, et al. Risk factors for respiratory symptoms and atopic sen¬sitization among schoolchildren in the Baltic are. Arch Dis Child 1995; 72: 487–493
Mutius von E, Fritzsch C, Weiland S, Roll G, Magnussen H. Prevalence of asthma and allergic disorders among children in united Germany: a descriptive comparison. BMJ 1992; 305: 1395–1399
Wichman H. Environment, life-style and allergy: the German answer. Allergo J 1995; 4: 315–316
Björkstén B. Risk factors in early childhood for the development of atopic diseases. Allergy 1994; 49: 400–407 9
Holt P, O’Keeffe P, Holt B, et al. T-cell “priming” against environmental allergens in humanneonates; sequential deletion of food antigen reactivity during infancy with concomitant expansion of responses to ubiquitous inhalant allergens. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1995; 6: 85–90
Holt P. Environmental factors and primary T-cell sensitisation to inhalant allergens in infancy- reappraisal of the role of infections and air pollution. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1995- 6-1-10
European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Variations in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, self-reported asthma attacks, and use of asthma medication in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Allergy 1996
Pearce N, Weiland S, Keil U, et al. Self-reported prevalence of asthma symptoms in children in Australia, England, Germany and New Zealand: an international comparison using the ISAAC protocol. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 1455–1461
Halken S, Host A, Nilsson L, Taudorf E. Passive smoking as a risk fetor for development of obstructive respiratory disease and allergic sensitization. Allergy 1995; 50-97-105
Zetterström O, Nordvall SL, Björkstén B, Ahlstedt S, Stelander M. Increased IgE antibody responses in rats exposed to tobacco smoke. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 85: 594–598
Abramson M. Air pollution health effects and air quality objectives. Med J Australia 1991; 154: 716–717
Munir A, Björkstén B. Indoor air pollution and allergic sensitisation. In: Knöppel H, Wolkhoff P, ed. Chemical Microbiological Health and Comfort. Brussels: ECSC, EEC, 1992: 181–199
Aberg N. Asthma and allergic rhinitis in Swedish cinscripts. Clin Exp Allergy 1989: 19:59–63
Andrae S, Axelson O, Björkstén B, Fredriksson N, Kjellman N-IM. Symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma in relation to environmental factors. Arch Dis Child 1988- 63(5) 473–478
Gustafsson PA, Björkstén B, Kjellman N-IM. Family dysfunction in asthma - A prospective study of illness development. J Pediatrics 1994; 125: 493–498
Frick OL, German DF, Mills J. Development of allergy in children. 1. Association with virus infections. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1979; 63: 228–241
Sigurs N, Bjarnason R, Sigurbergsson F, Kjellman B, Björkstén B. Asthma and IgE antibodies after Respiratory Syncytial Virus bronchiolitis: a prospective cohort study with matched controls Pediatrics, 95: 500–505. 1995
Frick OL, Brooks DL. Immunoglobulin E antibodies to pollens augmented in dogs by virus vaccines. Am J Vet Res 1983; 44: 440–445
Pauwels R, van der Straeten M, Platten B, Bazin H. The non-specific enhancement of allergy. In vitro effects of Bordetella pertussis vaccine on IgE synthesis. Allergy 1983; 38: 239–246
Sen D, Arora S, Gupta S, Sanyal R. Studies of adrenergic mechanisms in relation to histamine sensitivity in children immunized with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 54: 25–31
Blennow M, Granström M, Björkstén B. Immunoglobulin E response to pertussis toxin after vaccination with acellular pertussis vaccine. In: Manclark CR, ed. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Pertussis. Bethesda, Maryland: Department of Health and Human Services, United States Public Health Service, 1990: 184–188
Hedenskog S, Björkstén B, Blennow M, Granström G, Granström M. Immunoglobuline response to pertussis toxin in whooping cough and after immunization with a whole-cell and an acellular pertussis vaccine. Int Arch Allergy Appi Immunol 1989; 89: 156–161
Björkstén B, Turner K. Regulation of IgE antibody formation in the airways. In: Mygind N, Pipkorn U, Dahl R, ed. Rhinitis and asthma. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1990: 100–122
Munir AKM, Björkstén B, Einarsson R, et al. Mite allergens in relation to home conditions of asthmatic children from three climatic regions. Allergy 1995; 50: 55–64
Wickman M Nordvall SL, Pershagen G, Sundell J, Schwartz B. House dust mite sensitization in children and residential characteristics in a temperate region. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88: 89–95
Wickman M, Nordvall SL, Pershagen G. Risk factors in early childhood for sensitization to airborne allergens. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1992; 3: 128–133
Warner J, Miles E, Jones A, Quint D, Colwell B, Warner J. Is defiencency of interferon gamma production by allergen triggered cord blood cells a predictor of atopic eczema? Clin Exp Allergv 1994; 24: 423–430
Vassella C, Odelram H, Kjellman N-I, Borres M, Vanto T, Björkstén B. High anti-IgE levels at birth are associated with a reduced allergy incidence in early childhood. Clin Exper Allergy 1994;
Riikjärv M, Julge K, Vasar M, Brabäck L, Knutsson A, Björkstén B. The prevalence of atopic sensitisation and respiratory symptoms amon Estonian school children. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 1198—1204
von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Reitmeir P, Thiemann HH. Skin test reactivity and number of siblings. BMJ 1994; 308: 692–695
Strachan D. Hay fever, hygiene and household size. Br Med J 1989; 289: 1259–1260
Strachan D. Is allergic disease programmed in early life? Editorial. Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24: 603–605
Strachan D. Is allergic disease programmed in early life? Editorial. Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24: 603–605
Zetterström O, Osterman K, Machado L, Johansson SGO. Another smoking hazard: raised serum IgE concentration and increased risk of occupational allergy. Brit Med J 1981; 283: 1215–1217
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Björkstén, B. (1997). Environmental Risk Factors for Atopy. In: Ring, J., Behrendt, H., Vieluf, D. (eds) New Trends in Allergy IV. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60419-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60419-5_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64398-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60419-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive