Abstract
Liberalization of network industries, i. e. telecommunications, electricity, railways and air transportation, is making rapid progress in western Europe in the 1990s due mainly to initiatives of the European Commission and the European Court of Justice — in the case of the latter these initiatives have been mainly in the field of transportation policy. In the very different context of systemic transformation, network industries are also being liberalized in eastern Europe and Russia where increasing demand for modern infrastructure puts strains on government budgets. In a European East-West comparison Eastern Europe and Russia suffer from lack of modern infrastructure capable of accomodating the high transportation and telecommunications needs of capitalist growth. At the same time energy intensities in former socialist CMEA countries are much higher than in OECD countries (see appendix).
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Welfens, P.J.J., Ruys, P.H.M. (1999). Competition, Privatization and Foreign Direct Investment in Network Industries. In: Welfens, P.J.J., Yarrow, G., Grinberg, R., Graack, C. (eds) Towards Competition in Network Industries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60189-7_2
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