Abstract
In this chapter we present an approach to high spatial and temporal resolution three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence imaging of living cells. This approach integrates sensitive CCD cameras, wide field epifluorescence microscopes and a computational method, image restoration, to obtain 3-D images with a lateral resolution of 100 nanometers, which is better than the resolution that can be achieved by either confocal fluorescence microscopy or conventional epifluorescence microscopy without image restoration. The optical and detector efficiency of the system allows us to obtain a time series of many 3-D images from the same cell with minimal photobleaching. When combined with the high speed camera and rapid focus drive described in figure 1, a 3-D image of a cell can be acquired in only 24 milliseconds.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agard DA, Sedat JW. “Three-dimensional architecture of a polytene nucleus.” Nature 1983; 302:676–681
Agard DA. “Optical sectioning microscopy: cellular architecture in three dimensions.” Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 1984; 13:191–219.
Agard DA, Hiraoka Y, Sedat, JW, Shaw P. “Fluorescence microscopy in three-dimensions.” Methods Cell Biol. 1989; 30:353–377.
Carrington WA, Fogarty, KE. “3-D Molecular distribution in living cells by deconvolution of optical sections using light microscopy.” In: Proc. of the 13th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, K. Foster, ed., IEEE, 1987; 108–111.
Carrington WA, Fogarty KE, Fay, FS “Three-Dimensional Imaging on confocal and Wide-Field Microscopes.” In: The Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, J. Pawley, Ed. (Plenum, New York), 1990: 151–161.
Carrington WA. “Image restoration in 3D microscopy with limited data.” S.P.I.E. Proceedings, 1990; 1205:72–83.
Carrington WA, Fogarty KE, Fay, FS. “3D Fluorescence Imaging of Single Cells Using Image Restoration.” In: Non-Invasive Techniques in Cell Biology, K. Foster and S. Grinstein, Eds. (Wiley-Liss, New York), 1990; 53–72.
Carrington WA, Lynch RM, Moore ED, Isenberg G, Fogarty KE, Fay FS. “Superresolution Three-Dimensional Images of Fluorescence in Cells with Minimal Light Exposure.” Science 1995; 268:1483–1487.
Conchello JA. “Superresolution and point spread function sensitivity analysis of the expectation-maximization algorithm for computational optical sectioning microscopy.” S.P.I.E. Proceedings, 1994; 2302: 369–378.
Hiraoka Y, Sedat JW, Agard DA. “The use of a charge-coupled device for quantitative optical microscopy of biological structures.” Science 1987; 238:36–41.
Krishnamurti V, Liu YH, Holmes TJ, et al. “Blind deconvolution of 2D and 3D fluorescent micrographs.” S.P.I.E. Proc. 1992: 1660:95-.
Fay FS, Carrington WA, Fogarty KE. “Three dimensional molecular distribution in single cells analyzed using the digital imaging microscope”. J. Microscopy 1989; 153:133–149.
Fay FS, Fogarty KE, Coggins JM. “Analysis of molecular distribution in single cells using a digital imaging microscope”. In: Optical Methods in Cell Physiology”, P. DeWeer and B. Salzberg, eds., John Wiley & Sons, 1986; 51–62.
Carter KC, Bowman, DS, Carrington, WA, Fogarty, KE, McNeil, JA, Fay, FS, and Lawrence, JB. “A Three-Dimensional View of Precursor Messenger RNA Metabolism Within the Mammalian Nucleus.” Science 1993; 259:1330–1335.
Elliott DJ, Bowman DS, Abovich N, Fay FS, Rosbash M. “A Yeast Splicing Factor is Localized in Discrete Subnuclear Domains.” EMBO J. 1992; 11:3731–3736.
Isenberg G, Etter EF, Wendt-Gallitelli MF, Schiefer A, Carrington WA, Tuft RA and Fay FS. “Intrasarcomere [Ca2+] Gradients in Ventricular Myocytes Revealed by High Speed Digital Imaging Microscopy”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1996; 93:5413–5418.
Joly M, Kazlauskas A, Fay FS and Corvera S. “Disruption of PDGF Receptor Trafficking by Mutation of its PI-3 Kinase Binding Sites.” Science 1994; 263:684–687.
Loew LM, Tuft RA, Carrington WA, Fay FS. “Imaging in Five Dimensions: Time Dependent Membrane Potentials in Individual Mitochondria.” Biophys. J. 1993; 65:2396–2407.
Loew LM, Carrington WA, Tuft RA, Fay FS. “Physiological Cytosolic Ca2+ Transients Evoke Concurrent Mitochondrial Depolarizations.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994; 91:12579–12583.
Loew LM, Carrington WA, Tuft RA, Fay FS. “Imaging in 5 dimensions: Quantitative measurement of membrane potential from single mitochondria in living cells.” Proc. Mic. Soc. Am. 1993; 51:164–165.
Lynch RM, Carrington WA, Fogarty KE, Fay, FS. “Metabolic Modulation of Hexokinase Association with Mitochondria in Living Smooth Muscle Cells.” Am. J. Physiol. 1996; 270 (Cell Physiol. 39):C488–C499.
Moore EDW, Etter EF, Phillipson KD, Carrington WA, Fogarty KE, Lifshitz LM and Fay FS. “Coupling of the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger, Na+/K+ Pump and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Smooth Muscle.” Nature 1993; 365:657–660.
Telia LL. The determination of a microscope’s three-dimensional transfer function for use in image restoration, Master’s Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 1985.
Gibson, S., Lanni, F., Experimental test of an analytic model of aberration in an oil-immersion objective lens used in 3D light microscopy, J. Opt. Soc. A., Vol. 8,1991:1601–1613.
Hell S, Reiner G, Cremer C, Stelzer EHK. “Aberrations in confocal fluorescence microscopy induced by mismatches in refractive index.” J. Microsc. 1991; 169:391–405.
Gasbjerg PK, Horowitz A, Tuft RA, Carrington WA, Fay FS and Fogarty KE. “Analysis of the true 3-dimensional point spread function and its effects on quantitative fluorescence microscopy.” Biophys. J. 1994; 66:A274 (abstr.).
Tikhonov AN, Arsenin VY. Solutions of Ill-posed Problems”. Winston and Sons, Washington, D.C., 1977.
Carrington WA. Moment problems and ill-posed operator equations with convex constraints. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington U., St. Louis, 1982.
Castleman KR. Digital Imaging Processing, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1979.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carrington, W.A., Fogarty, K.E., Lifshitz, L.M., Tuft, R.A. (1999). High Resolution 3-D Imaging of Living Cells by Image Restoration. In: Rizzuto, R., Fasolato, C. (eds) Imaging Living Cells. Springer Lab Manual. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60003-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60003-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-65051-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60003-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive