Abstract
Mucous membranes form interfaces between internal microenvironments that are subject to homeostatic regulation and external environments that vary widely and are frequently contaminated with microbes and other potentially injurious agents. To offset their inherent vulnerability, mucosal surfaces have therefore been endowed with specialized defense mechanisms, many of which have an immune component.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adachi S, Yoshida H, Kataoka H, Nishikawa S-I (1997) Three distinctive steps in Peyer’s patch formation of murine embryo. Int Immunol 9:507–514
Alimzhanov MB, Kuprash DV, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Luz A, Turetskaya RL, Tarakhovsky A, Rajewsky K, Nedospasov SA, Pfeffer K (1997) Abnormal development of secondary lymphoid tissues in lymphotoxin β-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:9302–9307
Banks TA, Rouse BT, Kerley MK, Blair PJ, Godfrey VL, Kuklin NA, Bouley DM, Thomas J, Kanangat S, Mucenski ML (1995) Lymphotoxin-α-deficient mice. Effects on secondary lymphoid organ development and humoral immune responsiveness. J Immunol 155:1685–1693
De Togni P, Goellner J, Ruddle NH, Streeter PR, Fick A, Mariathasan S, Smith SC, Carlson R, Shornick LP, Strauss-Schoenberger J, Russell JH, Karr R, Chaplin DD (1994) Abnormal development of peripheral lymphoid organs in mice deficient in lymphotoxin. Science 264:703–707
Erickson SL, de Sauvage FJ, Kikly K, Carver-Moore K, Pitts-Meek S, Gillett N, Sheehan KC, Schreiber RD, Goeddel DV, Moore MW (1994) Decreased sensitivity to tumour-necrosis factor but normal T- cell development in TNF receptor-2-deficient mice. Nature 372:560–563
Griebel PJ, Ferrari G (1994) Evidence for a stromal cell-dependent, self-renewing B cell population lnlymphoid follicles of the ileal Peyer’s patch of sheep. Eur J Immunol 24:401–409
Griebel PJ, Hein WR (1996) Expanding the role of Peyer’s patches in B-cell ontogeny. Immunol Today 17:30–39
Kanamori Y, Ishimaru K, Nanno M, Maki K, Ikuta K, Nariuchi H, Ishikawa H (1996) Identification of novel lymphoid tissues in murine intestinal mucosa where clusters of c-kit+ IL-7R+ Thyl + lympho- hemopoietic progenitors develop. J Exp Med 184:1449–1459
Kelsall BL, Strober W (1996) Distinct populations of dendritic cells are present in the subepithelial dome and T cell regions of the murine Peyer’s patch. J Exp Med 183:237–247
Kerneis S, Bogdanova A, Kraehenbuhl J-P, Pringault E (1997) Conversion by Peyer’s patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria. Science 277:949–952
Kitamura Y (1989) Heterogeneity of mast cells and phenotypic change between subpopulations. Ann Rev Immunol 7:59–76
Landsverk T, Halleraker M, Aleksandersen M, McClure S, Hein W, Nicander L (1991) The intestinal habitat for organized lymphoid tissue in ruminants: comparative aspects of structure, function and development. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 28:1–16
Lowden S, Heath T (1992) Lymph pathways associated with Peyer’s patches in sheep. J Anat 181:209- 217
Lowden S, Heath T (1994) Ileal Peyer’s patches in pigs: intercellular and lymphatic pathways. Anat Rec 239:297–305
Lowden S, Heath T (1995) Lymphoid tissues of the ileum in young horses: distribution, structure and epithelium. Anat Embryol 192:171–179
Lowden S, Heath T (1996) Lymph pathways associated with three types of follicle structure found in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of horse ileum. Anat Embryol 193:175–179
Miyawaki S, Nakamura Y, Suzuka H, Koba M, Yasumizu R, Ikehara S, Shibata Y (1994) A new mutation, aly, that induces a generalized lack of lymph nodes accompanied by immunodeficiency in mice. Eur J Immunol 24:429–434
Nanno M, Matsumoto S, Koike R, Miyasaka M, Kawaguchi M, Masuda T, Miyawaki S, Cai Z, Shimamura T, Fujiura Y, Ishikawa H (1994) Development of intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocytes is independent of Peyer’s patches and lymph nodes in aly mutant mice. J Immunol 153:2014–2020
Neumann B, Luz A, Pfeffer K, Holzmann B (1996) Defective Peyer’s patch organogenesis in mice lacking the 55-kD receptor for tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 184:259–264
Pabst R, Gehrke I (1990) Is the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) an integral structure of the lung in normal mammals, including humans? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 3:131–135
Pasparakis M, Alexopoulou L, Episkopou V, Kollias G (1996) Immune and inflammatory responses in TNFα-deficient mice: a critical requirement for TNFα in the formation of primary B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers, and in the maturation of the humoral immune response. J Exp Med 184:1397–1411
Pasparakis M, Alexopoulou L, Grell M, Pfizenmaier K, Bluethmann H, Kollias G (1997) Peyer’s patch organogenesis is intact yet formation of B lymphocyte follicles is defective in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice deficient for tumor necrosis factor and its 55-kDa receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 6319–6323 (see also Correction; 94:9510)
Reynaud C-A, Mackay CR, Müller RG, Weill J-C (1991) Somatic generation of diversity in a mammalian primary lymphoid organ: the sheep ileal Peyer’s patches.Cell 64:995–1005
Reynaud C-A, Garcia C, Hein WR, Weill J-C (1995) Hypermutation generating the sheep immunoglobulin repertoire is an antigen-independent process. Cell 80:115–125
Reynaud C-A, Dufour V, Weill J-C (1997) Generation of diversity in mammalian gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Restricted V gene usage does not preclude complex V gene organization.J Immunol 159:3093–3095
Shanahan F (1997) A gut reaction: lymphoepithelial communication in the intestine. Science 275: 1897- 1898
Spencer J, Macdonald TT, Finn T, Isaacson PG (1986) The development of gut associated lymphoid tissue in the terminal ileum of fetal human intestine. Clin Exp Immunol 64:536–543
Wang J, Whetsell M, Klein JR (1997) Local hormone networks and intestinal T cell homeostasis. Science 275:1937–1939
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hein, W.R. (1999). Organization of Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue. In: Kraehenbuhl, JP., Neutra, M.R. (eds) Defense of Mucosal Surfaces: Pathogenesis, Immunity and Vaccines. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 236. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59951-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59951-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64194-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59951-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive