Zusammenfassung
Epidemiologische Studien haben in den vergangenen Jahren sowohl in Deutschland als auch international gezeigt, daß zwischen 15 und 25% der Bevölkerung unter akut behandlungsbedürftigen psychischen Erkrankungen leiden (Bebbington et al. 1981; Henderson et al. 1979; Dilling et al. 1984; Hafner 1978; Schepank 1987; Robins u. Regier 1991). Da in den Industriestaaten etwa zwei Drittel aller Menschen regelmäßig wegen unterschiedlicher Erkrankungen, Beschwerden oder auch Vörsorgemaß-nahmen allgemeinärztliche Hilfe in Anspruch nehmen (RCGP u. OPCS 1979), müssen allein aus diesem Grund viele Patienten von Allgemeinarztpraxen unter psychischen Erkrankungen leiden. Berücksichtigt man des weiteren, daß Personen mit chronischen Erkrankungen und besonders solche mit psychischen Störungen etwa doppelt so häufig Ärzte aufsuchen als andere Patienten (Finlay-Jones u. Burvill 1978; Williams et al. 1986; Goldberg u. Huxley 1980), dann ist allein aus dieser Überlegung heraus nicht erstaunlich, wenn einschlägige Erhebungen zeigen, daß etwa jeder vierte Patient von Allgemeinarztpraxen unter einer psychischen Störung leidet.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
AHCPR (Agency for Health Care Policy and Research) (1993) Depression in primary care, vol 2: Treatment of major depression. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Rockville/ MD (Pub No: 93–0551)
Allan F (1944) The differential diagnosis of weakness and fatigue. N Engl J Med 231:414–418
Arreghini E, Agoostini C, Wilkinson G (1991) General practitioner referral to specialist psychiatric services: a comparison of practices in North- and South-Verona. Psychol Med 212:485–494
Badger LW, DeGruy FV, Hartman J et al. (1994) Patient presentation, interview content, and the detection of depression by primary care physicians. Psychosom Med 56:128–135
Bannister B (1988) Post-infectious disease syndrome. Postgrad Med J 64:559–567
Barsky AJ (1979) Patients who amplify bodily sensation. Ann Intern Med 91:63–70
Bass C, Benjamin S (1993) The management of chronic somatization. Br J Psychiatry 162:472–480
Bass C, Wade C (1984) Chest pain with normal coronary arteries: a comparative study of psychiatric and social morbidity. Psychol Med 14:51–61
Beard G (1869) Neurasthenia or nervous exhaustion. Boston Med Surg J 3:217–220
Beard G (1880) A practical treatise on nervous exhaustion (neurasthenia). William Wood, New York
Bebbington PE, Hurry J, Tennant C et al. (1981) Epidemiology of mental disorders in Camberwell. Psychol Med 11:561–579
Behan P, Behan W, Bell E (1985) The postviral fatigue syndrome: an analysis of the findings in 50 cases. J Infect 10:211–222
Bellantuono C, Fiorio R, Williams P, Arreghini E, Carson G (1988) Urban-rural differences in psychotropic drug prescribing in northern Italy. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sei 237:347–50
Benjamin S, Eminson DM (1992) Abnormal illness behaviour: childhood experiences and long-term consequences. Int Rev Psychiatry 4:55–70
Blackburn IM (1984) Setting relevant patient differences: a problem in phase IV research. Pharmacopsychiatry 17:143–147
Blacker CVR, Thomas JM (1988) Treatment of psychiatric disorder in primary care. (Discussion paper presented at the NIMH conference on psychiatry and primary care, Pittsburgh)
Blanchard MR, Waterreus A, Mann AH (1995) The effect of primary care nurse intervention upon older people screened as depressed. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 10:289–298
Bohman M, Cloninger CR, von Knorring AL et al. (1984) An adoption study of somatoform disorders: III. Cross-fostering analysis and genetic relationship to alcoholism and criminality. Arch Gen Psychiat 14:872–878
Bridges DN, Goldberg DP (1985) Somatic presentation of DSM-III psychiatric disorders. J Psychosom Res 29:563–569
Broadhead WE, Blazer DG, George LK, Tse CK (1990) Depression disability days, and days lost from work in a prospective epidemiologic survey. JAMA 264:2524–2528
Brodaty H, Howarth GC, Mant A, Kurrle SE (1994) General practice and dementia. A national survey of Australian GPs. Med J Austr 160:10–14
Brown JH, Parasekvas F (1982) Cancer and depression. Cancer presenting with depressive illness: an autonomic disease? Br J Psychiatry 141:227–232
Burvill PW (1990) The epidemiology of psychological disorders in general medical settings. In: Sartorius N, Goldberg D, De Girolamo G, Costa e Silva J, Lecrubier Y, Wittchen U (eds): Psychological disorders in general medical settings. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto, pp 9–20
Butler G, Fennell M, Robson P, Gelder M (1991) Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol 59:167–175
Callahan CM, Hendrie HC, Dittus RS, Brater DC, Hui SL, Tierney WM (1994) Improving treatment of late life depression in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 42:839–846
Carey T, Owens J, Mulligan P, Moran D (1994) An analysis of general practice referral behaviour to psychiatric out-patient clinics. Ir J Psychol Med 11:177–179
Casey PR, Dillon S, Tyrer PJ (1984) The diagnostic status of patients with conspicuous psychiatric morbidity in primary care. Psychol Med 14:673–683
Cheok AS, Cohen CA, Zucchero CA (1997) Diagnosing and managing dementia patients. Practice patterns of family physicians. Can Fam Physician 43:477–482
Chithhiramohan RN, Ballard CG, Baxter MA et al. (1993) Factors influencing general practitioner referral to a child psychiatric service. Ir J Psychol Med 10:144–147
Cloninger CR, Sigvardsson S, Knorring AL von et al. (1984) An adoption study of somatoform disorders. II. Identification of two discrete somatoform disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:863–871
Colenda CC, Rapp SR, Leist JC, Poses RM (1996) Clinical variables influencing treatment decisions for agitated dementia patients: survey of physician judgements. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:1375–1379
Cooper B, Bickel H, Schaufele M (1992) The ability of general practitioners to detect dementia and cognitive impairment in their elderly patients: a study in Mannheim. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 7:591–598
Commissaris CJ, Jolies J, Verhey FR, Kok GJ (1995) Problems of care-giving spouses of patients with dementia. Patient Educ Couns 25:143–149
Coyne JC, Schwenk TL, Fechner Bates S (1995). Nondetection of depression by primary care physicians reconsidered. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 17:3–12
Cremniter D, Guelfi JD, Fourestie V, Fermanian J (1995) Analysis of the terms used by general practitioners to characterize patients considered by them as depressed: a prospective study on 682 patients. J Affect Disord 34:311–318
David AS, Wessely SC (1995) The legend of Cammelford. J Psychosom Res 39:1–10
David AS, Wessely SC, Pelosi AJ (1988) Postviral fatigue syndrome: time for a new approach. Br Med J Clin Res 296:696–699
During H, Weyerer S, Enders I (1978) Patienten mit psychischen Störungen in der Allgemeinarztpraxis und ihre psychische Über-weisungsbedürftigkeit. In: Häfuer H (Hrsg) Psychiatrische Epidemiologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 135–160
Dilling H, Weyerer S, Castel R (1984) Psychische Erkrankungen in der Bevölkerung. Enke, Stuttgart
Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH, Schulte-Markwort E (1994) Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen. ICD-10 Kapitel V (F): Forschungskriterien. Huber, Bern
Dittmann RW, Linden M, Osterheider M, Schaaf B, Ohnmacht U, Weber HJ (1997) Antidepressant drug use: differences between psychiatrists and general practitioners. Pharmacopsychiatry 30:28–34
Dowden C, Johnson W (1929) Exhaustion states. J Am Med Assoc 93:1702–1706
Durham RC, Murphy T, Allan T, Richard K, Treliving LR, Fenton GW (1994) Cognitive therapy, analytic psychotherapy and anxiety management training for generalized anxiety disorder. Br J Psychiatry 165:315–323
Eefsting JA, Boersma F, van den Brink W, van Tilburg W (1996) Differences in prevalence of dementia based on community survey and general practitioner recognition. Psychol Med 26:1223–1230
El-Rufaie OE, Absood GH (1993) Minor psychiatric morbidity in primary health care: prevalence, nature and severity. Int J Soc Psychiatry 39:159–166
Finlay-Jones RA, Burvill P (1978) Contrasting demographic patterns of minor psychiatric morbidity in general practice and the community. Psychol Med 8:455–466
Fletcher J, Fahey T, McWilliam J (1995) Relationship between the provision of counseling and the prescribing of antidepressants, hypnotics and anxiolytics in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 45:467–469
Freud S (1895) On the grounds for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description „anxiety neurosis“, standard ed, vol 3 (ed by J Strachey). Hogarth, London
Friebel HH (1989) Psychopharmakaverbrauch im internationalen Vergleich. In: Heinrich H, Linden M, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (Hrsg) Werden zu viele Psychopharmaka verbraucht? Methoden und Ergebnisse der Pharmako-epidemiologie und Phase-IV-Forschung. Stuttgart, Thieme, S 7–41
Fritzsche V, Haasen C, Stark FM (1993) Betreuung depressiver Patienten durch Allgemeinärzte: Eine Fragebogen-Studie in Hamburg. Fortschr Med 111:35–38
Gardiner BM (1980) Psychological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis. Psychol Med 10:159–163
Gastpar M (1984) Studies in general practice: interpractice differences. Pharmacopsychiatry 17:148–151
Gautam S, Kapur Rl, Shamasundar C (1980) Psychiatric morbidity and referral in general practice: a survey of general practitioners in Bangalore. Indian J Psychiatry 22:295–297
Geiselmann B, Linden M (1989) Überweisung psychisch kranker Patienten vom Allgemeinarzt zum Nervenarzt. Münch Med Wochenschr 131:50–52
German GAG (1987) Mental health in Afrietwa I: The extent of mental health problems in Africa today: an update of epidemiological knowledge. Br J Psychiatry 151:435–439
Goldberg D (1979) Detection and assessment of emotional disorders in a primary care setting. Int J Ment Health 8:30–48
Goldberg D (1990) Reasons for misdiagnosis. In: Sartorius N, Goldberg D, De Girolamo G, Costa e Silva J, Lecrubier Y, Wittchen U (eds) Psychological disorders in general medical settings. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto, pp 139–145
Goldberg DP, Blackwell B (1970) Psychiatric illness in general practice: a detailed study using a new method of case identification. Br Med J 2:439–443
Goldberg DP, Huxley P (1980) Mental illness in the community. The pathway to psychiatric care. Tavistock, London
Goldberg DP, Lecrubier Y (1995) Form and frequency of mental disorders across centers. In: Üstün TB, Sartorius N (eds) Mental illness in general health care: an international study. Wiley, Chichester, pp 323–334
Goldberg DP, Williams P (1988) A user’s guide to the General Health Questionnaire. Manual. NFER-Nelson, London
Goldberg D, Steele J, Smith C (1980 a) Teaching psychiatric interview techniques to family doctors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62:41–47
Goldberg D, Steele J, Smith C (1980 b) Training family doctors to recognize psychiatric illness with increased accurqacy. Lancet 3:521–524
Greenberg PE, Stiglin LE, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER (1993) The economic burden of depression in 1990. J Clin Psychiatry 54:405–418
Häfner H (Hrsg) (1978) Psychiatrische Epidemiologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Hankin J, Oktay JS (1979) Mental disorder and primary medical care: an analytical review of the literature, Series D, no 5. National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, DC
Harding TW, De Arango MV, Baltazar J et al. (1980) Mental disorders in primary care: a study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries. Psychol Med 10:231–241
Hecht H, von Zerrsen D, Wittchen HU (1990) Anxiety and depression in a community sample: the influence of comorbidity on social functioning. J Affect Disord 18:137–144
Helmchen H (1991) Allgemein- und Nervennarzt: Im Wechselspiel von Kompetenz und Selbstkritik. Therapiewoche 41:115–122
Helmchen H, Baltes MM, Geiselmann B et al. (1996) Psychische Erkrankungen im Alter. In:, Mayer KU, Baltes PB (Hrsg) Die Berliner Altersstudie. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, S 185–219
Henderson S, Duncan-Jones P, Byrne DG, et al. (1979) Psychiatric disorders in Canberra: a standardized study of prevalence. Acta Psychiatr Scand 60:355–374
Henk HJ, Katzelnick DJ, Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW (1996) Medical costs attributed to depression among patients with a history of high medical expenses in a health maintenance organization. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:899–904
Hoeper EW, Nycz GR, Cleary PD, Regier DA, Goldberg ID (1979) Estimated prevalence of RDC mental disorder in primary medical care. Int J Ment Health 8:6–15
Hoeper EW, Nycz GR, Kessler L, Burke J, Pierce W (1984) The usefulness of screening for mental illness. Lancet 1:33–35
Hohmann AA (1989) Gender bias in psychotropic drug prescribing in primary care. Med Care 27:478–90
Holmes G, Kaplan J, Gantz N et al. (1988) Chronic fatigue syndrome: a working case definition. Ann Int Med 108:387–389
Jenkins D, MacDonald A (1994) Should general practitioners refer more of their elderly patients to psychiatric services? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 9:461–465
Jenkins R, Shepherd M (1983) Mental illness and general practice. In: Bean P (ed) Mental illness: changes and trends. Wiley, Chichester, pp 16–21
Jenkins R, Smeeton N, Shepherd M (1988) Classification of mental disorder in primary care. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 12:1–59
Johnstone A, Goldberg D (1976) Psychiatric screening in general practice: controlled trial. Lancet 20:605–609
Joukamaa M, Sohlman B, Lehtinen V (1995) The prescription of psychotropic drugs in primary health care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 92:359–364
Jorm AF, Körten AE, Henderson AS (1987) The prevalence of dementia: a quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76:465–479
Katon W (1982) Depression: somatic symptoms and medical disorders in primary care. Compr Psychiatry 23:274–287
Katon W, Russo J (1989) Somatic symptoms and depression. J Fam Pract 29:65–69
Katon W, Riggs R, Gold D, Corey L (1988) Chronic fatigue syndrome: a collaborative virologie, immunologic and psychiatric study. (Presented at the American Psychiatric Association, Montreal, Canada)
Katon W, Korff M von, Lin E, Bush T, Russo J, Lipscomb P, Wagner E (1992) A randomized trial of psychiatric consultation with distressed high utilizers. Gen Hosp Psychiatry14:83–85
Katon W, Korff M von, Lin E et al.(1995) Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines: Impact on depression in primary care. JAMA 273:1026–1031
Katon W, Robinson P, Korff M et al. (1996) A multifaceted intervention to improve treatment of depression in primary care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:924–932
Kleinman A (1982) Neurasthenia and depression: a study of somatization and culture in China. Cult Med Psychiatry 6:117–190
Kocsis JH, Friedman RA, Markowitz JC, Miller N, Gniweschl L, Bram J (1995) Stability of remission during tricyclic antidepressant continuation therapy for dysthymia. Psychopharm Bull 31:213–216
Korff M von, Shapiro S, Burke JD et al. (1987) Anxiety and depression in a primary care clinic: comparison of Diagnostic Interview Schedule, General Health Questionnaire and practitioner assessment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:152–156
Korff M von, Ormel J, Katon W, Lin E (1992) Disability and depression among high utilizers of health care. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:91–100
Kroenke K, Wood D, Mangelsdorff D, Meier N, Powell J (1988) Chronic fatigue in primary care: prevalence, patient characteristics and outcome. J Am Med Assoc 260:929–934
Kruesi M, Dale J, Straus S (1989) Psychiatric diagnosis in patient who have chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 50:53–56
Kuhl J (1992) A theory of self-regulation: action versus state orientation, self-discrimination, and some applications. Appl Psychol 41:97–129
Langwieler G, Linden M (1993) Therapist individuality in the diagnosis and treatment of depression. J Affect Disord 27:1–12
Lehmann E (1989) The dose effect relationship of 0,5, 1,0 and 1,5 mg fluspirilene and anxious patients. Neuropsychobiology 21:197–204
Leon AC, Olfson M, Broadhead et al. (1995) Prevalence of mental disorders in primary care: Implications for screening. Arch Fam Med 4:857–861
Levenson JL, Hamer RM, Rossiter LF (1992) Psychopathology and pain in medical inpatients predict resource use during hospitalization but not rehospitalization. J Psychosom Res 36:585–592
Linden M (1991) Somatogenic neurasthenia. In: Gastpar M, Kielholz P (eds) Problems of psychiatry in general practice. Hogrefe & Huber, Lewiston, pp 71–78
Linden M (1994) Therapeutic standards in psychopharmacology and medical decision-making. Pharmacopsychiatry 27:41–5
Linden M, Geiselmann B (1996) Subdiagnostische psychiatrische Morbidität: Beschwerdeprofil und Konsequenzen am Beispiel depressiver Störungen. In: Saß H (Hrsg) Psychopathologische Methoden und psychiatrische Forschung. Fischer, Jena, S 106–116
Linden M, Geiselmann B, Helmchen H (1988) Anxiolytika und Sedativa: Aktueller Stand und neuere Entwicklungen. Münch Med Wochenschr 130:571–574
Linden M, Borchelt M, Barnow S, Geiselmann B (1995) The impact of somatic morbidity on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in the very old. Acta Psychiatr Scand 92:150–154
Linden M, Gilberg R, Horgas AL, Steinhagen-Thiessen E (1996 a) Die Inanspruchnahme medizinischer und pflegerischer Hilfe im hohen Alter. In: Mayer KU, Baltes PB (Hrsg) Die Berliner Altersstudie. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, S 475–495
Linden M, Maier W, Achberger M, Herr R, Helmchen H, Benkert O (1996 b) Psychische Erkrankungen und ihre Behandlung in Allgemeinarztpraxen in Deutschland. Nervenarzt 67:205–215
Linden M, Lecrubier Y, Bellantuono C, Benkert O, Kisely S, Simon G (in preparation) Psychotropic drug prescribing by primary care physicians: an international collaborative study
Lingg A, Jugl P, Bacher R (1995) Betreuung und Behandlung alterspsychiatrischer Patienten durch den Praktiker. Wien Med Wochenschr 145:541–544
Lipowski ZJ (1988) Somatization: the concept and its clinical application. Am J Psychiatry 145:1358–1368
Lloyd KR, Moodley P (1992) Psychotropic medication and ethnicity: an inpatient survey. Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol 27:95–101
Lloyd KR, Jenkins R, Mann A (1996) Long-term outcome of patients with neurotic illness in general practice. Br Med J 313:26–28
Lloyd A, Wakefield D, Boughton C, Dwyer J (1988) What is myalgic encephalomyelitis? Lancet 1:1286–1287
Macy J, Allen E (1934) Justification of the diagnosis of chronic nervous exhaustion. Ann Int Med 7:861–867
Maguire N, Cullen C, O’Sullivan M, O’Grady Walshe A (1995) What do Dublin GPs expect from a psychiatric referral? Ir Med J 88:215–216
Manning WG, Wells KB (1992) The effects of psychosocial distress and psychological well-being on use of medical services. Med Care 30:541–553
Mantysaari M, Antila K, Peltonen T (1988) Blood pressure reactivity in patients with neurocirculatory asthenia. Am J Hypertens 1:132–139
Manu P, Matthews D, Lane T (1988) The mental health of patients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue: a prospective evaluation and follow-up. Arch Int Med 148:2213–2217
Mari JJ, Williams P (1984) Minor psychiatric disorder in primary care in Brazil: a pilot study. Psychol Med 14:223–227
Marks JN, Goldberg DP, Hillier VF (1979) Determinants of the ability of general practitioners to detect psychiatric illness. Psychol Med 9:337–353
Maslowski J (1987) Characteristic differences in the use of psychotropic drugs as a stigma of cultural influences. Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia 38:133–138
Massie MJ, Holland JC (1984) Diagnosis and treatment in the cancer patient. J Clin Psychiatry 42:25–28
Mayou R (1976) The nature of bodily symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 129:55–60
Mayou R (1993) Somatization. Psychother Psychosom 59:69–83
McCombs JS, Nichol MB, Stimmel GL, Sclar DA, Beasley CM, Gross LS (1990) The cost of antidepressant drug therapy failure: a study of antidepressant use patterns in a Medicaid population. J Clin Psychiatry 51:60–69
Meredith LS, Wells KB, Camp P (1994) Clinician specialty and treatment style for depressed outpatients with and without medical comorbidities. Arch Fam Med 3:1065–1072
Meredith LS, Wells KB, Kaplan SH, Mazel RM (1996) Counseling typically provided for depression: role of clinican specialty and payment system. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:905–912
Moeller HJ (1991) Die Rolle der Nootropika in der medikamentösen Therapie dementieller Erkrankungen. In: Moeller HJ (Hrsg) Hirnleistungsstörungen im Alter. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 51–69
Morabia A, Fabre J, Dunand JF (1992) The influence of patient and physician gender on prescription of psychotropic drugs. J Clin Epidemiol 45:111–6
Morrison J (1980) Fatigue as a presenting complaint in family practice. J Fam Pract 10:795–801
Munoz RF, Hollon SD, McGrath E, Rehm LP, VandenBos GR (1994) On the AHCPR depression in primary care guidelines: further considerations for practitioners. Am Psychol 49:42–61
Nazareth I, King M, Davies S (1995) Care of schizophrenia in general practice: the general practitioner and the patient. Br J Gen Pract 45:343–347
Ndetei DM, Muhangi J (1979) The prevalence and clinical presentation of psychiatric illness in a rural setting in Kenya. Br J Psychiatry 135:269–272
Nelson E, Kirk J, McHugo G, Douglass R, Ohler J, Wasson J, Zubkoff (1987) Chief complaint fatigue: a longitudinal study from the patient’s perspective. Fam Pract Res J 6:175–188
Newens AJ, Forster DP, Kay DW (1994) Referai patterns and diagnosis in presenile Alzheimer’s disease: implications for general practice. Br J Gen Pract 44:405–407
Olfsson M, Leon AC, Broadhead et al. (1995 a) The SDDS-PC: a diagnostic aid for multiple mental disorders in primary care. Psychopharmacol Bull 31:415–420
Olfsson M, Weissman M. M, Leon AC, Higgins ES, Barrett JE, Blacklow RS (1995 b) Psychological management by family physicians. J Fam Pract 41:543–550
Ormel J, Costa e Silva JA (1995) The impact of psychopathology on disability and health perceptions. In: Üstün TB, Sartorius N (eds) Mental illness in general health care: an international study. Wiley, Chichester, pp 335–346
Ormel J, Giel R (1990) Medical effects of nonrecognition of affective disorders in primary care. In: Sartorius N, Goldberg D, De Girolamo G, Costa e Silva J, Lecrubier Y, Wittchen U (eds) Psychological disorders in general medical settings. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto, pp 146–158
Ormel J, Korff M von, van den Brink W, Katon WJ, Brilman EM, Oldehinkel T (1993) Depression, anxiety, and social disability show synchrony of change in primary care patients. Am J Public Health 83:385–390
Paykel ES, Hollyman JA, Freeling P, Sedgewick P (1988) Predictors of therapeutic benefit from amitriptyline in mild depression: a general practice placebo-controlled trail. J Affect Disord 14:83–95
Pond CD, Mant A, Kehoe L, Hewitt H, Brodaty H (1994) General practitioner diagnosis of depression and dementia in the elderly: can academic detailing make a difference? Fam Pract 11:141–147
Raynes NV (1979) Factors affecting the prescribing of psychotropic drugs in general practice consultations. Psychol Med 9:671–9
RCGP (Royal College of General Practitioners), OPCS (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys) (1979) Morbidity statistics from general practice 1971–1972, 2nd national study. HMSO, London (Studies on medical and population subjects, no 36)
Real Perez M, Rodriguez Arias Palomo JL, Cagigas Viadero J, Aparicio Sanz MM, Real Perez MA (1996) Terapia familiar breve: una opcion para el tratamiento de los trastornos somatoformes en atencion primaria. Aten Primaria 17:241–246
Reischies FM, Geiselmann B, Geßner R, Kanowski S, Wagner M, Wernicke F, Helmchen H (1997) Demenz bei Hochbetagten. Ergebnisse der Berliner Altersstudie. Nervenarzt 68:719–729
Robins LN, Regier DA (eds) (1991) Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemiologic catchment area study. Free Press, New York
Roche AM, Parle MD, Stubbs JM, Hall W, Saunders JB (1995) Management and treatment efficacy of drug and alcohol problems: what do doctors believe? Addiction 90:1357–1366
Ryynanen OP, Myllykangas M, Kinnunen J, Takala J (1997) Doctors’ willingness to refer elderly patients for elective surgery. Fam Pract 14:216–219
Samuels AH (1995) Somatisation disorder: a major public health issue. Med J Aust 163:147–149
Sartorius N (1997) Diagnosis and classification of neurasthenia. In: Judd LL, Saletu B, Filip V (eds) Basic and clinical science of mental and addictive disorders. Karger, Basel, pp 1–5
Schäfer T (1990) Arzneimitteltransparenz und Arzneimittelberatung am Beispiel der Region Dortmund. Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Bonn (Forschungsbericht Gesundheitsforschung Nr 198)
Schepank H (1987) Psychogene Erkrankungen in der Stadtbevölkerung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio
Schmidt LG (1997) Früherkennung und -intervention bei Alkoholismus. Dtsch Ärztebl 94:2905–2908
Schulberg HC, Burns JP (1988) Mental disorders in primary care: epidemiologic, diagnostic and treatment research directions. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 10:79–87
Schulberg HC, Madonia MJ, Block MR et al. (1995) Major depression in primary care practice: clinical characteristics and treatment implications. Psychosomatics 36:129–137
Schulberg HC, Block MR, Madonia et al. (1996) Treating major depression in primary care practice: eight-month clinical outcomes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:913–919
Scott AIF, Freeman CPL (1992) Edinburgh primary care depression study: treatment outcome, patient satisfaction, and cost after 16 weeks. Br Med J 304:883–887
Scott J, Moon CA, Blacker CV, Thomas JM (1994) A. I. E Scott & C. P. L. Freeman’s „Edinburgh Primary Care Depression Study“. Br J Psychiatry 164:410–415
Shah S, Harris M (1997) A survey of general pratitioner’s confidence in their management of elderly patients. Aust Fam Physician 26(Suppl 1):12–17
Shapiro S, German PS, Skinner EA et al. (1987) An experiment to change detection and management of mental morbidity in primary care. Med Care 25:327–339
Sharpe M, Bass C (1992) Pathophysiological mechanisms in somatization. Int Rev Psychiatry 4:81–97
Shepherd M, Cooper B, Brown AC, Kalton GW (1966) Psychiatric illness in general practice. Oxford Univ Press, London
Sherbourne CD, Wells KB, Meredith LS, Jackson CA, Camp P (1996) Comorbid anxiety disorders and the functioning and well-being of chronically ill patients of general medical providers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:889–895
Simon GE, Korff M von, Barlow W (1995) Health care costs of primary care patients with recognized depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:850–856
Sims A (1993) The scar that is more than skin deep: the stigma of depression. Br J Gen Practice 43:30–31
Skuse D, Williams P (1984) Screening for psychiatric disorder in general practice. Psychol Med 14:365–377
Smith GR (1992) The epidemiology and treatment of depression when it coexists with somatoform disorders, somatization, or pain. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 14:265–272
Starcevic V, Kellner R, Uhlenhuth EH et al. (1992) Panic disorder and hypochondiacal fears and beliefs. J Affect Disord 24:73–85
Starfield B (1992) Primary care: concept, evaluation, and policy. Oxford Univ Press, New York
Stein MB, Kirk P, Prabhu V, Grott M, Terepa M (1995) Mixed anxiety-depression in a primary-care clinic. J Affect Disord 34:79–84
Stewart D (1987) Environmental hypersensitivity disorder, total allergy and 20th century disease: a critical review. Can Fam Physician 33:405–410
Strathdee G, Brown RMA, Doig RJ (1990) Psychiatric clinics in primary care: the effect on general practitioner referral patterns. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 25:95–100
Sugarman J, Berg A (1984) Evaluation of fatigue in a family practise. J Fam Pract 19:643–647
Taerk K, Toner B, Salit I, Garfinkel P, Ozersky S (1987) Depression in Patients with neuromyasthenia (benign myalgic encephalomyelitis). Int J Psychiatry Med 17:49–56
Thust W (1997) Ärztliche Versorgung in Deutschland. Dtsch Ärztebl 94, Suppl zu Heft 19
Tiemens BG, Ormel J, Simon GE (1996) Occurrence, recognition, and outcome of psychological disorders in primary care. Am J Psychiatry 153:636–644
Tobi M, Straus S (1985) Chronic Epstein-Barr disease: a workshop held by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Ann Int Med 103:951–952
Tylee A, Freeling P, Kerry S, Burns T (1995) How does the content of consultations affect the recognition by general practitioners of major depression in women? Br J Gen Pract 45:575–578
Tyler CV, Bourguet C (1997) Primary care of adults with mental retardation. J Fam Pract 44:487–494
Tyrer P, Fowler-Dixon R, Ferguson B, Keleman A (1990) A plea for the diagnosis of hypochondial patients. Psychol Med 23:167–173
Üstün TB, Sartorius N (1993) Public health aspects of anxiety and depressive disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 8:15–20
Üstün TB, Sartorius N (eds) (1995) Mental illness in general health care: an international study. Wiley, Chichester
Üstün TB, Korff M von (1995) Primary Mental Health Services: access and provision of care. In: Üstün TB, Sartorius N (eds) Mental illness in general health care: an international study. Wiley, Chichester, pp 347–360
Üstün TB, Goldberg D, Cooper J, Simon GE, Sartorius N (1995 a) New classification for mental disorders with management guidelines for use in primary care: ICD-10 PHC chapter five. Br J Gen Pract 45:211–215
Üstün TB, Simon G, Sartorius N (1995 b) Discussion. In: Üstün TB, Sartorius N (eds) Mental illness in general health care: an international study. Wiley, Chichester, pp 361–370
Valdini A, Steinhardt S, Jaffe A (1987) Demographic correlates of fatigue in a university family health center. Fam Pract 4:103–107
Verhaak PFM (1993) Analysis of referrals of mental health problems by general practitioners. Br J Gen Pract 43:203–208
Vernooij-Dassen M, Felling A, Persoon J (1997) Predictors of change and continuity in home care for dementia patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12:671–677
Ward M H, DeLisle H, Shores JH, Slocum PC, Foresman B (1996) Chronic fatigue complaints in primary care: incidence and diagnostic patterns. J Am Osteopath Assoc 96:34–46
Watson D, Pennebaker JW (1989) Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychol Rev 96:234–254
Weissman MM, Olfson M, Leon AC et al. (1995) Brief diagnostic interviews (SDDS-PC) for multiple mental disorders in primary care: a pilot study. Arch Fam Med 4:220–227
Wessely S, Powell R (1989) Fatigue syndromes: a comparison of chronic „postviral“fatigue with neuromuscular and affective disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:940–948
Wessely S, Chalder T, Hirsch S, Wallace P, Wright D (1996) Psychological symptoms, somatic symptoms, and psychiatric disorder in chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: a prospective study in the primary care setting. Am J Psychiatry 153:1050–1059
Wessling A, Bergman U, Westerholm B. (1991) On the differences in psychotropic drug use between the three major urban areas in Sweden. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 40:495–500
Weyerer S (1990) Relationship between physical and psychological disorders. In: Sartorius N, Goldberg D, De Girolamo G, Costa e Silva J, Lecrubier Y, Wittchen U (eds) Psychological disorders in general medical settings. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto, pp 34–46
Wheeler E, White P, Reed E, Cohen M (1950) Neurocirculatory asthenia (anxiety neurosis, effort syndrome, neurasthenia). J Am Med Assoc 142:878–889
Widmer RB, Cadoret RJ (1979) Depression in family practice: changes in pattern of patient visits and complaints during subsequent developing depression. J Fam Pract 9:1017–1021
Wilkinson G, Smeeton N, Skuse D, Fry J (1988) Consultation for physical illnesses by patients diagnosed and treated for psychiatric disorders by a general practitioner: 20 year follow up study. Br Med J 297:776–778
Williams P (1983) Factors influencing the duration of treatment with psychotropic drugs in general practice: a survival analysis approach. Psychol Med 13:45–55
Williams P, Clare A (1986) Psychiatric general practice. In: Hill P, Murray RH, Thorley A (eds) Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry. Academic Press, London, pp 112–118
Williams P, Tarnopolsky A, Hand D, Shepherd M (1986) Minor psychiatric morbidity and general practice consultation: The West London Survey. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 9
Wittchen HU, Essau CA (1990) Assessment of symptoms and psychosocial disabilities in primary care. In: Sartorius N, Goldberg D, De Girolamo G, Costa e Silva J, Lecrubier Y, Wittchen U (eds) Psychological disorders in general medical settings. Hogrefe & Huber, Toronto, pp 111–136
Wittchen HU, Burke JD, Semler G, Pfister H, Cranach M von, Zaudig M (1989) Recall and dating reliability of psychiatric symptoms. Test-retest reliability of time related symptom questions in a standardized psychiatric interview (CIDI/DIS). Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:437–443
Wohlfarth TD, van den Brink W, Ormel J, Koeter MWJ, Oldehinkel AJ (1993) The relationship between social dysfunctioning and psychopathology among primary care attenders. Br J Psychiatry 163:37–44
Wood P (1941) Da Costa’s syndrome (or effort syndrome). Br Med J 1:767–772, 805–811, 845–851
Yunus M (1989) Fibromyalgia syndrome: New research on an old malady. Br Med J 298:474–475
Zintl-Wiegand A, Schmidt-Maushard R, Leisner R, Cooper B (1978) Psychische Erkrankungen in Mannheimer Allgemeinpraxen: Eine klinische und epidemiologische Untersuchung. In: Hafner H (Hrsg) Psychiatrische Epidemiologie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 111–133
Zubrägel D, Linden M (1997) Generalisierte Angsterkrankung. Münch Med Wochenschr 139:168–170
Zung WWK, Magill M, Moore JT, George DT (1983) Recognition and treatment of depression in a family medical practice. J Clin Psychiatry 44:3–6
Zwernemann B (1997) Untersuchung zu psychischen Störungen in der Allgemeinarztpraxis. Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Linden, M. (1999). Psychische Störungen in der primärmedizinischen Versorgung. In: Psychiatrie der Gegenwart 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59910-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59910-1_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64178-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59910-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive