Abstract
Systemic slcerosis, scleroderma.
This is a generalized multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by proliferative microcirculatory change leading to fibrosis of skin, lung, heart, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Black CM. The etiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. J Int Med 1993; 234:3–8
Foster TD, Fairburn EA. Dental involvement in scleroderma. Br Dent J 1968; 124:353–56
Rowell NR, Hopper FE. The periodontal membrane in systemic sclerosis. Br J Dermatol 1977; 96:15–20
Andreasen JA. Oral manifestations in discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Odontol Scand 1964; 22:295–310
Schiodt M, Halberg P, Hentzer B. A clinical study of 32 patients with oral discoid lupus erythematosus. Int J Oral Surg 1978; 7:85–94
Urmann JD, Lowenstein MB, Abeles M, Weinstein A. Oral mucosal ulceration in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21:58–61
SchiØdt M. Oral manifestations of lupus erythematosus. Int J Oral Surg 1984; 13:101–105
SchiØdt M, Pindborg JJ. Oral discoid lupus erythematosus. I. The validity of previous histopathologic diagnostic criteria. Oral Surg 1984; 57:46–51
Gilliam JN, Sontheimer RD. Distinctive cutaneous subsets in the spectrum of lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981; 4:471–475
Callen JP. Systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with chronic cutaneous (discoid) lupus erythematosus. Clinical and laboratory findings in seventeen patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985; 12:278–288
Callen JP, Tuffanelli DL, Provost TT. Collagen-vascular disease. An update. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28:477–484
Alarcon Segovia D. Mixed connective tissue disease. Clin Dermatol 1994; 12:309–316
Bertram U. Xerostomia. Clinical aspects, pathology and pathogenesis. Acta Odontol Scand 1967; 25 suppl 49
Moutsopoulos HM, Kordossis T. Sjoegren syndrome revisited: autoimmune epithelitis. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35:204–206
Schuermann H, Greither A, Hornstein O. Krankheiten der Mundschleimhaut und der Lippen. 3. Aufl. Munich: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1966; 239–240, 305–307
Medseger TA, Oddis CV. Inflammatory muscle disease: clinical features. In: Klippel JH, Dieppe PA (Eds). Rheumatology. London: Mosby, 1994; 12.1–12.14
Ruocco V, Sacerdoti G. Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid due to drugs. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30:307–12
Thivolet J. Pemphigus: past, present and future. Dermatology 1994; 189 (Suppl 2):26–9
Becker BA, Gaspari AA. Pemphigus vulgaris and vegetans. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:429–52
Korman NJ. Pemphigus. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8:689–700
Niizeki H, Inoko H, Mizuki N, et al. HLA-DQA1, DQβ1and DRβ1genotyping in Japanese pemphigus vulgaris patients by the PCR-RFLP method. Tissue Antigens 1994;44:248–51
Matzner Y, Erlich HA, Brautbar C, et al. Identical HLA class II alleles predispose to drug-triggered and idiopathic pemphigus vulgaris. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1995; 75:12–4
Moraes JR, Moraes ME, Gernadez Vina M, et al. HLA antigens and the risk of development of pemphigus foliaceus (“fogo selvage”) in endemic areas of Brazil. Immunogenetics 1991; 33:388–91
Anhalt GJ, Kim SC, Stanley JR, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus. An autoimmune mucocutaneous disease associated with neoplasia. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1729–35
Amagai M. Adhesion molecules. I: Keratinocyte-keratinocyte interactions; Cadherins and pemphigus. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 104:146–52
Bystryn JC. Therapy of pemphigus. Semin Dermatol 1988; 7:186–94
Aberer W, Wolff-Schreiner EC, Stingl G, et al. Azathioprine in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16:527–33
Sondergaard K, Carstens J, Jorgensen J, Zachariae H. The steroid-sparing effect of long-term plasmapheresis in pemphigus. Acta Derm Venereol 1995; 75:150–2
Barthelemy H, Frappaz A, Cambazard F, et al. Treatment of nine cases of pemphigus vulgaris with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 18:1262–6
Rook AH, Jegasothy BV, Heald P, et al. Extracorporeal photo-chemotherapy for drug-resistant pemphigus vulgaris. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:303–5
Smith EP, Zone JJ. Dermatitis herpetiformis and linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:511–26
Hall III RP. Dermatitis herpetiformis. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99:873–81
Hall III RP, Otley C. Immunogenetics of dermatitis herpetiformis. Semin Dermatol 1991; 10:240–5
Otley C, Hall III RP. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8:759–69
Katz SI. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Clinical, histologic, therapeutic and laboratory clues. Int J Dermatol 1978; 17:529–35
Fraser NG, Kerr NW, Donald D. Oral lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol 1973; 89:439–50
Economopoulou P, Laskaris G. Dermatitis herpetiformis: oral lesions as an early manifestation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1986; 62:77–80
Ahmed AR, Hameed A. Bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Dermatol 1993; 11:47–52
Chorzelski TP, Jablonska S, Maciejowska E. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of adults. Clin Dermatol 1992; 9:383–92
Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Rosinska D, Maciejowska E. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood (chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood). Clin Dermatol 1992; 9:393–401
Smith EP, Zone JJ. Dermatitis herpetiformis and linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:511–26
McEvoy MT, Connolly SM. Linear IgA dermatosis: association with malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22:59–63
Smith JB, Hogan DJ. Factors that exacerbate linear IgA disease (Correspondence). J Am Acad Dermatol (Correspondence) 1995; 33:320–21
Prost C, De Leca AC, Combemale P, et al. Diagnosis of adult linear IgA dermatosis by immunoelectronmicroscopy in 16 patients with linear IgA deposits. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 92:39–45
Kelly SE, Frith PA, Millard PR, Wojnarowska F, Black MM. A clinicopathological study of mucosal involvement in linear IgA disease. Br J Dermatol 1988; 119:161–70
Wojnarowska F, Collier PM, Allen J, Millard PR. The localization of the target antigens and antibodies in linear IgA disease is heterogeneous, and dependent on the methods used. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132:750–7
Chan LS, Regezi JA, Cooper KD. Oral manifestations of linear IgA disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 22:362–5
Gammon WR, Fine JD, Forbes M, Briggaman RA. Immunofluorescence on split skin for the detection and differentiation of basement membrane zone autoantibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:79–87
Flowers FP, Sherertz EF. Immunologic disorders of the skin and mucous membranes. Med Clin N Am 1985; 69:657–73
Gately III LE, Nesbitt LT. Update on immunofluorescent testing in bullous diseases and lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin 1994; 12:133–42.
Anhalt GJ. Pemphigoid. Bullous and cicatricial. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8:701–16
Korman NJ. Bullous pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:483–98
Ahmed AR, Hameed A. Bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Dermatol 1993; 11:47–52
Hopkinson SB, Baker SE, Jones JCR. Molecular genetic studies of human epidermal autoantigen (the 180-kd bullous pemphigoid antigen/BP 180): identification of functionally important sequences within the BP 180 molecule and evidence for an interaction between BP 180 and a6integrin. J Cell Biol 1995; 130:117–25
Liu Z, Giudice GJ, Swartz SJ, et al. The role of complement in experimental bullous pemphigoid. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:1539–44
Shklar G, Meyer I, Zacarian SA. Oral lesions in bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1969; 99:663–70
Venning VA, Frith PA, Baron AJ, Millard RP, Wojnarowska F. Mucosal involvement in bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. A clinical and immunopathological study. Br J Dermatol 1988;118:7–15
Person JR, Rogers RS. Bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. Clinical, histopathologic and immunopathologic correlations. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52:54–66
Gammon WR, Fine JD, Forbes M, Briggaman RA. Immunofluorescence on split skin for the detection and differentiation of basement membrane zone autoantibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:79–87
Flowers FP, Sherertz EF. Immunologic disorders of the skin and mucous membranes. Med Clin N Am 1985; 69:657–73
Gately LE, Nesbitt LT. Update on immunofluorescent testing in bullous diseases and lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin 1994; 12:133–42
Chan LS, Yancey KB, Hammerberg C, et al. Immune-mediated subepithelial blistering diseases of mucous membranes. Pure ocular cicatricial pemphigoid is a unique clinical and immunopathological entity distinct from bullous pemphigoid and other subsets identified by antigenic specificity of autoantibodies. Arch Dermatol 1993; 129:448–55
Pereyo NG, Davis LS. Generalized bullous pemphigoid controlled by tetracycline therapy alone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32:138–9
Ahmed AR, Kurgis BS, Rogers III RS. Cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24:987–1001
Mutasim DF, Pelc NJ, Anhalt GJ. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin 1993; 11:499–510
Kurzhals G, Stolz W, Maciejewski W, et al. Localized cicatricial pemphigoid of the Brunsting-Perry type with transition into disseminated cicatricial pemphigoid. Report of a case proved by preembedding immunogold electron microscopy. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131:580–5
Yunis JJ, Mobini N, Yunis EJ, et al. Common major histocompatibility complex class II markers in clinical variants of cicatricial pemphigoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:7747–51
Bédane C, Prost C, Bernard P, et al. Cicatricial pemphigoid antigen differs from bullous pemphigoid antigen by its exclusive extracellular localization: a study by indirect immunoelectronmicroscopy. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97:3–9
Shimizu H, Masunaga T, Ishiko A, et al. Autoantibodies from patients with cicatricial pemphigoid target different sites in epidermal basement membrane. J Invest Dermatol 1995;104:370–3
Chan LS, Yancey KB, Hammerberg C, et al. Immune-mediated subepithelial blistering diseases of mucous membranes. Pure ocular cicatricial pemphigoid is a unique clinical and immunopathological entity distinct from bullous pemphigoid and other subsets identified by antigenic specificity of autoantibodies. Arch Dermatol 1993; 129:448–55
Gammon WR, Fine JD, Forbes M, Briggaman RA. Immunofluorescence on split skin for the detection and differentiation of basement membrane zone autoantibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:79–87
Gately LE, Nesbitt LT. Update on immunofluorescent testing in bullous diseases and lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin 1994; 12:133–42.
Shklar G, Meyer I, Zacarian SA. Oral lesions in bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1969; 99:663–70
Venning VA, Frith PA, Bron AJ, et al. Mucosal involvement in bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. A clinical and immunopathological study. Br J Dermatol 1988; 118:7–15
Williams DM. Non-infectious diseases of the oral soft tissue: a new approach. Adv Dent Res 1993; 7:213–9
Person JR, Rogers RS. Bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. Clinical, histopathologic and immunopathologic correlations. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52:54–66
Flowers FP, Sherertz EF. Immunologic disorders of the skin and mucous membranes. Med Clin N Am 1985; 69:657–73
Gammon WR, Briggaman RA. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisi-ta and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Diseases of autoimmunity to type VII collagen. Dermatol Clin 1993;11:535–47
Woodley DT, Briggaman RA, Gammon WR. Acquired epidermolysis bullosa. A bullous disease associated with autoimmunity to type VII (anchoring fibril) collagen. Dermatol Clin 1990; 8:717–26
Woodley DT, Sarret Y, Briggaman RA. Autoimmunity to type VII collagen. Semin Dermatol 1991; 10:232–9
Gammon WR. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: a disease of autoimmunity to type VII collagen. J Autoimmunity 1991; 4:59–71
Van Joost T, Van’t Veen AJ. Drug induced cicatricial pemphigoid and acquired epidermolysis bullosa. Clin Dermatol 1993; 11:521–7
Rubenstein R, Esterly NB, Fine JD. Childhood epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:772–6
Williams DM. Non infectious diseases of the oral soft tissue: a new approach. Adv Dent Res 1993; 7:213–9
Gammon WR, Fine JD, Forbes M, Briggaman RA. Immunofluorescence on split skin for the detection and differentiation of basement membrane zone autoantibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 27:79–87
Flowers FP, Sherertz EF. Immunologic disorders of the skin and mucous membranes. Med Clin N Am 1985; 69:657–73
Gately LE, Nesbitt LT. Update on immunofluorescent testing in bullous diseases and lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin 1994; 12:133–42
Eversole LR. Immunopathology of oral mucosal ulcerative, desquamative, and bullous diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 77:555–71
Poulter LW, Lehener T. Immunohistology of oral lesions from patients with recurrent oral ulcers and Behet’s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78:189–95
Fischman SL. Oral ulcerations. Semin Dermatol 1994; 13:74–7
Pederson A. Recurrent aphthous ulceration: virological and immunological aspects. APMIS 1993; 37:1–37
Boisnic S, Tovaru S. Evaluation and treatment of aphthous ulcerations of the mouth. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1991;118:53–9
Peterson DL, Georghion PR, Allworth AM, Kemp RJ. Thalidomide as treatment of refractory aphthous ulceration related to human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:250–4
Katz J, Langevitz P, Shermer J, et al. Prevention of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with colchicine: an open trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 31:459–61
Turnbull RS. Benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions. J Can Dent Assoc 1995; 61:127–34
Fabbri P. Immunodermatologia. Brescia: ISED, 1993: 201
Emmi L, Brugnolo F, Salvati G, Marchione T. Immunopathological aspects of Behcet’s disease. Clin Exp Rheum 1995; 13:687–91
Aydintug AO, Tokgoz G, D’Cruz DP et al. Antibodies to endothelial cells in Behcet’s disease. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 67:157–62
James DG. Behcet’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:431–2
Civatte J, Beiaich S. Histopathologic des aphtes cutanes au cours du syndrome de Behcet. Ann Dermatol Syph 1976; 103:135–40
Haim S. The pathogenesis of lesions in Behcet’s disease. Dermatologica 1979; 158:31–7
International Study Group for Behcet’s disease: Criteria for diagnosis of Behcet’s disease. Lancet 1990; 1:1078–80
Yazici H, Pazarli H, Barnes CG, et al. A controlled trial of azathioprine in Behcet’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:281–5
Muftuoglu AU, Pazarli H, Yardakul S et al. Short term cyclosporin-A treatment of Behcet’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1987; 71:387–90
Khan MA, van der Linden SM. A wider spectrum of spondyloarthropathies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1990; 20:107–13
Schumacher HR. Light and electron microscopic studies on the synovial membrane in Reiter’s syndrome. Immunocytochemical identification of chlamydial antigen in patients with early disease. Arthritis Rheum 1990; 33:526
Hammer RE. Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human beta2m: an animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorders. Cell 1990;63:1099
Arnet GF. Reiter syndrome: report of case. J Oral Surg 1980; 38:382
Calin A, Fries JF. An “experimental” epidemic of Reiter’s syndrome revisited: follow-up evidence on genetic and environmental factors. Ann Intern Med 1976; 84:564
Calin A. Keratoderma blenorrhagicum and mucocutaneous manifestations of Reiter’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1979; 38 (suppl): 68–72
Dunlop EM. Venereal disease: chlamydial genital infection and its complications. Br J Hosp Med 1983; 29:6–11
Calin A. A placebo controlled crossover study of azothioprine. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45:653–35
Chu SM. Reiter’s syndrome, treatment with methotrexate. Singapore Med 1976; 17:101–3
Yunus MB. Current therapeutic practices in spondyloarthropathies. Compr Ther 1988; 14:54
Valente RM, Conn DL. Influence of pathogenesis on therapeutic choices in systemic vasculitis. Ann Med Interne 1994; 145:517–52
Gross WL, Hauschild S, Mistry N. The clinical relevance of ANCA in vasculitis. 5th International ANCA Workshop 7–10. 1993
Kallenberg CGM. Autoantibodies in vasculitis: current perspectives. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993; 11:355–60
Leavitt RY, Fauci AS. Pulmonary vasculitis. Ann Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134:149–154
Abraham-Inpijn L. Oral and otal manifestations as the primary synptoms in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Head Neck Pathol 1983; 2:20–2
Israelson H, Binnie WH, Hurt WC. The hyperplastic gingivitis of Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Periodontal 1981; 52:81–7
Alpern RJ. Southwestern internal medicine conference: vasculitis it’s time to reclassify. Am J Med Sci 1995; 309:235–248
Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitr RY. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:488–98
Najjar T, Gadol C, Khan MY. Immune deficiency with polymorphic reticulosis. Oral Surg 1989; 67:322–6
Sloan P, Fanibunda K, Proctor S. Polymorphic reticulosis with oral lesions: a case report. Br J Oral Surg 1986; 24:426–32
Crissman JD, Weiss MA, Gluckman J. Midline granuloma syndrome. Aclinicopathologic study of 13 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 6:335–8
Shehade SA, Foulds IS. Granulomatous cheilitis and a positive Kweim test. Br J Dermatol 1986; 115:619–22
Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extraintestinal complications of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine 1976; 55:401–12
Worsal N, Christensen KO, Bondensen S et al. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome and Crohn’s disease. Br J Oral Surg 1980; 18:254–8
Kawasaki T. Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and the toes in children. Jap J Allergy 1967; 16:178–222
Tizard EJ, Suzuki A, Levin M and Dillon MJ. Clinical aspects of 100 patients with Kawasaki disease. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66:185–88
Rooley AH, Gonzalez-Crussi F, Shulman ST. Kawasaki syndrome. Adv Pediatr 1991; 38:51–74
Kato H, Inoue O, Akagi T. Kawasaki disease: cardiac problems and management. Pediatr Rev 1988; 9:209–217
Leung DJM, Meissner HC, Fulton DR, Murray DL, Kotzin BL, Schlievert PM. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-secreting Staphylococcus aureus in Kawasaki syndrome. Lancet 1993,342:1385–1388
Nigro G, Zerbini M, Krzysztofiak A, Gentilomi G, Porcaro MA, Mango T, Musiani M. Active or recent parvovirus B19 infection in children with Kawasaki disease. Lancet 1994; 343:1260–1261
Arav-Boger R, Assia A, Jurgenson U, Spirer Z. The immunology of Kawasaki disease. Adv Pediatr 1994; 41:359–67
Rider LG, Wener MH, French J, Sherry DD, Mendelman PM. Autoantibody production in Kawasaki syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993; 11:445–449
Lin CY, Lin CC, Hwang B, Chiang BN. Cytokines predict coronary aneurysm formation in Kawasaki disease patients. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152:309–312
Japan Kawasaki Disease Research Committee. Diagnostic guidelines of Kawasaki disease: 4th Revision. Tokyo: Kawasaki Disease. Research Committee, 1984
Fukushige J, Takahashi N, Ueda Y, Ueda K. Incidence and clinical features of incomplete Kawasaki disease. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:1057–1060
Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki disease, American Heart Association. Guidelines for longterm management of patients with Kawasaki disease. Circulation 1994; 89:916–22
Newburger JW. Treatment of Kawasaki disease. Lancet 1996; 347:1128
Salo E, Wangel AG, Pelkonen PI. Intravenous immune globulin reduces the IgG antiendothelial cell antibody response in Kawasaki disease. Endothelium 1993; 1:61–66
Naughton GK, et al. Detection of antibodies to melanocytes in vitiligo by specific immunoprecipitation. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 81:540
Morohashi M, et al. Ultrastructural studies of vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians. Arch Dermatol 1977; 113:755
Voulot C. Mecanisme de controle de l’extension pigmentaire liee aux autogreffes de la peau. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1970; 97:549
Lerner AB. Neural control of pigment cells. In: Kawamura T, et al. (Eds). The biology of normal and abnormal melanocytes. Tokyo: University Park Press, 1971: 3
Miklaszewska M, et al. Clinical and immunologic aspects of the relation of acquired leukoderma (vitiligo) to thyroid diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 1972; 20:855
Koh HK, et al. Malignant melanoma and vitiligo-like leukoderma: an electron microscopic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 9:696
Chapman RS. Coincident vitiligo and psoriasis in the same individual. Arch Dermatol 1973,107:776
Bhawan J, Butain LK. Keratinocyte damage in vitiligo. Cutan Pathol 1983; 10:207
Lassus A, et al. Treatment of vitiligo with oral methoxsalen and UVA. Photodermatology 1984; 1:170
Lissia M, Luglie PF, Bandettini MV. Lichen planus of oral mucosa: clinical consideration. Ital Gen Rev Dermatol 1988; 25:60–68
Valsecchi R, Bontempelli M, Rossi A, et al. HLA-DR and DQ antigens in lichen planus. Acta Derm Venereol 1988; 68:77–80
Morhenn VB. Etiology of lichen planus. Am J Dermatopathol 1986; 8:154–156
Shioara T, Moriya N, Nagashima M. The lichenoid tissue reaction. Int J Dermatol 1988; 27:365–374
Marder MZ, Deesen KC. Transformation of oral lichen planus to squamous cell carcinoma: a literature review and report of case. J Am Dent Assoc 1982; 105:55–60
Fulling HJ. Cancer development in oral lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1973; 108:667–669
Firth NA, Reade PC. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme inhibitors implicated in oral mucosa lichenoid reactions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989; 67:41–44
Jungell P, Malmstrom M, Wartiovaara J, Konttinen YT. Ultrastructure of oral leukoplakia and lichen planus. I. Basal region and inflammatory cells. J Oral Pathol 1987; 16:170–178
Jungell P. Oral lichen planus: a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 20:129–135
Grattan CEH, Boon AP, Gregory J. A preliminary open study of topical cyclosporin for hypertrophic lichen planus. J Dermatol Treatment 1989; 1:39–41
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cerinic, M.M., Pignone, A., Lombardi, A., Cagnoni, M., Ferranti, G., Pità, O.D. (1999). Oral Mucosa Signs of Immune, Autoimmune, and Rheumatic Diseases. In: Lotti, T.M., Parish, L.C., Rogers, R.S. (eds) Oral Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59821-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59821-0_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64138-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59821-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive