Abstract
This chapter focuses on the three inter-related issues of efficiency, equity and burden-sharing. There is a growing recognition that for international environmental problems1 — where the achievement of an environmental goal requires the co-ordination of actions among separate sovereign states — it is important that any policy initiative2 should not only be efficient (i.e. that the goal is achieved at least cost) but also that it must be equitable (i.e. that the burdens associated with achieving the goal are distributed fairly). As Rose (1992) observes in relation to global warming, “[While] equity considerations are usually accorded a secondary role in most economic policy-making, in the case of global warming, there are reasons why they may be paramount”. This view is reinforced by Banuri et al (1996) who postulate that, in order to gain widespread participation, international agreements on reducing pollution must be perceived as being equitable — particularly among regions and countries.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albin C (1994) Rethinking Justice and Fairness: The Case of Acid Rain Emissions Reductions. Review of International Studies, 21, pp 119–143
Atkinson G (1998) Equity, Burden Sharing and Pollution Abatement in Europe. CSERGE Working Paper, GEC 98-10
Atkinson G, Machado F and Mourato S (1999) Balancing Competing Principles of Environmental Equity. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Conference of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economics, Oslo, June 25–27 1999
Banuri T, Goran-Maler K, Grubb M, Jacobson H K and Yamin F (1996) Equity and Social Considerations. in: IPPC, Climate Change 1995—Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contributions of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Barzel Y (1997) Economic Analysis of Property Rights. 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Baumol W J and Oates W E (1971) The Use of Standards and Prices for Protection of the Environment. in: Swedish Journal of Economics, 73, pp 42–54
Beckerman W and Pasek J (1995) The Equitable International Allocation of Tradable Carbon Emission Permits. Global Environmental Change, 5(5), pp 405–413
Bohm P and Larsen B (1994) Fairness in a Tradable-Permit Treaty for Carbon Emissions Reductions in Europe and the former Soviet Union. in: Environmental and Resource Economics, 4, pp 219–239
Burtraw D and Toman M A (1992) Equity and International Agreements for CO2 Containment .in: Journal of Energy Engineering, 118(2), pp 122–135
Ellerman A D, Schmalensee R, Joskow P L, Montero J P and Bailey E M (1997) Emissions Trading under the U.S. Acid Rain Program: Evaluation of Compliance Costs and Allowance Market Performance. Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Flexner S B ed (1987) The Random House Dictionary of the English Language. 2nd ed (unabridged), Random House, New York
Hahn R W (1984) Market Power and Transferable property Rights. In: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 99(4), pp 753–765
Hahn R W (1986) Trade-offs in designing Markets with Multiple Objectives. in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 13, pp 1–12
Karadeloglou P, Ikwue T and Skea J (1995) Environmental Policy in the European Union. in: Folmer H, Gabel H L and Opschoor H eds: Principles of Environmental and Resource Economics: A Guide for Students and Decision-makers. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Klaassen G (1996) Acid Rain and Environmental Degradation: The Economics of Emissions Trading. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Krewitt W, Mayerhofer P, Friedrich R, Trukenmuller A, Heck T, Gressmann A, Raptis F, Kaspar F, Sachau J, Rennings K, Diekmann J and Praetorius B (1997) ExternE—National Implementation in Germany. Final report prepared for the European Commission, DGXII, JOULE Programme, Contract JOS3-CT95-0010 EUR 18271
Krewitt W, Holland M, Trukenmuller A, Heck T, and Friedrich R (1999) Comparing Costs and Environmental Benefits of Strategies to Combat Acidification and Ozone in Europe. forthcoming
Krupnick A J, Oates W E and van den Verg E (1983) On Marketable Air Pollution Permits: The Case for a System of Pollution Offsets. in: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 10, pp 233–247
Kverndokk S (1995) Tradable C02 Emissions Permits: Initial Distribution as a Justice Problem. in: Environmental Values, 4, pp 129–148
Luenberger D G (1965) Introduction to Linear and Nonlinear Programming. Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Montogomery W D (1972) Markets in Licences and Efficient Pollution Control Programs. in: Journal of Economic Theory, 5, pp 395–418
Rose A (1992) Equity Considerations in Tradable Carbon Entitlements. in: Barrett S et al eds: Combating Global Warming UNCTAD, Geneva
Rose A and Stevens B (1993) The Efficiency and Equity of Marketable Permits for CO2 Emissions. in: Resource and Energy Economics, 15, pp 117–146
Rose A, Stevens B, Edmonds J and Wise M (1998) International Equity and Differentiation in Global Warming Policy. in: Environmental and Resource Economics, 12, pp 25–51
Salmons R (1999) Iterative Zonal Permit Trading. CSERGE Working Paper, forthcoming.
Schelling T C (1960) The Strategy of Conflict. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Simon C P and Blume L (1994) Mathematics for Economists. Norton, New York
Simpson D and Eliassen A (1997) Control Strategies for Ozone and Acid Deposition—an Iterative Approach, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, EMEP MSC-W Note 5/97
Simpson D, Olendrzynski K, Semb A, Storen E and Unger S (1997) Photochemical Oxidant Modelling in Europe: Multi-annual Modelling and Source-receptor Relationships. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, EMEP MSC-W Report 3/97
Sliggers J and Klaassen G (1994) Cost Sharing for the Abatement of Acidification in Europe: The Missing Link in the New Sulphur Protocol. in: European Environment, 4(1), pp 5–11
Smith K R, Swisher J and Ahuja D R (1993) Who Pays to Solve the Problemand How Much?. in Hayes P and Smith K R (eds) The Global Greenhouse Regime: Who Pays? Earthscan, London
Stavins R N (1995) Transaction Costs and Tradable Permits. In: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 29, pp 133–148
Tietenberg T (1985) Emissions Trading: An Exercise in Reforming Pollution Policy. Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.
Xepapadeus A (1997) Advanced Principles in Environmental Policy. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
Young H P (1994) Equity: in Theory and Practice. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Young H P and Wolf A (1992) Global Warming Negotiations: Does Fairness Matter?. Brookings Review, Spring, pp 46–51
Zylicz T (1993) Improving Environment through Permit Trading: The Limits to a Market Approach. Beijer Discussion Paper, No. 23
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Salmons, R. (2000). Efficiency, Equity and Burden—Sharing. In: Friedrich, R., Reis, S. (eds) Tropospheric Ozone Abatement. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59698-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59698-8_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64091-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59698-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive