Zusammenfassung
Unter Adipositas versteht man ein in Relation zur Körpergröße erhöhtes Körpergewicht.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Andersson S (1984) Bulbogastrone In: Chey WY, Brooks FP (eds) Endocrinology of the gut. Slack, Thorofare, pp 116–125
Andersson S, Uvnäs B (1961) Inhibition of postprandial gastric secretion in Pavlov pouches by instillation of hydrochloric acid into the duodenal bulb. Gastroenterology 41: 486–490
Arch JR, Brooks BI, Thurlby PL, Wilson S (1986) Sympathetic and hormonal regulation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 14: 230–233
Astrom KE (1953) On the central course of afferent fibres in the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves and their nuclei in the mouse. APMIS 29 Suppl. 106: 209–320
Barsh GS, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S (2000) Genetics of body-weight regulation. Nature 404: 644–651
Bchini-Hooft van Huijsduijnen OB, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jeanrenaud B (1993) Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid levels in pre-obese and genetically obese (fa/fa) rats; potential regulation thereof by corticotropin-releasing factor. J Neuroendocrinol 5: 381–386
Beck B, Burlet A, Bazin R, Nicolas JP, Burlet C (1993) Elevated neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus of young obese Zukker rats may contribute to the development of their overeating. J Nutr 123: 1168–1172
Billington CJ, Briggs JE, Grace M, Levine AS (1991) Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism. Am J Physiol 260: R321–327
Bouchard C et al. (1993) Genetics of obesity. Ann Rev Nutr 13: 337–354
Bray GA, Tartaglia LA (2000) Medical strategies in the treatment of obesity. Nature 404: 672–677
Brun RP, Kim JB, Hu E, Altiok S, Spiegelman BM (1996) Adipocyte differentiation: a transcriptional regulatory cascade. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8: 826–832
Brun RP, Kim JB, Hu E, Spiegelman BM (1997) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and the control of adipogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 8: 212–218
Bujalska I, Kumar S, Stewart PM (1997) Does central obesity reflect „Cushing’s disease of the omentum”? Lancet 349: 1210–1213
Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P (1995) Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 269 546–549
Candelore MR, Deng L, Tota LM, Kelly LJ, Cascieri MA, Strader CD (1996) Pharmacological characterization of a recently described human beta 3-adrenergic receptor mutant. Endocrinology 137: 2638–2641
Cassard-Doulcier AM, Bouillaud F, Chagnon M, et al., (1996) The Bel I polymorphism of the human uncoupling protein (ucp) gene is due to a point mutation in the 5’-flanking region. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20: 278–279
Chagnon YC, Perusse L, Bouchard C (1997) Familial aggregation of obesity, candidate genes and quantitative trait loci. Curr Opin Lipidol 8: 205–211
Chagnon YC, Wilmore JH, Borecki IB, Gagnon J, Perusse L, Chagnon M, Collier GR, Leon AS, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Bouchard C (2000) Associations between leptin receptor gene and adiposity in middle-aged Caucasian males from the HERITAGE family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 29–34
Champigny O, Ricquier D, Blondel O, et al., (1991) Beta 3-adrenergic receptor stimulation restores message and expression of brown-fat mitochondrial uncoupling protein in adult dogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10774–10777
Chaudhry A, Lahners KN, Granneman JG (1992) Perinatal changes in the coupling of beta 1- and beta3-adrenergic receptors to brown fat adenylyl cyclase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 261: 633–637
Chehab FF, Lim ME, Lu R (1996) Correction of the sterility defect in homozygous obese female mice by treatment with the human recombinant leptin. Nat Genet 12: 318–320
Chey WY, Lee YH, Hendricks JG (1978) Plasma secretin concentrations in fasting and postprandial state in man. Am J Dig Dis 23: 981–988
Cianflone K, Vu H, Walsh M, Baldo A, Sniderman A (1989) The metabolic response of acylation stimulating protein to an oral fat load. J Lipid Res 30: 1727–1733
Cianflone KM, Maslowska MH, Sniderman AD (1990) Impaired response of fibroblasts from patients with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia to acylation-stimulating protein. J Clin Invest 85: 722–730
Cianflone K, Roncari DA, Maslowska M, et al., (1994) Adipsin/acylation stimulating protein system in human adipocytes: regulation of triacylglycerol synthesis. Biochemistry 33: 9489–9495
Clement K, Vaisse C, Manning BS, et al., (1995) Genetic variation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor and an increased capacity to gain weight in patients with morbid obesity. New Engl J Med 333: 352–354
Clement K, Ruiz J, Cassard-Doulcier AM, et al., (1996a) Additive effect of A-G (-3826) variant of the uncoupling protein gene and the Trp64Arg mutation of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene on weight gain in morbid obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20: 1062–1066
Clement K, Garner C, Hager J, et al., (1996b) Indication for linkage of the human OB gene region with extreme obesity. Diabetes 45: 687–690
Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, et al., (1998) A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392: 398–401
Colditz GA (1992) Economic costs of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 55: 5035–5075
Coleman DL (1973) Effects of parabiosis of obese with diabetes and normal mice. Diabetologia 9: 294–298
Collins S, Daniel KW, Rohlfs EM, et al., (1994) Impaired expression and functional activity of the beta 3- and beta i-adrenergic receptor in adipose tissue of congenitally obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice. Mol Endocrinol 8: 518–527
Connacher AA, Jung RT, Mitchell PE (1988) Weight loss in obese subjects on a restricted diet given BRL 26830A, a new atypical beta-adrenoceptor agonist. BMJ 296: 1217–1220
Considine RV, Considine EL, Williams CJ, et al., (1995) Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity. J Clin Invest 95: 2986–2988
Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al., (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. New Engl J Med 334: 292–295
Dani C, Bertrand B, Bardon S, et al., (1989) Regulation of gene expression by insulin in adipose cells: opposite effects on adipsin and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 63: 199–208
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung (1992) (Hrsg)Ernäh- rungsbericht 1992. Druckerei Henrich, Frankfurt/Main
Dryden S, Pickavance L, Frankish HM, Williams G (1995) Increased neuropeptide Y secretion in the hypothalamic para-ventricular nucleus of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Brain Res 690: 185–188
Egawa M, Yoshimatsu H, Bray GA (1990) Effect of corticotropin releasing hormone and neuropeptide Y on electrophysiological activity of sympathetic nerves to interscapular brown adipose tissue. Neuroscience 34: 771–775
Fleury C, Neverova M, Collins S, et al., (1997) Uncoupling protein-2: a novel gene linked to obesity and hyperinsulinemia. Nat Genet 15: 269–272
Flier JS (1995) the adipocyte: storage depot or node on the energy information superhighway. Cell 80: 15–18
Flodby P, Barlow C, Kylefjord H, Ahrlund-Richter L, Xanthopoulos KG (1996) Increased hepatic cell proliferation and lung abnormalities in mice deficient in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha. J Biol Chem 271: 24753–24760
Friedmann JM (2000) Obesity in the new millenium. Nature 404: 632–634
Frohman LA, Bernardis LL (1971) Effects of hypothalamic stimulation on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels. Am J Physiol 221: 1596–1603
Gainsford T, Willson TA, Metcalf D, et al., (1996) Leptin can induce proliferation, differentiation, and functional activation of hemopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 14564–14568
Galitzky J, Reverte M, Carpene C, Lafontan M, Berlan M (1993a) Beta3-adrenoceptors in dog adipose tissue: studies on their involvement in the lipomobilizing effect of catecholamines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266: 358–366
Galitzky J, Reverte M, Portillo M, et al. (1993b) Coexistence of betas-, beta 2-, and beta3-adrenoceptors in dog fat cells and their differential activation by catecholamines. Am J Physiol 264: E403 - E412
Garfinkel L (1985) Overweight and cancer. Ann Intern Med 103: 1034
Gerald C, Walker MW, Criscione L, et al., (1996) A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake. Nature 382: 168–171
Gibbs WW (1996) Übergewicht: ein Zivilisationsproblem? Spektrum der Wissenschaft, pp 54–63
Gimeno RE, Dembski M, Weng X, Deng N, Shyjan AW, Gimeno CJ, Iris F, Ellis SJ, Woolf EA, Tartaglia LA (1997) Cloning and characterization of an uncoupling protein homologue. Diabetes 46: 900–906
Go VLW, Malagelada JR, DiMagno EP (1974) Cholecystokinin bioassay method in man and its application. In: Chey WY, Brooks FP (eds): Endocrinology of the gut. Slack, Thorofare, pp 253–258
Granneman JG, Lahners KN (1992) Differential adrenergic regulation of beta l-and beta 3-adrenoceptor messenger ribonucleic acids in adipose tissues. Endocrinology 130: 109–114
Haffner SM, Stern MP, Miettinen H, Wei M, Gingerich RL (1996) Leptin concentrations in diabetic and nondiabetic Mexican-Americans. Diabetes 45: 822–824
Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, et al., (1995) Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269: 543–546
Hauner H (1996) Gesundheitsrisiken von Übergewicht and Gewichtszunahme. Dtsch Ärztebl 93: A-3405–3409
Hendrickson AE, Wagoner N, Cowan W (1972) An autoradio-graphic and electron microscope study of retinohypothalamic connections. Z Zellforsch 135: 1–26
Hoebel BG, Teitlebaum P (1962) Hypothalamic control of feeding and self-stimulation. Science 135: 375–377
Hollenga C, Zaagsma J (1989) Direct evidence for the atypical nature of functional beta-adrenoceptors in rat adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 98: 1420–1424
Hotamisligil GS, Spiegelman BM (1994) Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43: 1271–1278
Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259: 78–91
Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM (1996) AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biocommun 271: 10697–10703
Huseman B (1997) Die chirurgische Therapie der extremen Adipositas. Dtsch Ärztebl 94: A-2132–2136
Hwang CS, Mandrup S, MacDougald OA, Geiman DE, Lane MD (1996) Transcriptional activation of the mouse obese(ob) gene by CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 873–877
Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Chua SC Jr (1993) Critical effects of aging and nutritional state on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and galanin gene expression in lean and genetically obese Zukker rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 19: 195–202
Jong ADE, Strubbe JH, Steffens AB (1977) Hypothalamic influence on insulin and glucagon release in the rat. Am J Physiol 233: E380 - E388
Kadowaki H, Yasuda K, Iwamoto K, et al., (1995) A mutation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with obesity and hyperinsulinemia in Japanese subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 215: 555–560
Kalra SP, Dube MG, Sahu A, Phelps CP, Kalra PS (1991) Neuropeptide Y secretion increases in the paraventricular nucleus in association with increased appetite for food. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10931–10935
Kerr FWL (1962) Facial, vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves in the cat. Afferent connections. Arch Neurol 6: 264–281
Kim MS, Lee KY, Chey WY (1979) Plasma secretin concentration in fasting and postprandial states in the dog. Am J Physiol 236: E539–544
Kley HK, Solbach HG, McKinnan JC, Kruskemper HL (1979) Testosterone decrease and oestrogen increase in male patients with obesity. Acta Endocrinol 91: 553–563
Koh ET, Ricardo JA (1978) Afferents and efferents of the para-brachial region in the rat: evidence for parallel ascending gustatory versus visceroceptive systems arising from the nucleus of the solitary tract. Anat Rec 190: 449–470
Kopecky J, Baudysova M, Zanotti F, et al., (1990) Synthesis of mitochondrial uncoupling protein in brown adipocytes differentiated in cell culture. J Biol Chem 265: 22204–22209
Kopelman PG (2000) Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 404: 635–643
Krief S, Bazin R (1991) Genetic obesity: Is the defect in the sympathetic nervous system? A review through developmental studies in the preobese zucker rat. Exp Biol Med 528–538
Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larsson B, Pennert K, Rybo E, Sjostrom L (1984) Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Golthenburg, Sweden. BMJ 289: 1257
Lewis D, Shellard L, Koeslag DG, Boer DE, McCarthy HD, McKibbin PE, Russell JC, Williams G (1993) Intense physical exercise and food restriction cause similar increases in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations in rats. Am J Physiol 264: E279–284
Lew EA, Garfinkel L (1979) Variations in mortality by weight among 750000 men and women. J Chron Dis 32: 563–576
Licinio J, Mantzoros C, Negrao AB, et al., (1997) Human leptin levels are pulsatile and inversely related to pituitary-adrenal function. Nat Med 3: 575–579
Liebling DS, Eisner JD, Gibbs J, Smith GP (1975) Intestinal satiety in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 89: 955–965
Loewy AD, Burton H (1978) Nuclei of the solitary tract: efferent projection to the lower brain stem and spinal cord of the cat. J Comp Neurol 181: 421–450
Löffler G (1997) Pathophysiologie des Fettgewebes. Dtsch Ärztebl 94: A-2003–2006
Lynn RB, Cao GY, Considine RV, Hyde TM, Caro JF (1996) Autoradiographic localization of leptin binding in the choroid plexus of ob/ob and db/db mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 219: 884–889
Madej T, Boguski MS, Bryant SH (1995) Threading analysis suggests that the obese gene product may be a helical cytokine. FEBS Lett 373: 13–18
Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K (1996) cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apMs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 221: 296–289
Maffei M, Fei H, Lee GH, et al., (1995a) Increased expression in adipocytes of ob RNA in mice with lesions of the hypothalamus and with mutations at the db locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 6957–6960
Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, et al., (1995b) Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1: 1155–1161
Malabu UH, Kilpatrick A, Ware M, Vernon RG, Williams G (1994) Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of lactating rats: possible relationship to hyperphagia and adaptive changes in energy balance. Peptides 15: 83–87
Marks JL, Waite K, Li M (1993) Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and insulin treatment on neuropeptide Y mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Diabetologia 36: 497–502
Mason CA, Lincoln DW (1976) Visualization of the retinohypothalamic projection in the rat by cobalt precipitation. Cell Tissue Res 168: 117–131
Meyer JH (1974) Release of secretin and cholecystokinin. In: Chey WY, Brooks FP (eds) Endocrinology of the gut. Slack, Thorofare, pp 241–252
Miller LJ, Malagelada JR, Taylor WF, Go VLW (1981) Intestinal control of human postprandial gastric function: the role of components ofjejunoileal chyme in regulating gastric secretion and gastric emptying. Gastroenterology80: 763–769
Miller SG, De Vos P, Guerre-Millo M, Wong K, Hermann T, Staels B, Briggs MR, Auwerx J (1996) The adipocyte specific transcription factor C/EBPa modulates human ob gene expresion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 5507–5511
Misher A, Brooks FP (1966) Electrical stimulation of hypothalamus and gastric secretion in the albino rat. Am J Physiol 211: 403–405
Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, Sewter CP, Digby JE, Mohammed SN, Hurst JA, Cheetham CH, Earley AR, Barnett AH, Prins JB, O’Rahilly S (1997) Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387: 903–908
More RY (1973) Retinohypothalamic projection in mammals: a comparative study. Brain Res 49: 403–409
Murakami T, Shima K (1995) Cloning of rat obese cDNA and its expression in obese rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 209: 944–952
Muzzin P, Revelli JP, Kuhne F, et al., (1991) An adipose tissue-specific beta-adrenergic receptor. Molecular cloning and down-regulation in obesity. J Biol Chem 226: 24053–24058
Muzzin P, Revelli JP, Fraser CM, Giacobino JP (1992) Radioligand binding studies of the atypical beta 3-adrenergic receptor in rat brown adipose tissue using [3H]CGP 12177. FEBS Lett 298: 162–164
Nakano Y, Tobe T, Choi-Miura N-H, Mazda T, Tomita M (1996) Isolation and characterization of GBP28; a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma. J Biochem 120: 803–812
Nielsen S, Jensen M (1997) Obesity and cardiovascular disease: is body structure a factor? Curr Opin Lipido l 8: 200–204
Norgren R (1978) Projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat. Neuroscience 3: 207–218
Norgren R, Leonhard CM (1973) Ascending central gustatory pathways. J Comp Neurol 150: 217–238
Oppert JM, Vohl MC, Chagnon M, et al., (1994) DNA polymorphism in the uncoupling protein ( UCP) gene and human body fat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 18: 526–531
Palitzsch KD, et al., (1996) Obesity: an increasing but highly underestimated problem in Germany. Unpublished data. 1996; diabetomobil study group.
Pavlov IP (1902) The work of the digestive glands. Charles Griffin, London, pp 78–112
Pavlov IP (1927) Conditional reflexes. An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. Charles Griffin-London Oxford, pp 1–85
Pelleymounter MA (1995) Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 269: 540–546
Planche E, Joliff M, Bazin R (1988) Energy expenditure and adipose tissue development in 2- to 8-day-old Zucker rats. Int J Obes 12: 353–360
Powley TL (1977) The ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome, satiety and a cephalic phase hypothesis. Psychol Rev 84: 89–126
Reed DR, Ding Y, Xu W, Cather C, Green ED, Price RA (1996) Extreme obesity may be linked to markers flanking the human OB gene. Diabetes 45: 691–694
Reid JM, Fullmer SD, Pettigrew KD, et al., (1971) Nutrient intake of Pima Indian women: relationships to diabetes mellitus and gallbladder disease. Am J Clin Nutr 24: 1281–1289
Rhoton AL, O’Leavy JL, Ferguson JP (1966) The trigeminal, facial, vagal, and glossopharyngeal nerves in the monkey. Arch Neurol 14: 530–540
Ricardo J, Koh ET (1978) Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain Res 153: 1–26
Ricquier D, Nechad M, Mory G (1982) Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of human brown adipose tissue in pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54: 803–807
Ricquier D, Cassard-Doulcier A-M (1993) The biochemistry of white and brown adipocytes analysed from a selection of proteins. Eur J Biochem 218: 785–796
Rimm AA, Werner LH, Yserloo BV, Bernstein RA (1975) Relationship of obesity and disease in 73,532 weight-conscious women. Public Health Rep 90: 44–54
Saladin R, De Vos P, Guerre-Millo M, et al., (1995) Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature 377: 527–529
Scarpace PJ, Matheny M (1991) Adenylate cyclase agonist properties of CGP-12177A in brown fat: evidence for atypical beta-adrenergic receptors. Am J Physiol 260: E226 - E231
Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Fahrenkrug J (1978) Secretion pattern of secretin in man: regulation by gastric acid. Gut 19: 812–818
Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF (1995) A novel serum protein similar to Clog, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biocommun 270: 26746–26749
Schoonjans K, Martin G, Staels B, Auwerx J (1997) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, orphans with ligands and functions. Curr Opin Lipidol 8: 159–166
Schusdziarra V (1984) Verteilung and Funktion der gastrointestinalen Neuropeptide unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des exo-and endokrinen Magensekretion. In: Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin. 90. Band. Bergmann, J. E Verlag, München, pp 393–404
Schusdziarra V (1985) Gastrointestinale Hormone and Neuropeptide: ihre Rolle bei der Nahrungsaufnahme and Nahrungsverwertung. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln, Mainz Schusdziarra V (1986) Regulation der Nahrungsaufnahme durch Zentralnervensystem and Magen-Darm-Trakt. Leber Magen Darm 1: 28–50
Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Bukowski TR, et al., (1996) Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 45: 531–535
Sinha MK, Ohannesian JP, Heiman ML, et al., (1996) Nocturnal rise of leptin in lean, obese and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects. J Cl in Invest 97: 1344–1347
Sniderman AD, Cianflone KM (1994) The adipsin-ASP pathway and regulation of adipocyte function. Ann Med 26: 388–393
Sniderman AD, Cianflone KM, Eckel RH (1991) Levels of acylation stimulating protein in obese women before and after moderate weight loss. Int J Obes 15: 333–336
Stephens TW, Basinski M, Bristow PK, et al., (1995) The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product. Nature 377: 530–532
Stunkard AJ, Sorensen TI, Hanis C, et al., (1986) An adoption study of human obesity. New Engl J Med 314: 193–198
Stunkard AJ Harris JR, Pedersen NL, McClearn GE (1990) The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart. New Engl J Med 322: 1483–1487
Swanson LW, Cowan WM (1975) The afferent connections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypthalamus. J Comp Neurol 160: 1–12
Tartaglia LA, Dembski M, Weng X, et al., (1995) Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 83: 1263–1271
Tontonoz P, Hu E, Graves RA, Budavari AI, Spiegelman BM (1994a) mPPARy2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev 8: 1224–1234
Tontonoz P, Hu E, Spiegelman BM (1994b) Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPAR gamma 2, a lipid-activated transcription factor. Cell 79: 1147–1156
Torvik A (1956) Afferent connections of the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract and adjacent structures. An experimental study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 106: 51–141
Valenzuela JE, Walsh JH, Isenberg JJ (1976) Effect of gastrin on pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder emptying in man. Gastroenterology 71: 409–411
Vidal-Puig A, Jimenez-Linan M, Lowell BB, et al., (1996) Regulation of PPAR gamma gene expression by nutrition and obesity in rodents. J Clin Invest 97: 2553–2561
Vidal-Puig A, Solanes G, Grujic D, Flier JS, Lowell BB (1997) UCP3: an uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 235: 79–82
Walston J, Silver K, Bogardus C, et al., (1995) Time of onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and genetic variation in the beta 3-adrenergic-receptor gene. N Engl J Med 333: 343–347
Wang ND, Finegold MJ, Bradley A, et al., (1995) Impaired energy homeostasis in C/EBP alpha knockout mice. Science 269: 1108–1112
Weigle DS, Bukowski TR, Foster DC, et al., (1995) Recombinant ob protein reduces feeding and body weight in the ob/ob mouse. J Clin Invest 96: 2065–2070
White JD, Olchovsky D, Kershaw M, Berelowitz M (1990) Increased hypothalamic content of preproneuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Endocrinology 126: 765–772
Widen E, Lehto M, Kanninen T, Walston J, Shuldiner AR, Groop LC (1995) Association of a polymorphism in the beta 3-adrenergic-receptor gene with features of the insulin resistance syndrome in Finns. N Engl J Med 333: 348–351
Zaagsma J, Nahorski SR (1990) Is the adipocyte beta-adrenoceptor a prototype for the recently cloned atypical „beta 3adrenocepto “? Trends Pharmacol Sci 11: 3–7
Zarjevski N, Cusin I, Vettor R, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jeanrenaud B (1994) Intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y to normal rats has divergent effects on glucose utilization by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Diabetes 43: 764–769
Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM (1994) Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425–432
Zhou YT, Shimabukuro M, Koyama K, et al., (1997) Induction by leptin of uncoupling protein-2 and enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 6386–6390
Zukoski CF, Lee HM, Hume DM (1963) Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on gastric secretion and adrenal function in the dog. J Surg Res 3: 301–306
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schäffler, A., Palitzsch, KD. (2001). Adipositas. In: Böhm, B.O., Palitzsch, KD., Rosak, C., Spinas, G.A. (eds) Klinische Diabetologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59539-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59539-4_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64016-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59539-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive