Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuroanatomical and Neuropathological Basis of Mental Illness

  • Chapter
Contemporary Psychiatry

  • 45 Accesses

Abstract

The role of neuropathology in the study of classical psychiatric diseases such as the schizophrenias, affective disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder was until recently highly controversial. Neuropathological findings have been largely impossible to demonstrate in psychiatric disease, except in the case of organic mental syndromes resulting from focal brain lesions or degenerative processes. A few structural abnormalities have been detected to date, but only with difficulty, with the aid of highly sophisticated techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Hetrick WP, Bunney WE, Jones EG (1996) Maldistribution of interstitial neurons in the prefrontal white matter of the brains of schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 425–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akil M, Lewis DA (1997) Cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 154: 1010–1012

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldenhoff J (1997) Ãœberlegungen zur Psychobiologie der Depression. Nervenarzt 68/5: 379–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Swayze V et al (1994) Thalamic abnormalities in schizophrenia visualized through magnetic resonance image averaging. Science 266: 294–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold SE, Hyman BT, van Hoesen GW, Damasio AR (1991) Some cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 625–632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachus SE, Kleinman JE (1996) The neuropathology of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 57[Suppl 11]: 72–83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer J (1994) Die Alzheimer-Krankheit. Schattauer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann B, Bornschlegl C, Krell D, Bogerts B (1997) Changes in CSF spaces differ in endogenous and neurotic depression. A planimetric CT scan study. J Affect Dis 45: 179–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann B, Danos P, Krell D et al (1999) Reduced volume of limbic system-affiliated basal ganglia in mood disorders: preliminary data from a post mortem study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 11: 71–78

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benes FM, Bird ED (1987) An analysis of the arrangement of neurons in the cingulate cortex of schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 608–616

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz LI, Perrone-Bizzozero NI (1991) The expression of GAP-43 in relation to neuronal growth and plasticity: when, where, how, and why? Prog Brain Res 89: 69–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein HG, Krell D, Baumann B et al (1998a) Morphometric studies of the entorhinal cortex in neuropsychiatric patients and controls: clusters of heterotopically displaced lamina II neurons are not indicative of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 33: 125–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein HG, Stanarius A, Baumann B et al (1998b) Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the human hypothalamus: reduced number of immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of depressive patients and schizophrenics. Neuroscience 83: 867–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilder RM, Wu H, Bogerts B et al (1994) Absence of regional hemispheric volume asymmetries in first episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151: 1437–1447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B (1991) The neuropathology of schizophrenia: pathophysiological and neurodevelopmental implications. In: Med-nick SA, Cannon TD, Barr CE (eds) Fetal neural development and adult schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 153–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B (1993) Recent advances in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 19: 431–445

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B (1995) Hirnstrukturelle Untersuchungen an schizophrenen Patienten. In: Lieb K, Riemann D, Berger M (eds) Biologisch-psychiatrische Forschung - Ein Ãœberblick. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp 123–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B (1996) Plastizität von Hirnstruktur und -funktion als neurobiologische Grundlage der Psychotherapie. Z Klin Psychol Psychiatr Psychother 44: 243–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B (1997) The temporolimbic system theory of positive schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophr Bull 23: 423–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B, Lieberman J (1993) Neuropathology in the study of psychiatric disease. In: Costa e Silva ACJ, Nadelson CC (eds) International review of psychiatry, vol 1. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 515–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogerts B, Wurthmann C, Piroth HD (1987) Hirnsubstanzdefizit mit paralimbischen und limbischem Schwerpunkt im CT Schizophrener. Nervenarzt 58(2): 97–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braak H, Braak E (1991) Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82: 239–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun K (1996) Synaptische Reorganisation bei frühkindlichen Erfahrungs- und Lernprozessen: Relevanz für die Entstehung psychischer Erkrankungen. Z Klin Psychol Psychiatr Psychother 44: 231–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Praestholm J, Vestergaard A (1993) Developmental brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. I. Contribution of genetic and perinatal factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50: 551–564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakos MH, Lieberman JA, Bilder RM et al (1994) Increase in caudate nuclei volumes of first-episode schizophrenic patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 151: 1430–1436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crow TJ (1990) Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 16(3): 434–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crow TJ (1993) Schizophrenia as an anomaly of cerebral asymmetry. In: Maurer K (ed) Imaging of the brain in psychiatry and related fields. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 2–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlström A, Fuxe K (1964) Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of the brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol Scand 62[Suppl 232]: 1–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Danos P, Baumann B, Bernstein HG et al (1998) Schizophrenia and anteroventral nucleus: selective decrease of parvalbumin-immunoreactive thalamocortical projection neurons. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 82: 1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davison K, Bagley CR (1969) Schizophrenia-like psychosis associated with organic disorders of the central nervous system. A review of the literature. In: Hertington RN (ed) Current problems in neuropsychiatry. Br J Psychiatry (special publication) 4: 113–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Degreef G, Bogerts B, Falkai P, Greve B, Lantos G, Ashtari M, Lieberman J (1992a) Increased prevalence of the cavum septum pellucidum in MRI scans and postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 45: 1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degreef G, Ashtari M, Bogerts B, Bilder RM, Jody DN, Alvir JMJ, Lieberman JA (1992b) Volumes of ventricular system subdivisions measured from magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 531–537

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLisi LE, Sakuma M, Tew W, Kushner M, Hoff AL, Grimson R (1997) Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 74(3): 129–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P (1996) Differential diagnosis in acute psychotic episode. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11[Suppl 2]: 13–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Bogerts B (1994) Brain morphology and prediction of neuroleptic treatment response in schizophrenia. In: Gaebel W, Awad AG (eds) Prediction of neuroleptic treatment outcome in schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 135–147

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Bogerts B, Rozumek M (1988a) Cell loss and volume reduction in the entorhinal cortex of schizophrenics. Biol Psychiatry 24: 515–521

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Bogerts B, Roberts GW, Crow TJ (1988b) Measurement of the alpha-cell-migration in the entorhinal region: a marker for developmental disturbances in schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 1: 157–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Bogerts B, Klieser E, Waters U, Schlüter U, Mooren I (1993) Quantitativ-morphometrische Befunde im CT bei Neuroleptika-Non-Respondern. In: Müller HJ (ed) Therapieresistenz bei Neuroleptikabehandlung. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 37–48

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Schneider T, Greve B, Klieser E, Bogerts B (1995) Reduced frontal and occipital lobe asymmetry on CT-scans of schizophrenic patiens. Its specificity and clinical significance. J Neural Transm (Gen Sect) 99: 63–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkai P, Honert WG, David S, Bogerts B, Maijtenyi C, Bayer TA (1999) No evidence for astrogliosis in brains of schizophrenic patients. A post mortem study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 25: 48–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fields DR, Nelson PG (1992) Activity dependent development of the vertebrate nervous system. Int Rev Neurobiol 43: 133–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flor-Henry P (1969) Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled investigation. Epilepsia 10: 363–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frangou S, Sharma T, Sigmudsson T, Barta P, Pearlson G, Murray RM (1997) The Maudsley Family Study. 4. Normal planum temporale asymmetry in familial schizophrenia. A volumetric MRI study. Br J Psychiatry 170: 328–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman L, Lys C, Schulz SC (1992) The relationship of structural brain imaging parameters to antipsychotic treatment response: a review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 17(2): 42–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geddes JR, Lawrie S (1995) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 167: 786–793

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman-Rakic P (1994) Cerebral cortical mechanisms in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 10[Suppl 3]: 22–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Grasby PM, Bench C (1997) Neuroimaging of mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 10: 73–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray JA (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the function of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood R, Bhalla A, Gordon A, Roberts J (1983) Behavior disturbances during recovery from herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46: 809–817

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hampel H, Teipel SJ, Kötter HU et al (1997) Strukturelle Magnetresonanztomographie in der Diagnose und Erforschung der Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ. Nervenarzt 68: 365–378

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper CG, Kril JJ, Daly J (1988) Does ‘moderate’ alcohol intake damage the brain? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51: 909–913

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey I, Ron MA, Du Boulay G, Wicks SW, Lewis SW, Murray RM (1993) Reduction of cortical volume in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging. Psychol Med 23: 591–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinsen H, Gössmann E, Rüb U et al (1996) Variability in the human entorhinal region may confound neuropsychiatric diagnoses. Acta Anat 157: 226–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson AS, Henderson JH (eds) (1988) Etiology of dementias of Alzheimer’s type. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann M, Bartels C, Wallesch CW (1993) Depression in acute and chronic aphasia: symptoms, pathoanatomical-clinical correlations and functional implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56: 672–678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess WR (1949) Das Zwischenhirn. Schwabe, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Heun R, Schlegel S, Graf-Morgenstern M, Tintera J, Gawehn J, Stoeter P (1997) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in dementia of Alzheimer type. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12(3): 349–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillbom E (1951) Schizophrenia-like psychoses after brain trauma. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand 60: 36–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman BL, Johnson KA, Gerada B, Carvalho PA, Satlin A (1992) The scintigraphic appearance of Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective study using technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT. Nucl Med 33(2): 181–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huber G (1957) Pneumencephalographische und psychopathologische Bilder bei endogenen Psychosen. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Illowsky BP, Juliano DM, Bigelow LB, Weinberger DR (1988) Stability of CT scan findings in schizophrenia: results of an 8 year follow-up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51: 209–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakob J, Beckmann H (1986) Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J Neural Transm 65: 303–326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeste D, Lohr JB, Goodwin FK (1988) Neuroanatomical studies of major affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 153: 444–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Husband J, Kreel L (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet 2: 924–926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones EG, Powell TPS (1970) An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 93: 793–820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jönsson SA, Luts A, Guldberg-Kjaer N, Brun A (1997) Hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray correlates negatively to cell number: implications for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 247:120–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsetos CD, Hyde TM, Herman MM (1997) Neuropathology of the cerebellum in schizophrenia - an update: 1996 and future directions. Biol Psychiatry 42: 213–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemali D, Maj M, Galderisi S, Milici N, Salvati A (1989) Ventricle-to-brain ratio in schizophrenia: a controlled follow-up study. Biol Psychiatry 26: 756–759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keshavan MS, Bagwell WW, Haas GL, Sweeney JA, Schooler NR, Pettegrew JW (1994) Changes in caudate volume with neuroleptic treatment. Lancet 344(8934): 1434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keshavan MS, Haas GL, Kahn CE et al (1998) Superior temporal gyrus and the course of early schizophrenia: progressive, static, or reversible? J Psychiatr Res 32: 161–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketter TA, George MS, Kimbrell TA, Benson BE, Post RM (1996) Functional brain imaging, limbic function and affective disorders. Neuroscientist 2: 55–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinschmidt A, Falkai P, Huang Y, Schneider T, Furst G, Steinmetz H (1994) In vivo morphometry of planum temporale asymmetry in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 12: 9–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krimer LS, Herman MM, Saunders RC et al (1997) A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex 7: 732–739

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz A, Egensperger R, Lautenschlager N, Haupt M, Altland K, Graeber MB, Muller U (1995) Das Apolipoprotein-E-Gen und der Phenotyp der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Z Gerontol Geriatr 28(3): 195–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon JS, Shenton ME, Hirayasu Y et al (1998) MRI study of cavum septi pellucidi in schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155: 509–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS (1998) Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 172: 110–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie SM, Abukmeil SS, Chiswick A, Egan V, Santosh CG, Best JJ (1997) Qualitative cerebral morphology in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study and systematic literature review. Schizophr Res 25: 155–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch A, Bogerts B (1984) The diencephalon in schizophrenia: evidence for reduced thickness of the periventricular grey matter. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 234: 212–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis SW (1990) Computed tomography in schizophrenia, 15 years on. Br J Psychiatry 157[Suppl 9]: 16–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis SW (1995) The secondary schizophrenias. In: Hirsch S, Weinberger DR (eds) Schizophrenia. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 324–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman J, Bogerts B, Degreef G, Ashtari M, Alvir J (1992) Qualitative assessment of brain morphology in acute and chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 149: 784–791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Matochik JA, Cadet JL, London ED (1998) Smaller volume of prefrontal lobe in polysubstance abusers: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuropsychopharmacology 18(4): 243–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luts A, Jonsson SA, Guldberg-Kjaer N, Brun A (1998) Uniform abnormalities in the hippocampus of five chronic schizophrenic men compared with age-matched controls. Acta Psychiatr Scand 98(1): 60–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier W, Schwab S (1998) Molecular genetics of schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 11: 19–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann K, Widmann U (1995) Zur Neurobiologie der Alkoholabhängigkeit. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 63: 238–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann K, Opitz H, Petersen D, Schroth G, Heimann H (1989) Intracranial CSF volumetry in alcoholics: studies with MRI and CT. Psychiatry Res 29: 277–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh L, Suddath RL, Higgins N, Weinberger DR (1994) Medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia: relationship of size to duration of illness. Schizophr Res 11: 225–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer K, Riederer P, Beckmann H (eds) (1990) Alzheimer’s disease. Epidemiology, neuropathology, neurochemistry, and clinics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarley RW, Hsiao JK, Freedman R, Pfefferbaum A, Donchin E (1996) Neuroimaging and the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 22: 703–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean PD (1952) Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system (visceral brain). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 4: 407–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meshul CK, Buckman JF, Allen C, Riggan JP, Feller DJ (1996) Activation of corticostriatal pathway leads to similar morphological changes observed following haloperidol treatment. Synapse 22(4): 350–361

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam MM (1986) Patterns in behavioral neuroanatomy: association areas, the limbic system, and hemispheric specialization. In: Mesulam MM (ed) Principles of behavioral neurology. Davis, Philadelphia, pp 1–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Miliner R (1992) Cortico-hippocampal interplay and the representation of contexts in the brain. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasrallah HA, Olson SC, McCalley-Witters M, Chapman S, Jacoby CG (1986) Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: a preliminary follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 157–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson MD, Saykin AJ, Flashman LA, Riordan HJ (1998) Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 433–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuys R (1985) Chemoarchitecture of the brain. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pakkenberg B (1990) Pronounced reduction of total neuron number in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and nucleus accumbens in schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 1023–1028

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palkovits M, Zaborski L (1979) Neural connections of the hypothalamus. In Morgane PJ (ed) Anatomy of the hypothalamus. Decker, New York, pp 379–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantel J, Schröder J, Schad LR et al (1997) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological functions in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Psychol Med 27: 221–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez MM, Trimble MR, Reider I, Murray M (1984) Epileptic psychosis, a further evaluation of PSE profiles. Br J Psychiatry 146: 155–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrone-Bizzozero NI, Sower AC, Bird ED, Benowitz LI, Ivins KJ, Neve RL (1996) Levels of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 are selectively increased in association cortices in schizophrenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 14182–14187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SC, Harper CG, Kril J (1987) A quantitative histological study of cerebellar vermis in alcoholic patients. Brain 110: 301–314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raadsheer FC, Hoogendijk WJ, Stam FC, Tilders FJ, Swaab DF (1994) Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60: 436–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raz S (1993) Structural cerebral pathology in schizophrenia: regional or diffuse? J Abnorm Psychol 102: 445–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross CA, Pearlson GD (1996) Schizophrenia, the heteromodal association neocortex and development: potential for a neurogenetic approach. Trends Neurosci 19(5): 171–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi A, Stratta P, Mattei P, Cupillari M, Bozzao A, Gallucci M, Casacchia M (1992) Planum temporale in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance study. Schizophr Res 7: 19–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth G (1991) Neuronale Grundlagen des Lernens und des Gedächtnisses. In: Schmidt JS (ed) Gedächtnis: Probleme und Perspektiven der interdisziplinären Gedächtnisforschung. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, pp 127–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlaepfer TE, Harris GJ, Tien AY et al (1994) Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 151: 842–848

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro RM (1993) Regional neuropathology in schizophrenia: where are we? Where are we going? Schizophr Res 10:187–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer W (1991) Die Entwicklung kognitiver Strukturen - ein selbstreferentieller Lernprozeß. In: Schmidt JS (ed) Gedächtnis: Probleme und Perspektiven der interdisziplinären Gedächtnisforschung. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, pp 96–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater E, Beard AW, Glithero E (1963) The schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy. Br J Psychiatry 109: 95–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith GN, Flynn SW, Kopala LC, Bassett AS, Lapointe, JS, Falkai P, Honer WG (1997) A comprehensive method of assessing routine CT scans in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 96: 395–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares JC, Mann JJ (1997) The anatomy of mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 41: 86–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sponheim SR, Iacono WG, Beiser M (1991) Stability of ventricular size after the onset of psychosis in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 40(1): 21–29

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson LW (1983) The hippocampus and the concept of limbic system. In: Seifert W (ed) Neurobiology of the hippocampus. Academic, London, pp 3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Travis MJ, Kerwin R (1997) Schizophrenia — neuroimaging. Curr Opin Psychiatry 10: 16–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Hoesen GW (1982) The parahippocampal gyrus. New observations regarding its cortical connections in the monkey. Trends Neurosci 5: 345–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Os J, Fahy A, Jones P et al (1995) Increased intracerebral cerebrospinal fluid spaces predict unemployment and negative symptoms in psychotic illness — a prospective study. Br J Psychiatry 166: 750–758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Victor M, Adams RD, Collins G (1989) The Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome and related neurologic disorders due to alcoholism and malnutrition. Davis, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Vita A, Saccetti G, Cazullo CL (1988) Brain morphology in schizophrenia: A 2- to 5-year CT scan follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 78: 618–621

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waddington JL (1993) Neurodynamics of abnormalities in cerebral metabolism and structure in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 19: 55–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR (1984) Brain disease and psychiatric illness: when should a psychiatrist order a CAT scan? Am J Psychiatry 141: 1521–1527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 660–669

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger DR, Aloia MS, Goldberg TE, Berman KF (1994) The frontal lobes and schizophrenia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 6: 419–427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wernicke C (1881) Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten für Ärzte und Studierende, vol 2. Fischer, Kassel, pp 229–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods BT, Yurgelun-Todd D, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT (1996) MRI brain abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia: one process or more? Biol Psychiatry 40: 585–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurthmann C, Bogerts B, Falkai P (1995) Brain morphology assessed by computed tomography in patients with geriatric depression, patients with degenerative dementia, and normal control subjects. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 61: 103–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipurski RB, Marsh L, Lim KO et al (1994) Volumetric assessment of temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatr 35: 501–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. B. Bogerts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Falkai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, P.O. Box 12 21 20, 68072, Mannheim, Germany

    Fritz Henn

  2. Belle-Idée, Bâtiment Salève, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, 2, chemin du Petit-Bel-Air, 1225, Chêne-Bourg/Genève, Switzerland

    Norman Sartorius

  3. Psychiatrische Klinik, Freie Universität Berlin, Eschenallee 3, 14050, Berlin, Germany

    Hanfried Helmchen

  4. Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Germany

    Hans Lauter

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bogerts, B., Falkai, P. (2001). Neuroanatomical and Neuropathological Basis of Mental Illness. In: Henn, F., Sartorius, N., Helmchen, H., Lauter, H. (eds) Contemporary Psychiatry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59519-6_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59519-6_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64007-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59519-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation