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Atmospheric Transports of Particulate and Gaseous Products by Fires

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Book cover Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASII,volume 51))

Summary

Atmospheric transports of fire-generated products are scale-dependent phenomena. The occurrence of fires in time and space is also related to atmospheric scales of motion. Large scales of motion (>1000 km), such as the semi-permanent subtropical anticyclones, may control rainfall and rainfall in turn influences the water balance and the probability of fires. Long term drought conditions influence biomass and hence the production of any fire. This complex role of the atmosphere in generating and transporting products from fires is the focus of this chapter.

Atmospheric transports are treated in terms of scales of motion which occur at preferred frequencies. Four scales of atmospheric motion are dealt with: the large-scale, long term scale typical of features such as the large semi-permanent subtropical anticyclones which operate on space scales of >1000 km and time scales of >10’s of days; the synoptic or storm scales typical of a frontal cyclone with space scales between 100 – 1000 km and time scales of tens of minutes to less than 24 hours, and finally, the turbulent and smaller scales of motion which operate on space scales of much less than 1 km and time scales of minutes to microseconds.

The occurrence of fires in space and time and the transports of the fire products are dealt with in this chapter in each of the above scales of motion. Interaction between scales occurs and is often non-linear. Such interaction is referred to in each of the scales of motion treated.

Fundamental transport pathways are seen to occur as a function of the large scale of motion. These scales similarly influence the occurrence of fires. Zonal motions in the atmosphere predominate over meridional motion but there is a relationship between zonal and meridional motion, dry and wet conditions and the occurrence of fires.

Convection and convective systems like squall lines operate to both transport fire-generated products vertically in the atmosphere and involve the fire particles in droplet, precipitation and deposition processes. Direct fire-generated convection can be intense although typically occurring under conditions (dry) which do not support natural convection. Interaction between the convective motions of the fire and smaller scale motions in the atmosphere, however, may result in velocity fields capable of elevating and transporting particles >100 µm in size to distances in excess of 10 km.

Turbulent and smaller scale motions can couple with mesoscale and larger scale conditions under circumstances which, for example, produce high velocity (>20 m s-1) low level nocturnal jets which can transport fire-generated particles distances of 1000 km from the fire in 10 hours.

Sedimentation of fire-generated products in a given location such as a lake can be due as much to changes in atmospheric circulation fields as in changes of any fire regime. Perhaps more importantly, a given fire regime may be reflected quite differently in different fixed locations due to variations in transport pathways which can be discrete and defined in space and time.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA

    M. Garstang, P. D. Tyson, H. Cachier & L. Radke

  2. Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa

    P. D. Tyson

  3. Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, Laboratoire mixte CNRS-CEA, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, GIF sur Yvette CEDEX, France

    H. Cachier

  4. NCAR/Research Aviation Facility, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307-3000, USA

    L. Radke

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  1. M. Garstang
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  3. H. Cachier
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    James S. Clark

  2. Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, CNRS/CEA, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France

    Hélène Cachier

  3. Arbeitsgruppe Feuerökologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Universität Freiburg, D-79085, Freiburg, Germany

    Johann G. Goldammer

  4. Great Lakes Forestry Center, Canadian Forest Service, P6A 5M7, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, Canada

    Brian Stocks

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Garstang, M., Tyson, P.D., Cachier, H., Radke, L. (1997). Atmospheric Transports of Particulate and Gaseous Products by Fires. In: Clark, J.S., Cachier, H., Goldammer, J.G., Stocks, B. (eds) Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change. NATO ASI Series, vol 51. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59171-6_10

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