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The α-Galactosyl Epitope (Galα1-3Ga1β1-4GIcNAc-R) and the Natural Anti-Gal Antibody

  • Chapter
Molecular Biology and Evolution of Blood Group and MHC Antigens in Primates

Abstract

The carbohydrate structure Galαl-3Galß1-4G1cNAc-R (termed the α-galactosyl epitope) and the natural antibody which interacts specifically with this epitope (termed anti-Gal) display a unique pattern of distribution in primates. The α-galactosyl epitope is abundantly expressed on red cells and nucleated cells of prosimians and New World monkeys as well as on cells of nonprimate mammals. It is absent, however, from Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. In contrast, anti-Gal is produced in large amounts in Old World monkeys, apes, and humans but is absent from New World monkeys, prosimians, and nonprimate mammals. The studies reported on in this chapter: (1) identify the α-galactosyl epitope as the “B-like” antigen reported by Landsteiner 70 years ago to be present on New World monkey red cells; (2) describe the reciprocity in the distribution of the α-galactosyl epitope and of anti-Gal in primates; (3) discuss the molecular aspects of the evolutionary event that led to suppression of α-galactosyl epitope expression and the appearance of anti-Gal in ancestral Old World primates (i.e., Old World monkeys and apes); and (4) discuss the pathophysiologic outcomes of the interaction between the α-galactosyl epitope and anti-Gal in the areas of red cell aging, xenotransplantation and autoimmunity. Finally, this chapter describes the potential exploitation of anti-Gal and the α-galactosyl epitope for the augmentation of viral and tumor vaccine immunogenicity.

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  1. U. Galili
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire d’Immunogénétique moléculaire, Université Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse Hôpital Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, 31059, Toulouse cedex, France

    Antoine Blancher MD, PhD

  2. Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie Abteilung Immungenetik, Correnstr. 42, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Jan Klein PhD

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fl, 33101, USA

    Jan Klein PhD

  4. Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates (LEMSIP), New York University Medical Center, 10 Townsend Avenue, Upper Grandview, NY, 10960-4830, USA

    Wladyslaw Socha MD

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Galili, U. (1997). The α-Galactosyl Epitope (Galα1-3Ga1β1-4GIcNAc-R) and the Natural Anti-Gal Antibody. In: Blancher, A., Klein, J., Socha, W. (eds) Molecular Biology and Evolution of Blood Group and MHC Antigens in Primates. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59086-3_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59086-3_8

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