Skip to main content

Transportation and Air Pollution: The Environmental Damages

  • Conference paper
The Full Costs and Benefits of Transportation

Abstract

This paper examines estimates of the damages caused by air pollution emissions from transportation sources. The paper first provides a summary of dollar per gallon air pollution damage estimates from twenty studies. Next, new nationwide estimates of damages associated with air emissions are presented. Finally, three key issues in the estimation of damages are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Apogee Research, Inc. (1994). “The Costs of Transportation, “ Prepared for Conservation Law Foundation, March, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, P. and R. Friedrich. (1995). Was kostet uns die Mobilitat? Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burtraw D., A. M. Freeman III, W. Harrington, and A. Krupnick. (1994). “The Social Costing Debate: Issues and Resolutions,” in Social Costs of Energy, O. Hohmeyer and R. Ottinger (eds.), Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, Judith. (1995). “Measurement Methods to Determine Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Standards for Suspended Particles, “ Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 45, 320–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cifuentes, L. and L. Lave. (1995). Association of Daily Mortality and Air Pollution in Philadelphia, 1983–1988, Mimeo, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, draft paper for the NAPAP.

    Google Scholar 

  • CRS (Congressional Research Service). (1992). The External Costs of Oil Used in Transportation, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, 92-574 ENR, Washington, DC, June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conservation Law Foundation. (1994). Road Kill, Boston, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cropper, M. L. and U. Subramanian. (1995). Public Choices Between Life-Saving Programs: How Important Are Qualitative Factors Versus Lives Saved? Mimeo, The World Bank, Washington, DC, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, Stacy C. (1994). Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 14, Prepared by Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Transportation Technologies, Ma

    Google Scholar 

  • Dockery D. W., J. Schwartz, and J. D. Spengler. (1992). “Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: Associations with Particulates and Acid Aerosols, “ Environmental Research, 59, 362–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dockery D. W., C. A. Pope III, X. Xu, J. D. Spengler, J. H. Ware, M. E. Fay, B. G. Ferris, Jr., and F. E. Speizer. (1993). “An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities, “ The New England Journal of Medicine, 329 (24) 1753–1759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DOE/EIA (U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration). (1991). Petroleum: An Energy Profile, DOE/EIA-0545(91), Office of Oil and Gas, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • DOE/EIA (U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration). (1993). State Energy Data Report: Consumption Estimates, 1960–1990, DOE/EIA-0214(90), Office of Energy Markets and End Use, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • DOE/EIA (U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration). (1994). Annual Energy Outlook with Projections to 2010, DOE/EIA-0383(94), Office of Integrated Analysis and Forecasting, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • E. H. Pechan & Associates. (1994). Development of the OPPE Particulate Programs Implementation Evaluation System,prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Springfield, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission. (1994). Externalities of Fuel Cycles: ExternE Project. Working Documents Nos. 1-9. For the Directorate General XII. Prepared by Metroeconomica, CEPN, IER, Eyre Energy-Environment, ETSU, Ecole des Mines. Brussels, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans J. S., T. Tosteson, and P. L. Kinney. (1984). “Cross-Sectional Mortality Studies and Air Pollution Risk Assessment,” Environment International, 10, 55–

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairley, D. (1990). “The Relationship of Daily Mortality to Suspended Particulates in Santa Clara County,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 89, 159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fankhauser, S. and D. W. Pearce. (1993). “The Social Costs of Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” presented at the International Conference on the Economics of Climate Change, Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development and International Energy Agency, Paris, June 14–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Railroad Administration. (1993). Environmental Externalities and Social Costs of Transportation Systems: Measurement, Mitigation, and Costing—An Annotated Bibliography, Washington, DC, August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman III, A. M. and R. D. Rowe. (1995). “Ranking Electricity Generation Technologies with External Costs,” Electricity Journal, December, 48–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, M. (1988). Efficiency and Equity of a Gasoline Tax Increase, Finance and Economics Discussion Series #33, Federal Reserve Board. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, Mark. (1992). Results of Literature Survey and Summary of Findings: The Nature and Magnitude of Social Costs of Roadway Use, Resource Management Associates of Madison, Inc. Madison, WI, prepared for the FHWA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito K., P. L. Kinney, and G. D. Thurston. (1995). “Variations in PM10 Concentrations within Two Metropolitan Areas and Their Implications for Health Effects Analyses,” Inhalation Toxicology, 7, 735–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney P. L., K. Ito, and G. D. Thurston. (1995). “A Sensitivity Analysis of Mortality/ PM-10 Associations in Los Angeles,” Inhalation Toxicology, 7, 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khisty, C.J. and P.J. Kaftanski. (1986). “The Social Costs of Traffic Congestion During Peak Periods,” paper presented at the 66th Annual Meeting of the TRB, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knecht, R. and J. Levine. (1995). Memorandum to Victor Niemeyer, Electric Power Research Institute entitled “Comparisons of AQVM and EXMOD Particulate Modeling Calculations,” March 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komanoff, C. and B. Ketchum. (1992). “Win-Win Transportation: A No-Losers Approach to Financing Transport in New York City and the Region.” Komanoff Energy Associates. Cited in “Incorporation of External Cost Considerations in Highway Cost Allocations,” Battelle, Report to FHWA, September, 1994 BAT-93-009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krupnick, A. and D. Burtraw. (Forthcoming). “The Social Cost of Electricity: Do the Numbers Add Up?” Journal of Resource and Energy Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, C, G. Yarwood, F. Lalonde, and R. Bloxam. (1995). Environmental and Health Benefits of Cleaner Vehicles and Fuels,prepared for the Canadian Council of the Environment Task Force on Cleaner Vehicles and Fuels by Hagler Bailly Consulting, Inc., Boulder, CO, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee R., A. Krupnick, D. Burtraw, et al. (1995). Estimating Externalities of Electric Fuel Cycles: Analytical Methods and Issues, Estimating Externalities of Coal Fuel Cycles,and additional volumes for other fuel cycles, McGrawHill/Utility Data Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipfert, F. W. (1994). Air Pollution and Community Health, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, M. (1989). “Background on Health Effects of Acid Aerosols,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 7, 3–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie J. J., R. Dower, and D. Chen. (1992). The Going Rate: What It Really Costs to Drive, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, P. and J. Moffet. (1993). The Price of Mobility, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • OGJ (Oil and Gas Journal). (1994). Special Edition. World Refining Report, Anne K. Rhodes (ed.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostro, B. D. (In Press). “Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in Two Southern California Counties,” Environmental Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostro B. D., J. M. Sanchez, C. Aranda, and G. S. Eskeland. (1996). “Air Pollution and Mortality: Results from a Study of Santiago, Chile,” Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottinger, R. L. et al. (eds.). (1990.) Environmental Costs of Electricity, Pace University Center for Environmental Legal Studies. White Plains, NY. Oceana Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozkaynak, H. and G. Thurston. (1987). “Associations Between 1980 U.S. Mortality Rates and Alternative Measures of Airborne Particle Concentration,” Risk Analysis, 7, 449–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ozkaynak H., J. Xue, P. Severance, R. Burnett, and M. Raizenne. (1995). “Associations Between Daily Mortality, Ozone, and Particulate Air Pollution in Toronto, Canada,” Paper presented at the Colloquium on Particulate Air Pollution, Irvine, CA, January 24–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plagiannakos, T. and J. Parker. (1988). An Assessment of Air Pollution Effects on Human Health in Ontario. Ontario Hydro, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, CA. III, J. Schwartz, and M. R. Ransom. (1992). “ Daily Mortality and PM10 Pollution in Utah Valley,” Archives of Environmental Health, 47 (3)211–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope, C.A., III. M. J. Thun, M. M. Namboodiri, D. W. Dockery, J. S. Evans, F. E. Speizer, and C. W. Heath, Jr. (1995). “Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective Study of U.S. Adults,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151, 669–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinet, E. (1994). “The Social Costs of Transport: Evaluation and Links with Internalization Policies,” Internalizing the Social Costs of Transport, European Conference of Ministers of Transport, OECD, Paris (contains other European study citations).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe R. D., C. M. Lang, L. G. Chestnut, D. Latimer, D. Rae, S. M. Bernow, and D. White. (1995). The New York Environmental Externality Cost Study, Oceana Publications, Dobbs Ferry, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe R. D., C. M. Lang, and L. G. Chestnut. (1996a). “Critical Factors in Estimating Externality Values,” Journal of Resource and Energy Economics, Forthcoming.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe R. D., L. G. Chestnut, C. M. Lang, and B. D. Ostro. (1996b). “Environmental Externalities of Electricity Generation: The Significance of Particulate Matter,” Particulate Matter: Health and Regulatory Issues, Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, Forthcoming, Presented in Pittsburgh, PA, April 4-6, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, R. D. J. Smolinsky, and C. M. Lang. (1996c). “The Magnitude of Electricity Externalities through Time,” Social Costs and Sustainability: Valuation and Implementation in the Energy and Transport Sector, O. Hohmeyer, R. Ottinger, and K. Rennings (eds.). Springer-Verlag Press, Berlin, Forthcoming, Presented to the Third International Conference on Externality Costs, Ladenburg, FRG. May 27-30, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe R. D., L. Bird, J. Epel, and L. Chestnut. (1996d). Externality Benefits from Natural Gas Vehicles in New York, Hagler Bailly Consulting, Inc., Report to the New York Gas Group, New York, NY, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage, Ian. (1993). “An Empirical Investigation into the Effect of Psychological Perceptions on the Willingness-to-Pay to Reduce Risk,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 6(1) 75–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. (1991). “Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Detroit,” Environmental Research, 56, 204–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. (1993). “Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Birmingham, Alabama,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 137(10) 1136–1147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. and D. W. Dockery. (1992a). “Increased Mortality in Philadelphia Associated with Daily Air Pollution Concentrations,” American Review of Respiratory Disease, 145, 600–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. and D. W. Dockery. (1992b). “Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Steubenville, OH,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(1) 12–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slovic, P. (1992). “Perception of Risk: Reflections on the Psychometric Paradigm,” In Social Theories of Risk, Sheldon Krimsky and Dominic Golding (eds.). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slovic P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. (1985). “Characterizing Perceived Risk,” In Perilous Progress: Managing the Hazards of Technology, Robert W. Kates, Christoph Hohenemser and Jeanne X. Kasperson (eds), Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, K. and C. Kazimi. (1994). “On the Costs of Air Pollution From Motor Vehicles,” University of California, Irvine, Department of Economics, Irvine Economic Paper No. 94-95-3. September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thayer M. A., F. D. Seibold, J. C. Murdoch, and T. A. Mayer. (1994). “The Air Quality Valuation Model,” Prepared by Regional Economic Research, Inc. and TRC Environmental Consultants for the California Energy Commission, Sacramento, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1993). National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900–1992, EPA-45R-93-032, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1995a). AP-42 Emissions Factors Data Base, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1995b). Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter. Volumes I-III. External Review Draft. Prepared by the Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. April. EPA/600/AP-95/001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Utell, M. J. and M. W. Frampton. (1995). “Particulates and Mortality: A Clinical Perspective,” Inhalation Toxicology, 7, 645–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viscusi, W. K. (1992). Fatal Tradeoffs, Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viscusi, W. K. (1993). “The Value of Risks to Life and Health,” Journal of Economic Literature, 31, 1912–1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyzga, R. E. and F. W. Lipfert. (1995). Temperature-Pollution Interactions with Daily Mortality in Philadelphia, Draft paper for the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Krupnick, A.J., Rowe, R.D., Lang, C.M. (1997). Transportation and Air Pollution: The Environmental Damages. In: Greene, D.L., Jones, D.W., Delucchi, M.A. (eds) The Full Costs and Benefits of Transportation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59064-1_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59064-1_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-63123-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59064-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics