Examination of the Optic Fundus

Abstract

A complete discussion of abnormal fundal appearances is beyond the scope of this text. However, it is essential that students examine the optic fundus in as many patients as possible to obtain a clear idea as to the range of normal appearances, and that every opportunity is taken to examine abnormal fundi. This is very much an acquired skill and so often fundal appearances are not clearly seen by students because of poor technique. Discussion will therefore be limited to technique, some normal variants that may be encountered and a description of some of the appearances seen in patients with neurological disorders.