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Medicinal and Aromatic Plants X pp 154–193Cite as

X Ephedra Species: In Vitro Culture, Micropropagation, and the Production of Ephedrine and Other Alkaloids

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Part of the book series: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry ((AGRICULTURE,volume 41))

Abstract

Botanically, Ephedra (Fig. 1) is a member of the smallest and most problematic division of flowering plants, the Gnetopsida, and major questions remain unanswered about the taxonomy of the Gnetopsida and the evolutionary relationships of the different genera within the division. Ephedra is the largest and most widely distributed genus in the Gnetopsida, a subgroup of the gymnosperms. Many anatomical and reproductive characters of Ephedra are angiosperm-like (Alosi and Alfieri 1972; Friedman 1990; Carlquist 1992; Simcha 1994). Recent molecular and chemical studies support the view that the Gnetopsida are the closest living relatives of the angiosperms but that the angiosperms are not derived from them (Martin and Dowd 1986; Chase et al. 1993; Doyle et al. 1994; Nickrent and Soltis 1995).

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Author notes

  1. N. A. O’Dowd

    Present address: TEAGASC, Food and Agriculture Development Authority, Kinsealy Research and Development Centre, Malahide Road, Dublin, 17, Ireland

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Botany, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, 2, Ireland

    N. A. O’Dowd, P. G. McCauley & J. A. N. Parnell

  2. School of Botany, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland

    G. Wilson

  3. Dept. of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, 2, Ireland

    T. A. K. Kavanagh & D. J. McConnell

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O’Dowd, N.A., McCauley, P.G., Wilson, G., Parnell, J.A.N., Kavanagh, T.A.K., McConnell, D.J. (1998). X Ephedra Species: In Vitro Culture, Micropropagation, and the Production of Ephedrine and Other Alkaloids. In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants X. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 41. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58833-4_10

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