Summary
Cardiac arrest and resuscitation results in reperfusion injury, which produces delayed selective neuronal cell loss and, in many cases, results in delayed mortality due to cerebral edema. We have shown that, in a rat model of reversible global ischemia of 12-min duration, significant cerebral edema occurs in the brain stem after 24 h. We found that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels are significantly elevated in brain after 24 h and 48 h of reperfusion. We propose that increased VEGF expression is responsible for blood-brain barrier breakdown and vasogenic edema.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bacic M, Edwards NA, Merrill MJ (1995) Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (vascular permeability factor) forms in rat tissues. Growth Factors 12: 11–15
Banat S, Jaklitsch MT, Shou M, Lazarous DF, Scheinowitz M, Biro S, Epstein SE, Unger EF (1994) Angiogenic-induced enhancement of collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium by vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs. Circulation 89: 2383–2189
Crumrine RC, LaManna JC (1991) Regional cerebral metabolites, blood flow, plasma volume and mean transit time in total cerebral ischemia in the rat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 11: 272–282
Kovács Z, Ikezaki K, Samoto K, Inamura T, Fukui M (1996) VEGF and flt expression time kinetics in rat brain infarct. Stroke 27: 1865–1873
Kuroki M, Voest EE, Amano S, Beerepoort LV, Takashima S, Tolentino M, Kim RY, Rohan RM, Colby KA, Yeo K-T, Adamis AP (1996) Reactive oxygen intermediates increase vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest 98: 1667–1675
LaManna JC, Griffith JK, Cordisco BR, Bell HE, Lin C-W, Pundik S, Lust WD (1995) Rapid recovery of rat brain intracellular pH after cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Brain Res 687: 175–181
Miller JW, Adamis AP, Shima DT, D’Amore PA, Moulton RS, O’Reilly MS, Folkman J, Dvorak HF, Brown LF, Berse B, Yeo T-K, Yea K-T (1994) Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is temporally and spatially correlated with ocular angiogenesis in a primate model. Am J Pathol 145: 574–584
Monacci WT, Merrill MJ, Oldfield EH (1993) Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in normal rat tissues. Am J Physiol 264: C995 - C1002
Pluta R, Lossinsky AS, Wisniewski HM, Mossakowski MJ (1994) Early blood-brain barrier changes in the rat following transient complete cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest. Brain Res 633: 41–52
Shweiki D, Itin A, Soffer D, Keshet E (1992) Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843–845
Shweiki D, Neeman M, Itin A, Keshet E (1995) Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by hypoxia and by glucose deficiency in multicell spheroids: implications for tumor angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 768–772
Stein I, Neeman M, Shweiki D, Itin A, Keshet E (1995) Stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by hypoxia and hypoglycemia and coregulation with other ischemia-induced genes. Mol Cell Biol 15: 5363–5368
Strugar J, Rothbart D, Harrington W, Criscuolo GR (1994) Vascular permeability factor in brain metastases: correlation with vasogenic brain edema and tumor angiogenesis. J Neurosurg 81: 560–566
Thomas KA (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor, a potent and selective angiogenic agent. J Biol Chem 271: 603–606
Wang W, Merrill MJ, Borchardt RT (1996) Vascular endothelial growth factor affects permeability of brain microvessel endothelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol 271: C1973 - C1980
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Pichiule, P., Chávez, J.C., Xu, K., LaManna, J.C. (1999). Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Protein Levels in Global Ischemia Induced by Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Rat Brain. In: Ito, U., Fieschi, C., Orzi, F., Kuroiwa, T., Klatzo, I. (eds) Maturation Phenomenon in Cerebral Ischemia III. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58602-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58602-6_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-65023-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-58602-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive