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Retinoids in Mammalian Vision

  • Chapter
Retinoids

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 139))

Abstract

The vertebrate visual process is remarkable in its properties. Visual pigments characterized from various species vary in their maximum wavelength sensitivity from 380 nm to 620 nm, yet each has the same chromophore, 11-cis-retinal (or its 3-dehydro- or 3-hydroxy-derivative), which absorbs at 383 nm (393 nm, 3-dehydroretinal). The dynamic range of the visual system is enormous, allowing detection of contrast over an approx. 1010-fold range of background intensities. This is accomplished, in part, by employing highly sensitive rod photoreceptors at low levels of illumination and less sensitive cone photoreceptors at higher levels of illumination. In addition, photoreceptors are capable of reducing their sensitivity in response to increasing background illumination (adaptation), contributing to the dynamic range of the visual system. The extreme sensitivity of the visual system to photostimulation requires a low background of dark noise, a condition met by enveloping the chromophore within the interior of a protein (opsin) to form a structure with an isomerization activation barrier of 45kcallmole (Birge 1990), ensuring that thermal isomerization of rhodopsin is a rare event (but see Barlow et al. 1993). The resulting t ½ of the complex for thermal excitation is 420 years (Baylor et al. 1984). Some of the sensitivity of rod photoreceptors results from their participation in summation pools, in which the output from hundreds of rods converges on one downstream neuron (a ganglion cell).

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  1. Department of Food Toxicology Center of Food Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofholer Damm, D-30173, Hannover, Germany

    Heinz Nau

  2. Department of Medicine Division of Preventive Medicine & Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    William S. Blaner Ph.D.

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Saari, J.C. (1999). Retinoids in Mammalian Vision. In: Nau, H., Blaner, W.S. (eds) Retinoids. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 139. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58483-1_20

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58483-1_20

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