Zusammenfassung
Bei Cadmium, einem Element der Gruppe IIb des Periodensystems, handelt es sich um ein verhältnismäßig seltenes Metall, das auf Position 67 der Elementhäufigkeitsliste steht. Es erfüllt keine essentielle biologische Funktion und wirkt hochgradig toxisch auf Tiere und Pflanzen. Die normalerweise in der Umwelt anzutreffenden Cadmiumgehalte führen jedoch nicht zu akuten Vergiftungserscheinungen. Die größte Gefährdung der menschlichen Gesundheit durch Cadmium ist seine chronische Toxizität durch Ansammlung in den Nieren. Dort kommt es zu Funktionsstörungen, wenn der Cadmiumgehalt in der Nierenrinde 200 mg/kg Frischgewicht übersteigt [1]. Die Nahrung stellt den Hauptweg dar, auf dem Cadmium in den Körper gelangt, allerdings sind Rauchen und berufsbedingte Exposition gegenüber CdO-Dämpfen ebenfalls wichtige Quellen für dieses Element. Der von der FAO und der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) empfohlene maximal tolerierbare Aufnahmewert liegt bei 400–500 μg/Woche, entsprechend etwa 70 μg/Tag [1]. Die durchschnittliche Aufnahme mit der Nahrung schwankt weltweit zwischen 25 und 75 μg/Tag [2], und dort, wo die Aufnahme im obersten Bereich liegt, ergeben sich ganz klar Probleme. Raucher nehmen im Durchschnitt 20–35 μg Cd/Tag zusätzlich zur normalen Nichtraucherdosis auf.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Fassett DW (1980) In: Waldron HA (Hrsg) Metals in the Environment. Academic Press, London, S 61–110
Page AL, Bingham FT, Chang AC (1981) In: Lepp NW (Hrsg) Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants, Bd 1. Applied Science, London, S 72–109
Kabata-Pendias A, Penchas H (1992) Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, 2. Aufl. CRC Press, Baton Rouge/FL
Hutton M (1987) In: Hutchinson TC, Meema KM (Hrsg) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment, SCOPE 31. Wiley, Chichester, S 35–41
Nriagu JD (1988) Environ Pollut 50: 139–161
Aylett BJ (1979) In: Webb M (Hrsg) The Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology of Cadmium. Elsevier, Amsterdam, S 1–43
World Resources Institute (1992) World Resources 1992/1993. Oxford University Press, New York
Hutton M (1982) Cadmium in the European Community, MARC Rep No 2. MARC, London
Heinrichs H, Schultz-Dobrick B, Wedepohl KJ (1980) Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44: 1519–1532
Bowen HJM (1979) Environmental Chemistry of the Elements Academic Press, London
Fleischer M, Sarofim AF, Fassett DW, Hammond P, Shacklette HT, Nisbet ICT, Epstein S (1974) Environ Health Perspect 7: 253–323
Rose AW, Hawkes HE, Webb JS (1979) Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration, 2. Ausg. Academic Press, London
Holmes R (1976) The Regional Distribution of Cadmium in England and Wales. PhD Thesis, University of London
Page AL, Chang AC, Mohamed El-Amamy (1987) In: Hutchinson TC, Meema KM (Hrsg) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment, SCOPE 31. Wiley, Chichester, S 119–146
Adriano DC (1986) Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Thornton I (1992) Sources and Pathways of Cadmium in the Environment. In: Nordberg GF, Alessio L, Herber RFM (Hrsg) Cadmium in the Human Environment. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon
Page AL, Bingham FT (1973) Residue Rev 48: 1–43
Holmgren CGS, Meyer MW, Chaney RL, Daniels RB (1993) J Environ Qual 22: 335–348
Yamagata N (1978) Cadmium in the Environment and Humans. In: Tsuchiya K (Hrsg) Cadmium Studies in Japan: A Review. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, S 19–43
McGrath SP, Loveland RI (1992) The Soil Geochemical Atlas of England and Wales. Blackie Academic and Professional, Glasgow
Archer FC (1980) Trace Elements in England and Wales. In: Inorganic Pollution and Agriculture, Reference Book 326. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food London, S 184–190
Ure AM, Berrow ML (1982) In: Bowen HJM (Hrsg) Environmental Chemistry. Roy Soc Chem, London
Marples AE, Thornton I (1980) The Distribution of Cadminum Derived from Geochemical and Industrial Sources in Agricultural and Pasture Herbage in Parts of Britain. In: Cadmium ‘79, Proc 2nd Int Cadmium Conference, Cannes 1979. Metal Bulletin, London, S 74–79
Moir AM, Thornton I (1990) Environ Geochem Health 11: 113–120
Culbard EB, Thornton I, Watt J, Wheatley M, Moorcroft S, Thompson M (1988) J Environ Qual 17: 226–234
Kim KW, Thornton I (1993) Environ Geochem Health 15: 119–133
Merington G, Alloway BJ (1994) Applied Geochemistry 9: 677–687
Tyler G (1981) Water Air Soil Pollut 15: 353
Alloway BJ, Jackson AP (1991) Sci Total Environ 100: 151–176
Williams DE, Vlamis J, Pukite AH, Corey JE (1987) Soil Sci 143: 124–131
Davis RD, Carlton-Smith CH, Stark JH, Campbell JA (1988) Environ Pollut 49: 99–115
Legret ML, Divet L, Juste C (1988) Water Res 22: 953–959
Pike ER, Graham LC, Fogden MW (1975) J Ass Publ Analysis 13: 48–63
Alloway BJ (1986) Res Report DOE PECD 7/8/05 (unveröffentl)
Jones KC, Symon KC, Johnston AE (1987) Sci Total Environ 67: 75–90
Williams CH, David DJ (1973) Aust J Soil Res 11: 43–56
Jones KC, Symon KC, Johnston AE (1987) Sci Total Environ 67: 75–90
Tiller KG (1989) Adv Soil Sci 9: 113–142
Mortvedt JJ (1987) J Environ Qual 16: 137–142
Mulla DJ, Page AL, Ganje TJ (1980) J Environ Qual 9: 408–412
Hutton M, Symon C (1986) Sci Total Environ 57: 129–150
Kloke A, Sauerbeck DR, Vetter H (1984) The Contamination of Plants and Soils with Heavy Metals and Transport of Metals in Terrestrial Food Chains. In: Nriagu JO (Hrsg) Changing Metal Cycles in Human Health. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 113–141
Nriagu JO, Pacyna JM (1988) Nature (London) 333: 134–139
McLaughlin MJ, Maier NA, Freeman K, Tiller KG, Williams CMJ, Smart MK (1994) Fert Res
Reuss JO, Dooley HL, Griffiss W (1978) J Environ Qual 7: 128–133
McGrath SP (1984) J Agric Sci (Camb) 103: 25–35
Bennett BG (1981) Exposure Committment Assessments of Environmental Pollutants, Bd 1, Nr 1. MARC, London
Pacyna JM (1987) In: Hutchinson TC, Meema KM (Hrsg) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment, SCOPE 31. Wiley, Chichester, S 69–87
Nriagu JO (1980) (Hrsg) Cadmium in the Environment, Bd 1: Ecological Cycling. Wiley, New York
Nriagu JO (1979) Nature 279: 409–41 1
Williams CR, Harrison RM (1984) Experientia 40: 29–36
Sposito G, Page AL (1984) In: Sigel H (Hrsg) Metal Ions in Biological Systems. Marcel Dekker, New York
Davis RD (1983) In: Heavy Metals in the Environment. CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, S 330–337
Williams JH (1975) Water Pollut Control 1975: 635–642
Sommers LW (1977) J Environ Qual 3: 225–232
Department of the Environment (1993) UK Sewage Sludge Survey, Final Report. Consultants in: Environmental Sciences, Gateshead
Chaney RL (1990) Biocycle 31(10): 68–73
McGrath SP, Chang AC, Page AL, Witter E (1994) Environmental Reviews
Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, Director General for Environmental Protection, Netherlands (1991) Environmental Standards for Soil and Water. MHPP&E, Leidschendam
Fergusson JE (1990) The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects. Pergamon, Oxford
Yost KJ, Miles LJ (1979) J Environ Sci Health A14: 285–311
Tjell JC, Hansen JA, Christensen TH, Hovmand MF (1981) In: L’Hermite P, Oft HD (Hrsg) Characterisation, Treatment and Use of Sewage Sludge. Reidel, Dordrecht, S 1493–1498
Mattigod SV, Sposito G (1979) In: Jenne A (Hrsg) Chemical Modelling in Aqueous Systems. Am Chem Soc, Washington/DC, S 837–856
McGrath SP, Sunders JR, Tancock NP, Laurie SH (1984) In: Soil Contamination. CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, S 707–712
McGrath SP, Sunders JR, Laurie SH, Tancock NP (1986) Analyst 111: 559–565
Tills AR, Alloway BJ (1983) J Soil Sci 34: 769–781
Mahler RJ, Bingham FT, Sposito G, Page AL (1980) J Environ Qual 9: 359–364
Pickering W (1980) In: Nriagu JO (Hrsg) Cadmium in the Environment, Part 1: Ecological Cycling. Wiley, New York, S 365–397
Gerritse RG, Van Driel W (1984) J Environ Qual 13: 197–204
Pulls RW, Bohn HL (1988) Soil Soc Am J 52: 1289–1292
Christensen TH (1984) Water Air Soil Pollut 21: 105–114
Street J, Lindsay WL, Sabey BR (1977) J Environ Qual 6: 72–77
Levi-Minzi R, Soldatini GFD, Riffaldi R (1976) J Soil Sci 27: 10–15
Cavallaro N, McBride MB (1978) Soil Sci Soc Am J 42: 550–556
Tjell JC, Christensen TH, Bro-Rasmussen B (1983) Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 7: 122–140
Jarvis SC, Jones LHP (1980) J Soil Sci 31: 469–479
Alloway BJ, Tills AR, Morgan H (1985) In: Hemphill DD (Hrsg) Trace Substances in Environmental Health, Bd 18. Univ Missouri, Columbia/MO, S 187–201
Farrah H, Pickering WF (1977) Water Air Soil Pollut 8: 189–197
Naidu R, Bolan NS, Kookana RS, Tiller KG (1994) European J Soil Sci
Garcia-Miragaya J, Page AL (1978) Water Air and Soil Pollution 8: 289–299
Cowan CE, Zachara JM, Resch CT (1991) Environ Sci Technol 25: 437–446
Christensen TJ (1987) Water Air and Soil Pollution 34: 305–314
Alloway BJ, Thornton I, Smart GA, Sherlock J, Quinn MJ (1988) Sci Total Environ 75:41–69
McBride MB (1980) Soil Sci Soc Am J 43: 26–28
Papadopoulos P, Rowell DL (1988) J Soil Sci 39: 23–36
Farrah H, Pickering WF (1977) Aust J Chem 30: 1417–1422
Elliot HA, Denneny CM (1982)J Environ Qual 11: 65 8–662
Duffy SJ, Hay GW, Micklethwaite RK, Van Loon GW (1988) Sci Total Environ 76: 203–215
Livens FR (1991) Environ Pollut 70: 183–208
Neal RH, Sposito G (1986) Soil Sci 142: 164–172
Sposito G (1983) In: Thornton I (Hrsg) Applied Environmental Geochemistry. Academic Press, New York, S 123–170
Baham J, Ball NB, Sposito G (1978) J Environ Qual 7: 181–188
Stevenson FJ (1976) Soil Sci Soc Am J 40: 665–672
Fletcher P, Beckett PHT (1987) Water Res 21: 1163–1172
Evans Li, Lumsdon DG, Bolton KA (1991) The Influence of pH and Chloride on the Retention of Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Mercury by Soil. In: Proc Technology Transfer Conf—The Multimedia Approach: Integrated Environmental Protection, Bd 1. Environment, Toronto, Canada, S 123–130
McLaughlin MJ, Palmer LT, Tiller KG, Breech TA, Smart MK (1994) J Environ Qual 23
Mitchell GA, Bingham FT, Page AL, Nash P (1978) J Environ Qual 7:165–171
Chaney R, Giordano PM (1977) In: Elliot LF, Stevenson FJ (Hrsg) Soils for the Management of Organic Wastes and Waste Waters. Soil Sci Soc Am, Am Soc Agron and Crop Sci Soc Am, Madison/WI, S 235–279
Chumbley CG, Unwin RI (1982) Environ Pollut B4: 231–237
Lund LJ, Betty EE, Page AL, Elliott RA (1981) J Environ Qual 10: 551–556
Hornberg V, Brummer GW (1986) Cadmium Availability in Soils and Content in Wheat. In: Anke M, Braunlich H, Bruckner C, Groppel B (Hrsg) Fifth Symposium on Iodine and other Elements. Schiller Univ, Jena, S 916
Korcak RF, Fanning DS (1985) Soil Sci ?: 23–34
Mahler RJ, Bingham FT, Page AL (1978) J Environ Qual 7: 274–281
Bingham FT, Strong JE, Sposito G (1983) Soil Sci 135: 160–165
Bingham FT, Peryea FJ, Jarrell W (1986) In: Sigel H (Hrsg) Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Bd 20. Marcel Dekker, New York, S 119–156
Jackson AP, Alloway BJ (1992) Transfer of Cadmium from Soils to the Human Food Chain. In: Adriano DC (Hrsg) Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals. Lewis, Baton Rouge/FL, S 109–158
Andersson A, Nilsson KO (1974) Ambio 3: 198–200
Pepper IL, Bedizeck DF, Baker AS, Sims JM (1983) J Environ Qual 12: 270–275
Alloway BJ, Jackson AP, Morgan H (1990) Sci Total Environ 91: 223–236
Hinesly TD, Redborg KE, Ziegler EL, Alexander JD (1982) Soil Sci Soc Am J 46: 490–497
John MK, Van Laerhoven CJ, Church HH (1972) Environ Sci Technol 6: 1005–1009
Miller JE, Hassett JJ, Koeppe DE (1976) J Environ Qual 6: 18–20
Bingham FT, Page AL, Mahler RJ, Ganje TJ (1976) Soil Sci Soc Am J 40: 715–719
Smilde KW, van Luit B, van Driel W (1992) Plant Soil 143: 233–238
Oliver DP, Hannani R, Tiller KG, Wilhelm NS, Merry RH, Cozens GD (1994) J Environ Qual 23: 705–711
De Villarroel JR, Chang AC, Amrhein C (1993) Soil Sci 155: 197–205
Davis RD, Calton-Smith C (1980) Crops as Indicators of the Significance of Contamination of Soil by Heavy Metals. WRC, Stevenage, TR 140
Turner MA (1977) J Environ Qual 2: 118–119
Bingham FT, Page AL, Mahler RJ, Ganje TJ (1975) J Environ Qual 2:207–211
McLaughlin MJ, Williams CMJ, McKay A, Kirkham R, Gunton J, Jackson KJ, Thompson R, Dowling B, Partington D, Smart MK, Tiller KG (1994) Austr J Agric Res 45: 1483–1495
Mench M, Martin E (1991) Plant Soil 132: 187–196
Kuboi T, Noguchi A, Yazaki I (1987) Plant Soil 104: 275–280
MacLean, AJ (1976) Can J Soil Sci 56: 129–138
Cataldo DA, Garland TR, Wildung REC (1981) Plant Phys 68: 835–839
Spivey-Fox MR (1988) J Environ Quad 17: 175–180
Tjell JC, Christensen TH, Bro-Rasmussen B (1983) Ecotoxicology and Environ Safety 7: 122–140
Merrington G, Alloway BJ (1994) Water Air and Soil Pollut 73: 333–334
Davies BE, Roberts LJ (1975) Environ Pollut 6: 49–57
Little P, Martin MH (1972) Environ Pollut 3: 159–172
Asami T (1984) In: Nriagu JO (Hrsg) Changing Metal Cycles and Human Health. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 95–111
Kjellstrom T (1979) Environ Health Persp 28: 169–197
Sims DL, Morgan H (1988) Sci Total Environ 75: 1–10
Morgan H, Sims DL (1988) Sci Total Environ 75: 135–143
Bhattacharya MJ (1991) Water Air Soil Pollut 57–58: 665–673
McGrath SP (1987) In: Coughtrey PJ, Martin MH, Unsworth MJ (Hrsg) Pollutant Transport and Fate in Ecosystems. Blackwell, Oxford, S 301–307
Hinesly TD, Ziegler EL, Barrett GL (1979) J Environ Qual 8: 35–38
Bidwell AM, Dowdy RH (1987) J Environ Qual 16: 438–442
Corey RB, King LD, Lue-Hing C, Fanning DS, Street JJ, Walker M (1987) Effects of Sludge Properties on Accumulation of Trace Elements by Crops. In: Page AL, Logan Ti, Ryan JA (Hrsg) Land Application of Sludge: Food Chain Implications. Lewis, Chelsea/MI, S 25–27
Buchauer, MJ (1973) Environ Sci Technol 7: 131–135
Jing J, Logan TJ (1992) J Environ Qual 21: 73–8 1
Hooda, PS Alloway BJ (1993) J Soil Sci 44: 97
Ryan JA, Pahren HR, Lucas JB (1982) Environ Res 27: 251–302
Chaudri AM, McGrath SP, Giller KE (1992) Soil Biol Biochem 24: 625–632
Gworek B (1992) Environ Pollut 75: 269–271
Mench M, Didier V, Gomez A, Loffler M (1993) Remediation of metal contaminated soils In: Eijsakkers HJP, Hamers T (Hrsg) Integrated Soil and Sediment Research: A Basis for Proper Protection. Kluwer, Dordrecht
McGrath SP, Sidoli CMD, Baker AIM, Reeves RD (1993) The Potential for the Use of Metal-Accumulating Plants for the in-situ Decontamination of Metal-Polluted Soils. In: Eijsackers HJP, Hamers T (Hrsg) Integrated Soil and Sediment Research: A Basis for Proper Protection. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Juste C, Mench M (1992) Long-Term Application of Sewage Sludge and its Effect on Metal Uptake by Crops. In: Adriano DC (Hrsg) Biogeochemistry of Trace Metals. Lewis, Boca Raton/FL, S 159–193
Kreis IA, Wijga A, van Wijnen JH (1992) Sci Total Environ 127: 281–292
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Alloway, B.J. (1999). Cadmium. In: Alloway, B.J. (eds) Schwermetalle in Böden. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58384-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58384-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63566-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-58384-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive