Abstract
Prior to the eleventh century, Europe was a loosely knit, largely self-sufficient feudal society. Because commerce was embryonic and money a rarity, trade over longer distances was rather small. By the turn of the millennium, however, the picture had changed considerably. All trade had grown substantially with that over medium and longer distances growing most of all. The timing of this sudden expansion of trade coincided with large increases in the urban population.
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Batten, D.F., Thord, R. (1995). Europe’s Hierarchical Network Economy. In: Batten, D., Casti, J., Thord, R. (eds) Networks in Action. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57843-4_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57843-4_11
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