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The Pharmacology of Sleep pp 345–385Cite as

Hypnotic Drugs

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Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 116))

Abstract

Over the years, a variety of drugs have been used in the management of anxiety, tension and insomnia. In the early part of this century, the pharmacotherapy of anxiety and insomnia relied on two classes of substances: the bromides and the barbiturates (Hollister and Csernansky 1990). The bromides soon were shown to have major limitations, primarily because of their tendency to accumulate which often resulted in toxic delirium. They were also abused, as they were sold over-the-counter. Similarly, by the 1950s, the barbiturates were shown to result in a number of clinical dilemmas. They were found to produce tolerance, withdrawal reactions and physical dependence and to be highly lethal with only moderate overdose (Isbell 1950; Barley and Jatlon 1975). These difficulties underlined the need for safer alternatives for the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders and insomnia.

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Authors
  1. A. Kales
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  2. A. N. Vgontzas
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  3. E. O. Bixler
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  1. Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine M.S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA

    Anthony Kales M.D. (Professor and Chairman Department of Psychiatry and Director) (Professor and Chairman Department of Psychiatry and Director)

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Kales, A., Vgontzas, A.N., Bixler, E.O. (1995). Hypnotic Drugs. In: Kales, A. (eds) The Pharmacology of Sleep. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 116. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57836-6_13

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