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Sport und Infekte der oberen Atemwege — Epidemiologie, Immunologie, Einflussfaktoren und Infektvorbeugung durch Echinacin

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Phytopharmaka VI

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Zusammenfassung

Bei Sportlern sind Infekte der oberen Atemwege die bei weitem häufigste Infektionserkrankung. Während die klinische Symptomatik für Inaktive oder Freizeitsportler eher als Belästigung empfunden wird, können Atemwegsinfekte für Leistungssportler ein erhebliches Problem darstellen. Bei Nichteinhalten einer angemessenen Trainingspause kann ein viraler Infekt zu einer chronischen Sinusitis oder zu einer lebensbedrohlichen Myokarditis führen, Epidemiologische und prospektive Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass hohe bis sehr hohe Intensitäten sowie große Umfänge im Ausdauerbereich die Infektrate erhöhen, während ein moderates Training — im Vergleich zur Inaktivität — die Infektneigung vermindert [5, 45, 48, 53, 54, 59, 69]. Die unterschiedlichen Studiendesigns zur belastungsinduzierten zellulären und humoralen Immunantwort, sind in Übersichtartikeln zusammengefasst [21, 35-37, 47, 61, 67, 75, 78]. Trotz teilweise widersprüchlicher Ergebnisse wurden folgende immunologische Veränderungen nach erschöpfender Belastung von der Mehrzahl der Autoren aufgeführt: Verminderte Zytotoxizität der natürlichen Killerzellen (NKZA) [7, 49], verringerte Phagozytose- und oxidative Burstaktivität der Granulozyten [22, 79], niedrigere IgA-Konzentrationen im Nasen- und Rachenspülwasser [38, 39] sowie Lymphopenie mit verringerter mitogenstimulierter Lymphozytenantwort [7, 50, 60]. Die zeitliche Dauer dieser sportinduzierten transienten Immunsuppression beträgt mehrere Stunden, sodass offensichtlich eine verminderte Abwehrlage während dieser Zeit (Open window Phase) für die erhöhte Infektrate bei intensiv Sporttreibenden verantwortlich gemacht werden kann [36, 66].

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  1. Abteilung für Rehabilitation, Prävention und Sportmedizin, Medizinische Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Germany

    D. König, D. Grathwohl & A. Berg

  2. Abteilung für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Germany

    H. Northoff

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  1. Am Sellsiekbach 52, 32657, Lemgo, Germany

    Norbert Rietbrock

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König, D., Grathwohl, D., Northoff, H., Berg, A. (2000). Sport und Infekte der oberen Atemwege — Epidemiologie, Immunologie, Einflussfaktoren und Infektvorbeugung durch Echinacin. In: Rietbrock, N. (eds) Phytopharmaka VI. Steinkopff, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57735-2_15

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