Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Proteases as Targets for Therapy pp 23–32Cite as

Clinical Experience with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors: Antiretroviral Results, Questions and Future Strategies

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 140))

Abstract

In the last 3 years, the availability of new drugs, in particular the humaimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) and new combinations to combat HIV infection, has translated into progressive clinical benefit for patients (HAMMER et al. 1997; PALELLA et al. 1998). We clearly entered an era of therapeutic success, with significantly reduced rates of opportunistic infections, hospitalization and mortality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Angel JB, Parato K, Kumar A, et al. (1997) Rapid improvement in cell mediated immune function with initiation of ritonavir plus saquinavir in HIV immune deficiency (abstract 33). 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Autran B, Mathez D, Carcelain G, et al. (1997) Dynamics of the CD4T helper cell reconstitution after combined antiretroviral therapies (abstract 34). 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulton A (1997) HIV trial stopped early after good results. BMJ 314:699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter CCJ, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. (1998) Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA 280:78–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaissons MA, Berensen L, Li W, Schwartz S, Mojica B, Hamburg M (1997) Declining AIDS mortility in New York city (abstract 133). 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Chun T-W, Carruth L, Finzi D, Shen X, DiGiuseppe J, Taylor H, et al. (1997) Quantification of latent tissue reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 infection. Nature 387:183–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox SR, Ferry JJ, Batts DH, et al. (1997) Delavirdine and marketed protease inhibitors: pharmacokinetic interaction studies in healthy volunteers (abstract 372). 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington ••

    Google Scholar 

  • Deeks SG (1997) HIV-1 protease inhibitors: a review for clinicians. JAMA 277:145–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deeks SG, Grant RM, Beatty G, Horton C, Detmer J, Eastman S (1998) Activity of ritonavir plus saquinavir-containing regimen in patients with virologic evidence of indinavir or ritonavir failure. AIDS 12:F97–F102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flexner C (1998) HIV-protease inhibitors. N Engl J Med 388:1281–1292

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, et al. (1998) Simultaneous vs sequential initiation of therapy with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine for HIV-1 infection: 100-week follow-up. JAMA 280:35–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammer S, Yeni P (1998) Antiretroviral therapy: where are we? AIDS 12[Suppl A]:S181–S188

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al. (1997) A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4+ T-cell counts of 200/μL or less. N Engl J Med 337:725–733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havlir DV, Marschner IC, Hirsch MS, et al. (1998) Maintenance antiretroviral therapies in HIV-infected subjects with undetectable plasma HIV RNA after triple drug therapy. N Engl J Med 339:1261–1268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch MS, Conway B, D’Aquila RT, et al. (1998) Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in HIV infection of adults: implications for clinical management. JAMA 279:1984–1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogg RS, O’Shaughnessy MV, Gaterie N, et al. (1997) Decline in death from AIDS due to new antiretrovirals. Lancet 349:1294–1299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelleher AD, Zaunders J, Sewell W, et al. (1997) Increased proliferative and cytokine responses following ritonavir therapy; relative contribution of lymphocyte subsets (abstract 536). 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalezari J, Haubrich R, Burger HU, et al. (1996) Improved survival and decreased progression of HIV in patients treated with saquinavir plus zalcitabine (abstract LB.B 6033). XI International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam PY, Jadhav PK, Eyermann CJ, et al. (1994) Rational design of potent, bioavailable, non peptide cyclic ureas as HIV protease inhibitors. Science 263:380–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mocroft AJ, Lundgren JD, dármino-Montforte A, Ledergerber B, Barton SE, Vella S, Katlama C, Gerstoft J, Pedersen C, Phillips AN (1997) Survival of AIDS patients according to type of AIDS-defining event. The AIDS in Europe Study Group. Int J Epidemiol 26:400–407

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mouton Y, Catiert F, Dellaminica P, et al. (1997) Dramatic cut in AIDS defining events and hospitalisation for patients under protease inhibitors (PI) and tritherapie (TTT) in 9 AIDS reference centers (ARC) and 7.391 patients (abstract 208). 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. (1998) Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 338:853–860

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perelson AS, Essunger P, Cao Y, et al. (1997) Decay characteristics of HIV-1-infected compartments during combination therapy. Nature 387:188–191

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pialoux G, Raffi F, Brun-Vezinet F, et al. (1998) A randomized trial of three maintenance regimens given after three months of induction therapy with zidovudine, lamivudine and indinavir in previously untreated HIV-1 infected patients. N Engl J Med 339:1269–1277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prins J, Jurriaans S, Roos M, de Wolf F, Miedema F, Lange J (1998) An attempt at maximally suppressive anti-HIV therapy (abstract 385). 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Reijers MME, Weverling GJ, Ten Kate RW, Frissen PMJ, de Wolf F, Scmuitemaker M, Lange JMA (1998) ADAM study: induction-maintenance therapy in HIV-1 infection: early results. 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Richman DD (1993) Resistance of clinical isolates of human immunodeficiency virus to antiretroviral agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1207–1213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahai J (1996) Risks and synergies from drug interactions. AIDS 10[Suppl 1]: S21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres RA, Barr M (1997) Impact of combination therapy for HIV infection on patient census. N Engl J Med 336:1531–1532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (1998) Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HlV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:43–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanhove GF, Schapiro JM, Winters MA, et al. (1996) Patient compliance and drug failure in protease inhibitor monotherapy. JAMA 276:1955–1956

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong J, Hezareh M, Gunthard HF, et al. (1997) Recovery of replication-competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science 278:1295–1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Laboratorio di Virologia, Reparto Retrovirus, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 1-00161, Roma, Italia

    S. Vella

Authors
  1. S. Vella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Max-von-Pettenkofer Institut für medizinische Mikrobiologie, LM Universität, LS Virologie Pettenkoferstr. 9a, D-80336, München, Germany

    Klaus von der Helm Ph.D., M.D.

  2. DuPont Pharmaceutical Co Research and Development, Edperimental Station, E336/31B, Wilmington, DE, 19880-0336, USA

    Bruce D. Korant Ph.D.

  3. Drug Discovery and Development, Source Precision Medicine, 2425 N. 55th Street, Suite 111, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA

    John C. Cheronis M.D., Ph.D. (Vice President) (Vice President)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vella, S. (2000). Clinical Experience with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors: Antiretroviral Results, Questions and Future Strategies. In: von der Helm, K., Korant, B.D., Cheronis, J.C. (eds) Proteases as Targets for Therapy. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 140. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57092-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57092-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63023-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-57092-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation