Zusammenfassung
Kein geringerer als ARISTOTELES hat die Meinung vertreten, daß das Gehirn „Kälte“ das Herz aber „Wärme“ erzeuge. ARISTOTELES hatte ein „kardiozentrisches Bild“ des lebenden Organismus entworfen. Dies erinnert an das Urbedürfnis des Menschen, die eigene Existenz in einen begreifbaren Zusammenhang einzuordnen (HEINTZELER 1981). Im Herzen stecke der Mensch, nicht im Kopf (SCHOPENHAUER 1946). Das Herz erschien, eigentlich schon immer, als die „materielle Seele der lebendigen Körper“ (SéNAC 1749).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsLiteratur
A. Allgemeiner Teil und Historie
Abrahams DG (1962) Endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle. Quarterly J Med NS 31:1
Adler CP (1989) Obstruktiv-restriktive Kardiomyopathie. Zur Klinik und Pathologie der Loeffler’schen Endokarditis. Versicherungsmedizin 41(5): 151–154
Albertini A v (1946) Endocarditisproblem. Diskussionsbem. zu W.H.v. Wyss. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 76:16/17
Albertini A v (1947) Die Endokarditis als Problem der allgemeinen Entzündungs-und Infektionslehre. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 77:670
Albertini A v (1960) Pathogenese der primären Endokarditiden mit einer Hypothese zur Ätiologie der ‚abakteriellen Endokarditiden ‘Acta tertii europaei de cordis scientia conocentus, Rom, S 419
Albertini A v (1963) Pathologie des Endokard. In: Bargmann W, Doerr W (Hrsg) Das Herz des Menschen. Bd I. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 603–643
Albinus (ohne Vorname) (1856) Ueber die Noduli an den Atrioventricularklappen des Menschen. Wochenbl d Zschr d K K Ges d Ärzte zu Wien 2:405–409
Angrist AA (1957) A concept of the origin of the cardiac valvular vegetation. J Mount Sinai Hospital 24:669
Anschütz F (1968) Endokarditis. Thieme, Stuttgart
Aschoff L (1936) Pathologische Anatomie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte, 8. Aufl. Fischer, Jena
Baillie M (1820) Anatomie des krankhaften Baues von einigen der wichtigsten Theile im menschlichen Körper. Vossische Buchhandlung, Berlin
Bargmann W (1967) Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie des Menschen, 6. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 247
Bargmann W, Doerr W (1963) Das Herz des Menschen. Thieme, Stuttgart
Barlow JB, Bosman CK (1966) Aneurysmal protrusion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Am Heart J 71:166–178
Becker V, Hardt H (1967) Formvarianten der Sehnenfäden als pathogenetischer Faktor in der linken Herzkammer. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 51:214
Beneke R (1920) Über Herzbildung und Herzmißbildung als Funktion primärer Blutstromformen. Beitr Pathol Anat 67:1
Beneke R, Klein P (1922) Die Atherosklerose der Carotis communis und ihre Bedeutung für das Verständnis der Blutsäulenformen. Frankf Z Pathol 28:407
Beneke R (1928) Der Wasserstoß als gewebsformende Kraft im Organismus. Beitr Pathol Anat 79:166
Beneke G, Schmitt W (1967) Altersveränderungen am Klappenapparat des menschlichen Herzens. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 51:209
Benninghoff A (1930) Das Herz. In: Möllendorff V (Hrsg) Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie, Bd. II. Springer, Berlin, S 161
Bock H (1905) Die Lymphgefäße des Herzens. Anat Anz 27:33
Böhmig R (1954) Pathologie der Endokarditis. Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforschg, S 159–176
Böhmig R (1965) Entzündlich bedingte, angeborene Herzklappenveränderungen. Zentralbl Pathol 107:337
Böhmig R (1953) Pathologie und Bakteriologie der Endokarditis. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg
Bonnet R (1896) Über den Bau der Arterienwand. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 22:2
Bouillaud J (1835) Traité clinique des maladies du coeur, vol 2. J. B. Baillière, Paris, p 6273
Boyd TAB (1949) Blood cysts on the heart of infants. Am J Pathol 25:757
Bürrig K-F (1993) Endothel und lokale Faktoren beim Werdegang der Arteriosklerose. In: Doerr W, Leonhardt H (Hrsg) Normale und pathologische Anatomie, Bd. 53. Thieme, Stuttgart New York
Colucci WS (1996) Myocardial endothelin. Circulation 93:1069–1072
Corey SJ (1987) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in an adolescent with Hodgkin disease. Am J Pedi Hem/Oncol 9(2): 168–171
Cottier H (1980) Pathogenese, Bd. I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 565
Curran EJ (1910) A constant bursa in relation with the bundle of His. With studies of the auricular connections of the bundl. Anat Anz 35:89
Date A, Parameswaran A, Bhaktaviziam A (1983) Renal lesions in the obliterative cardiomyopathies: Endomyocardial fibrosis and Löffler’s endocarditis. J Pathol 140(2): 113–122
Davies JNP (1963) Pathology and pathogenesis of endocardial disease. Cardiologica 42:161
Dietrich A (1926) Versuche über Herzklappenentzündung. Z Ges Exp Med 50:85
Doerr W (1950) Herzmuskelveränderungen bei Hämochromatose. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 34:266
Doerr W (1956) Gestaltwandel typischer Krankheitsbilder in pathologisch-anatomischer Sicht. Dtsch Med 17:97
Doerr W (1967) Entzündliche Erkrankungen des Myokard. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 51:67–99
Doerr W (1968) Biologische Modelle. Nova Acta Leopoldina. NF 33:231
Doerr W (1970) Allgemeine Pathologie der Organe des Kreislaufs. In: Büchner F, Letterer E, Roulet F et al. (Hrsg) Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, Bd. III, Teil 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 205
Doerr W (1972) Plötzlicher Herztod. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Medizin 78:944
Doerr W (1984) Der anatomische Gedanke und die moderne Medizin. Heidelberger Jahrbücher 28:113–125
Doerr W (1991) Mitralklappenprolaps als mittelbare Todesursache. Pathologe 12:295–300
Doerr W (1993) Prinzipien der normalen Anatomie des Herzens. In: Doerr W, Seifert G (Hrsg) Spezielle pathologische Anatomie, Bd. 22/I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 117
Edwards JE (1961) An atlas of acquired diseases of the heart great vessels, vol I. Saunders, Philadelphia, London, pp 359–360
Esch D, Grosse-Brockhoff (1958) Tuberkulose und Kreislauf. Erg Ges Tuberkulose-Lungenforsch 14:209
Fahr Th (1938) Die rheumatische Granulomatose vom Standpunkt des Morphologen. Erg Innere Med Kinderhk 54:357
Fernex M (1964) Herzläsionen bei Carcinoidsyndrom und Endomyokardfibrose. Pathogenetische Bedeutungen der Mastzellen. Cardiologia (Basel) 44:157–166
Friedberg ChK (1950) Diseases of the heart. Saunders, Philadelphia London
Gahl Kl, Muegge A (1994) Klinisches Bild. In: Gahl Kl (Hrsg) Infektiöse Endokarditis, 2. Aufl. Steinkopff, Darmstadt, S 71
Geiler G (1967) Zur Frage der Aktivität der rheumatischen Endokarditis. Histochemische und immunhistochemische Untersuchungen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 92:1383
Germer WD (1951) Endocarditis lenta. Ergebn Innere Med Kinderheilk NF 2:296
Goerttler Kl (1968) Pathologische Anatomie und Pathogenese der Endokarditis. In: Anschütz F (Hrsg) Endokarditis. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 186
Groll A, Schneider M, Gaida B-J, Hübner Kl (1991) Infektiöse Endokarditis aus morphologischer Sicht: Zur Pathologie und Klinik von 97 obduzierten Fällen. Med Klin 86:59–70
Gross L, Kugel MA (1931) Topographic anatomy and histology of the valves in the human heart. Am J Pathol 7:445
Grosse H (1979) Zur Problematik der Tumorendokarditis. Arch Geschwulstforschung 49(2): 162–167
Harasaki H, Hanano H, Tanaka J, Tokunaga K, Torisu M (1978) Surface structure of the human cardiac valve. A comparative study of normal and diseased valves. J Cardiovasc Surg 19(3): 281–290
Hartmann F (1965) Submikroskopische Struktur entzündlich veränderter Herzklappen. Verh Dtsch Ges Kreisl Forsch 29:36
Hedinger Ch (1957/58) Herzveränderungen beim Carcinoidsyndrom. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 41:394
Hedinger Ch (1962) Pathologische Anatomie des Carcinoidsyndroms. Verh Dtsch Ges Innere Med 68:182
Hedinger Ch, Gloor R (1954) Metastasierende Dünndarmcarcinoide, Tricuspidalveränderungen und Pulmonalstenose. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 84:942
Hedinger Ch, Isler P (1953) Metastasierendes Dünndarmcarcinoid mit schweren, vorwiegend das rechte Herz betreffenden Klappenfehlern und Pulmonalstenose, ein eigenartiger Symptomenkomplex. Schweizer Med Wochenschr 83:4
Hegglin R (1954) Die Endokarditis als klinisches Problem. Verh Dtsch Ges Kreislaufforsch 20:191
Heiberg H (1872) Ein Fall von Endocarditis ulcerosa puerperalis mit Pilzbildungen im Herzen (Mycosis endocardii). Virchows Arch 56:407
Heintzeler W (1981) Der Mensch im Kosmos — Krone der Schöpfung oder Zufallsprodukt? Seewald, Stuttgart
Hienz HA (1960) Die Pfaundler-Hurler’sche Krankheit. Erg Allg Pathol Pathol Anat 40:1
Holle G (1943) Über Lipoidose, Atheromatose und Sklerose der Aorta. Virchows Arch 310:160
Jerman MR, Fick RB jr (1986) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with bone marrow transplantation. Chest 90(6): 919–922
Kähler HJ, Heilmeyer L (1961) Klinik und Pathophysiologie des Karzinoids und Karzinoidsyndromes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Pharmakologie des 5-Hydroxytrytamines. Erg Inn Med 16:292
Käst A, Herbst M, Stoll L (1971) Experimentelle Rotlauf-und Streptokokken-Endokarditis bei der Ratte. Vet Pathol 8:146–174
Köhn K, Jansen HH (1957) Gestaltwandel klassischer Krankheitsbilder. Springer, Berlin Göttingen Heidelberg
Kreysig FL (1817) Die Krankheiten des Herzens. 3. Teil: Fälle von Herzkrankheiten. Maurer, Berlin
Kronsbein H (1977) Zur Pathogenese der Endocarditis verrueosa simplex bei Neugeborenen. Beitr Pathol 161:82–99
Krous HF (1979) Neonatal nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 103(2): 76–78
Kühnel W (1965) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an den Herzklappen. Experientia (Basel) 21:535–536
Kühnel W (1966a) Zur Feinstruktur der Herzklappen. Z Rheumaforsch 25:10–18
Kühnel W (1966b) Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über den unterschiedlichen Bau der Herzklappen. I. Mitralis und Aortenklappe. Z Zellforsch 69:452–473
Lagunoff D, Ross R, Benditt EP (1962) Histochemical and electron microscopic study in a case of Hurler’s disease. Amer J Pathol 41:273–286
Lambl (1856) Papilläre Exkreszenzen an der Semilunarklappe der Aorta. Wien Med Wochenschr 6:244
Lannigan R (1959) The rheumatic process in the left auricular appendage. J Pathol Bact 77:49
Lepeschkin E (1952) On the relation between the site of valvular involvement in endocarditis and the blood pressure resting on the valve. Am J Med Sci 224:318
Letterer E (1959) Biotechnische Strukturen und Mechanismen für die Reizbeantwortung. Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Pathologie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 336,648 und 664
Leyen HE von der, Dzau VJ (1995) Gentherapie als mögliche Behandlungsstrategie für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen. In: Unger F, Mörl H, Dieterich HA (Hrsg) Interventionen am Herzen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 525–538
Libman E (1922) A consideration in the prognosis in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Am Heart J 1:25
Libman E, Sacks B (1924) A litherto undiscribed form of valvular and mural endocarditis. Arch Int Med 33:701
Löffler W (1936) Endocarditis parietalis mit Bluteosinophilie. Schweiz Med Wschr 66:817
Luschka H (1859) Die Blutgefäße der Klappen des menschlichen Herzens. S’ber Kaiserl Akad Wiss Wien, Math-Naturw Kl 36:367
McGuinness GA, Schieken RM, Maguire GF (1980) Endocarditis in the newborn. Am J Dis Children 134(6):577–580
Meyer RD, Fox ML (1973) Aspergillus endocarditis. Therapeutic failure of amphotericin B. Arch Int Med 132(1): 102–106
Miktane XT (1983) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Am Fam Physician 27(4) 1177–1179
Min KW, Gyorkey F, Sato C (1980) Mucin-producing adenocarcinomas and non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis: Pathogenetic role of tumor mucin. Cancer 45(9): 2374–2382
Möri H (1995) Erudokardfibroelastose. In: Unger F, Möri H, Dieterich HA (Hrsg) Interventionen am Herzen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 157
Morgagni JB (1761) De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis. PATAVII, Editio secunda
Morgagni GB (1967) Sitz und Ursachen der Krankheiten. Herausgegeben und kommentiert durch: M. Michler und L. Premuda. Huber, Bern Stuttgart
Muegge A, Daniel WG, Frank G, Lichtlen PR (1989) Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: Reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 14(3): 631–638
Nemetschek Th (1974) Biosynthese und Alterung von Kollagen. S’ber. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, math.-naturwissenschaftl. Klasse, Abh. 3. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Oehme C (1949) 55. Tgg. Dt. Ges. Inn. Med. Eröffnungsansprache, 25.04.1949. Psyche 3:321
Ojeda VJ, Frost F, Mastaglia FL (1985) Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with malignant disease: a dinicopathological study of 16 cases. Med J Australia 142(12): 629–631
Ondrias F, Slugen I, Valach A (1985) Malignant tumors and embolizing paraneoplastic endocarditis. Neoplasma 32(1): 135–140
Pagel W (1958) Paracelsus. An introduction to philosophical medicine in the era of the renaissance. Karger, Basel New York
Pagel W (1967) William Harvey’s biological ideas. Karger, Basel New York
Pagel W, Winder M (1968) Harvey and the modern concept of disease. Bull History Med 42:496
Pagel W (1972) Van Helmont’s concept of disease — to be or not to be? The influence of paracelsus. Bull History Med 46:419
Payling-Wright G, Crawford T (1976) The Heart. In: Symmers WStC (ed) Systemic pathology, 2nd edn. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh London New York
Petersen H (1931) Histologie und mikroskopische Anatomie. 4. Abschnitt: Organe des Stoffverkehrs 1931. Gesamtausgabe: J.F. Bargmann, München, S 287 ff, 301–302
Pomerance A (1967) Aging changes in human heart valves. Br Heart J 29:222–231
Pomerance A (1969) Ballooning deformity (mucoid degeneration) of atriventricular valves. Br Heart 131:343–351
Pomerance A (1973) The many facets of cardiac pathology. Geriatrics 28(1): 110–115
Popp RL (1976) Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac disease. Circulation 54:538–552
Quintela GA, Candela MJ, Vidal C, Roman J, Aramburo P (1991) Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis in cancer patients. Acta Cardiologica 46(1): 1–9
Randerath E (1931) Über eine in Düsseldorf anhand des Sektionsmaterials beobachtete Zunahme der Zahl leichter, ausgeheilter Entzündungen der Mitralsegel. Münch Med Wochenschr 78:1689
Randerath E (1944) Erfahrungen über die Häufigkeit von Herzklappenentzündungen und Herzklappenfehlern bei Wehrmachtsangehörigen im Felde. Deutsche Militärarzt 9:161
Remmele W (1962) Die Erkrankungen des Wandendokard unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer pathologischen Anatomie. Klin Wochenschr 40:379
Remmele W (1968) Die primäre akute zelluläre Wandendokarditis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 93:1
Remmele W, Haag A (1967) Zur Kenntnis der normalen Histologie des Wandendokard. Z Zellforschg 81:240
Riedl H, Nemetschek Th (1977) Molekularstruktur und mechanisches Verhalten von Kollagen. S’ber. Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, math.-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abh. 5. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Rindfleisch E (1878) Lehrbuch der Pathologischen Gewebelehre, 5. Aufl. W. Engelmann, Leipzig
Rössle R (1943) Über die serösen Entzündungen der Organe. Virchows Arch 311:252
Rossi E, Weber JW (1966) Fibrösen. Handbuch der Kinderhkunde Bd. 7. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Rothschuh KE (1963) Meilensteine in der Erfahrung von Herz und Kreislauf. In: Bargmann W, Doerr W (Hrsg) Das Herz des Menschen, Bd. I. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 1
Sénac JB (1749/1781) Traité de la structure du coeur, 1749. Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, Leipzig 1781
Siegmund H (1933) Vorwort zur Pathogenese der Endokarditis, insbesondere Frühveränderungen. Wiss Anz 290:3
Sinapius D (1955) Zur formalen Genese der LambL’schen Excrescenzen. Virchows Arch 326:387–408
Sinapius D (1958) Über das Endothel der Venen. Z Zellforschung 47:560
Scherrer P, Schneider J (1978) Die thrombotische Endokarditis und ihre Beziehung zur disseminierten intravasalen Gerinnung. Verh Dtsch Ges Path 62:238–241
Schiefferdecker (ohne Vorn.) (1896) Bau der Wandung der Blutgefäße. Niederrhein. Ges. Natur-und Heilkunde Bonn, Sitzung vom 10.02.1896. Sitzungsberichte 1896/97, Fr. Cohen, Bonn, S 14
Schmid R (1985) Entzündliche Herzklappenveränderungen. Dissertation Med Zürich
Schopenhauer A (1946) Vom Unterschied der Lebensalter. In: Schopenhauer „Sämtliche Werke“, 2. Aufl. Parerga und Paralipomena. Brockhaus, Wiesbaden, S 529
Schottmüller H (1910) Endocarditis lenta. Münch Med Wochenschr 57:61 und 697
Schumann G (1971) Die Komplikationen bei der Anwendung sogenannter zentraler Venenkatheter aus pathologisch-anatomischer Sicht. Z Kreislaufforsch 60:355
Steger C, Sette P (1964) Über die pathogenetische Bedeutung des 5-Hydroxytryptamins in der Entstehung der Klappenveränderungen des rechten Herzens bei Karzinoidträgern. Helv Chir Acta 31:353–363
Stosiek P (1968) Statistische Untersuchungen zur Tumorendokarditis. Virchows Arch Abt A Pathol Anat 345:132
Stosiek P (1969) Zur Pathologie und Klinik der Tumor-Endokarditis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 94:908
Stosiek P, Kasper M (1984) Der Kariohistiozyt — Ein Residenzmakrophage. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Immunologie der bakteriellen Thrombendokarditis. Pathologe 5(3): 161–168
Tandler J (1913) Anatomie des Herzens. G. Fischer, Jena, S 235
Thorson A, Biörck G, Björkman G, Waldenström J (1954) Malignant carcinoid of the small intestine with métastases to the liver, valvular disease of the right side of the heart (pulmonary stenosis and tricuspid régurgitation without septal defects), peripheral vasomotor symptomes, bronchoconstriction, and an unusual type of cyanosis. Amer Heart J 47:795
Tomaru T (1988) The multifactorial etiology of mitral valve prolapse, a new entity of postinflammatory mitral valve prolapse. Herz 13(5): 271–276
Virchow R (1854) Handbuch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie, Bd. I. F. Enke, Erlangen, S 46 und 76
Virchow R (1859) Die Cellularpathologie, 2. Aufl. A. Hirschwald, Berlin
Virchow R (1894) Morgagni und der anatomische Gedanke. Berliner Klin Wochenschr 31:345
Vorlaender KO (1968) Pathogenese der akuten rheumatischen Karditis. In: Anschütz F (Hrsg) „Endokarditis“. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 217
Wenger R (1964) Endokardfibrosen. Klinik — Therapie — Pathologie. Mit einem Geleitwort von Ernst Lauda. Thieme, Stuttgart, VIII
Wenger R, Mösslacher H, Dittrich H (1965) Ein Fall von Endokardfibrosierung bei Karzinoidsyndrom. Z Kreisl-Forsch 54:123–133
Winge E (1869) Endocarditis/Myocosis endocardii. Norsk Magaz Lägevid 23:78
Zotz R, Genth S (1995) Herzklappenerkrankungen. In: Unger F, Mörl H, Dieterich HA (Hrsg) Interventionen am Herzen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 165
B. Spezielle pathologische Anatomie der infektiösen Endokarditis
Abe F, Tateyama M, Shibuya H, Azumi N, Omura Y (1984) Disseminated fungal infection. A review of 20 autopsy cases. Acta Pathol Jpn 34:1201–1208
Alessandri N, Pannarale G, del Monte F, Moretti F, Marino B, Reale A (1990) Hypertrophie obstructive cardiomyopathy and infective endocarditis: a report of seven cases and a review of the literature. Eur Heart J 11:1941–1948
Allwork SP (1986) The anatomical basis of infection of the aortic root. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 34:143–148
Altland PD (1982) Effect of altitude exposure on induction of streptococcal endocarditis in young and middle-aged rats. Aviat Space Environ Med 53:44–48
Amrani M, Schoevaerdts JC, Eucher P, Nicolas AL, Dion R, Kremer R (1995) Extension of native aortic valve endocarditis: surgical considerations. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl B): 103–106
Appelbe AF, Olson D, Mixon R, Craver JM, Martin RP (1991) Libman-Sacks endocarditis mimicking intracardiac tumor. Am J Cardiol 68:817–818
Arnett EN, Roberts WC (1982) Pathology of active endocarditis: a necropsy analysis of 192 patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 30:327–335
Atkinson JB, Connor DH, Robinowitz M, McAllister HA, Virmani R (1984) Cardiac fungal infections: review of autopsy findings in 60 patients. Hum Pathol 15:935–942
Baddour LM (1996) A Trojan horse mechanism in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis: a hypothesis. Zentralbl Bakt 283:266–270
Baehr G et al. (1935), zit nach Gross (1940)
Baker PB, Bansal G, Boudoulas H, Kolibash AJ, Kilman J, Wooley CF (1988) Floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae: histopathologic alterations. Hum Pathol 19:507–512
Barst RJ, Prince AS, Neu HC (1981) Aspergillus endocarditis in children: case report and review of the literature. Pediatrics 68:73–78
Bosse A, Stratmann M, Thielking P, Grundmann E (1990) Die Endokarditis — eine übersehene Erkrankung? Münch Med Wochenschr 132:137–140
Bradford WD, Hackel DB (1978) Myocardial involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Arch Pathol Lab Med 102:357–359
Brass K (1949) Über die Pathogenese der sog. nichteitrigen embolischen Herdnephritis Loehlein. Frankf Z Pathol 61:42–77
Brecker SJD, Jin XY, Yacoub MH (1995) Anatomical definition of aortic root abscesses by transesophageal echocardiography: planning a surgical strategy using homograft valves. Clin Cardiol 18:353–359
Broux E de, Leung TK, Hudson G, Cartier R (1997) Mycotic aneurysm of the palmar arch after endocarditis. J Vasc Surg 26:891–894
Buchbinder NA, Roberts WC (1973) Alcoholism. An important but unemphasized factor predisposing to infective endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 132:689–692
Bulkley BH, Roberts WC (1975) The heart in systemic lupus erythematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy. Am J Med 58:243–264
Burch GE, Sun SC, Colcolough HL, Sohal RS, Pasquale NP de (1967) Coxsackie virus valvulitis and myocarditis observed at routine autopsy. Experientia 23:1041–1042
Burch GE, Tsui CY, Harb JM, Colcolough HL (1971) Mural and valvular endocarditis of mice infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Exp Mol Pathol 14:327–336
Bürrig KF, Schulte-Terhausen J, Hort W (1991) Special role of the endocardium in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective endocarditis. ICR Publishers, London, pp 3–9
Burke AP, Kalra P, Li L, Smialek J, Virmani R (1997) Infectious endocarditis and sudden unexpected death: incidence and morphology of lesions in intravenous addicts and non-drug abusers. J Heart Valve Dis 6:198–203
Burns JMA, Hogg KJ, Hillis WS, Dunn FG (1989) Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers with staphylococcal septicaemia. Br Heart J 61:356–357
Calopa M, Rubio F, Aguilar M, Peres J (1990) Giant basilar aneurysm in the course of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Stroke 21:1625–1627
Cancelas JA, Lopez J, Cabezudo E, Navas E, Larana JG, Mena MJ et al. (1994) Native valve endocarditis due to Candida parapsilosis: a late complication after bone marrow transplantation-related fungemia. Bone Marrow Transpl 13:333–334
Cantrell M, Yoshikawa TT (1983) Aging and infective endocarditis. J Am Geriatrics Soc 31:216–221
Cantrell M, Yoshikawa TT (1984) Infective endocarditis in the aging patient. Gerontol 30:316–326
Capo C, Amirayan N, Ghigo E, Raoult D, Mege JL (1999) Circulating cytokine balance and activation markers of leucocytes in Q fever. Clin Eper Immunol 115:120–123
Caro E de, Ribaldone D (1996) Acute myocardial infarction and residual impairment of coronary perfusion: unusual complications of mitral endocarditis in a paediatric patient. G Ital Cardiol 26:427–429
Chambers HF, Korzeniowski OM, Sande MA, with the national collaborative endocarditis study group (1983) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: clinical manifestations in addicts and nonaddicts. Medicine 62:170–177
Chan P, Ogilby JD, Segal B (1989) Tricuspid valve endocarditis. Am Heart J 117:1140–1146
Chastre J, Trouillet JL (1995) Early infective endocarditis on prosthetic valves. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl B):32–38
Claeys G, Vanhouteghem H, Riegel P, Wauters G, Hamerlync R, Dierick J et al. (1996) Endocarditis of native aortic and mitral valves due to corynebacterium accolens: report of a case and application of phenotypic and genotypic techniques for identification. J Clin Microbiol 34:1290–1292
Clark E, Chia J, Waterman S, Soll D (1997) Candida albicans endocarditis with a contaminated aortic valve allograft — California, 1996. JAMA 277:1271–1272
Covarrubias EA, Sheikh MU, Ali N (1979) Location of valvular involvement in bacterial endocarditis. Am Heart J 97:272–273
Crawford MH (1997) Valvular heart disease in systemic lupus erythematodes. Eur Heart J 18:535–536
Currie PF, Sutherland GR, Jacob AJ, Bell JE, Brettle RP, Boon NA (1995) A review of endocarditis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl B): 15–18
Daniel WG, Mügge A, Martin RP, Lindert O, Hausmann D, Nonnast-Daniel B et al. (1991) Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography. N Engl J Med 324:795–800
Davidson S, Rotem Y, Bogkowski B, Rubinstein E (1976) Corynebacterium diphtheriae endocarditis. Am J Med Sci 271:351–353
Dean JW, Kuo J, Wood AJ (1993) Myocardial infarction due to coronary artery compression by aortic root abscess. Intern J Cardiol 41:165–167
Demircin M, Dogan R, Peker O, Ünal S, Pasaoglu I (1995) Aortic insufficiency and enterococcal endocarditis complicating systemic lupus erythematosus. Thorac cardiovasc Surg 43:302–304
Deppisch LM, Fayemi AO (1976) Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Clinicopathologic correlations. Am Heart J 92:723–729
Deshpande J, Vaideeswar P, Sivaraman A, Kulkarni H (1995) Balloon mitral valve valvotomy: an autopsy study. Intern J Cardiol 52:67–76
Dewitt DE, Paauw DS (1996) Endocarditis in injection drug users. Am Family Phys 53:2045–2049
Dhawan VK, Yeaman MR, Cheung AL, Kim E, Sullam PM, Bayer AS (1997) Phenotypic resistance to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein in vitro is correlated with enhanced virulence in experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 65:3293–3299
Dickens P, Chan ACL (1991) Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis in Hong Kong Chinese. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:359–361
Doherty NE, Siegel RJ (1985) Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am Heart J 110:1257–1265
Domann E (1998) Pathogenitätsfaktoren bakterieller Krankheitserreger. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 123:229–236
Dressier FA, Roberts WC (1989) Infective endocarditis in opiate addicts: analysis of 80 cases studied at necropsy: Am J Cardiol 63:1240–1257
Drochner U, Mehnert F (1996) Herzklappenerkrankung. Hirnabszeß bei Aortenklappenendokarditis. Radiologe 36:995–996
Du LTH, Wechsler B, Cabane J, Herson S, Godeau P, Chomette G (1984) L’atteinte spléniquie dans L’endocardite infectieuse. Ann Med Interne 135:181–188
Dumont D, Mathieu D, Alemanni M, Eb F, Manigand G (1990) Endocardite d’Osier probablement due à Chlamydia pneumoniae (souche TWAR). Presse Médic 19:1054
Durack DT, Beeson PB, Petersdorf RG (1973) Experimental bacterial endocarditis. III. Production and progress of the disease in rabbits. Br J Exp Pathol 54:142–151
Edoute Y, Haim N, Rinkevich D, Brenner B, Reisner SA (1997) Cardiac valvular vegetations in cancer patients: a prospective echocardiographic study of 200 patients. Am J Med 102:252–258
Espino-Vela J, Cardenas N, Cruz R (1968) Patent ductus arteriosus. With special reference to patients with pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 38(Suppl 5): 45–60
Faber M, Frimodt-Moller N, Espersen F, Skinhoj P, Rosdahl V (1995) Staphylococcos aureus endocarditis in Danish intravenous drug users: high proportion of left-sided endocarditis. Scand J Infect Dis 27:483–487
Federmann M, Dirsch OR, Jenni R (1996) Pacemaker endocarditis. Heart 75:446
Ferguson DJP, McColm AA, Ryan DM, Acred P (1986) Experimental staphylococcal endocarditis and aortitis. Morphology of the initial colonization. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat 410:43–48
Flock JI, Hienz SA, Heimdahl A, Schennings T (1996) Reconsideration of the role of fibronectin binding in endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 64:1876–1878
Freedberg RS, Goodkin GM, Perez JL, Tunick PA, Kronzon I (1995) Valve strands are strongly associated with systemic embolization: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. JACC 26: 1709–1712
Freedman LR (1991) Role of non-bacterial thrombotic vegetations in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective endocarditis. ICR Publ, London, pp 10–14
Frenzel H (1986) Fine structural and immunohistological studies on polyps of human vocal folds. In: Kirchner JA (ed) Vocal fold histopathology. A Symposion. College Hill Press, San Diego, PP 39–50
Fulham MJ, Gatenby P, Tuck RR (1994) Focal cerebral ischemia and antiphospholipid antibodies: a case for cardiac embolism. Acta Neurol Scand 90:417–423
Funck R, Herzum M, Barth PJ, Bethge C, Maisch B (1994) Aorten-und Mitralklappenendokarditis nach Schrittmachertascheninfektion. Herz 19:149–151
Garzoni D, Nager F (1990) Zur Klinik der Staphylokokkenendokarditis. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 120:21–26
Gerry JL, Greenough III WB (1976) Diphtheroid endocarditis. Report of nine cases and review of the literature. Johns Hopkins Med J 139:61–68
Gevigney G de, Pop C, Delahaye JP (1995) The risk of infective endocarditis after cardiac surgical and interventional procedures. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl B) 17–14
Glock Y, Sabatier Y, Salvador-Mazencq M, Puel P (1986) Les endocardites sur électrodes endocavitaires de stimulateurs cardiaques. A propos des 7 cas. Arch Mal Coeur 79:483–488
Gnann JW, Dismukes WE (1983) Prosthetic valve endocarditis: an overview. Herz 8:320–331
Grant RT, Wood JE, Duckett J (1927–29) Heart valves irregularities in relation to subacute bacterial endocarditis. Heart 14:247–255
Grinberg M (1995) How iatrogenic and preventable is infective endocarditis? Eur Heart J 16: 1756–1757
Groll A, Schneider M, Gaida BJ, Hübner K (1991) Infektiöse Endokarditis aus morphologischer Sicht. Zur Pathologie und Klinik von 97 obduzierten Fällen. Med Klin 86:59–70
Gross L (1940) The cardiac lesions in Libman-Sacks disease. With a consideration of its relationship to acute diffuse lupus erythematosus. Am J Pathol 16:375–407
Gutschik E, Christensen N (1978) Experimental endocarditis in rabbits. 2. Course of untreated Streptococcus faecalis infection. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Sect B 86:223–228
Gutierrez PS, Mansur AJ, Peranovic JOS (1991) Cavitary lesions close to heart valve rings. A necropsy study of 13 cases. J Cardiovasc Surg 32:259–264
Handrick W, Meister EM, Speucker FB, Bock K, Springer W (1988) Über Staphylokokken Endokarditis beim Mitralklappenprolapssyndrom. Z Ges Inn Med 43:100–102
Hanson TP, Edwards BS, Edwards JE (1985) Pathology of surgically excised mitral valves. One hundred consecutive cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109:822–828
Harasaki H, Hanano H, Tanaka J, Tokunaga K, Torisu M (1978) Surface structure of the human cardiac valve. A comparative study of normal and diseased valves. J Cardiovasc Surg 19:281–290
Heimberger TS, Duma RJ (1989) Infections of prosthetic heart valves and cardiac pacemakers. Infect Dis Clin North Am 3:221–245
Herreros-Guilarte B, Golpe-Gomez R, Berrazueta JR (1996) Regression of lupus endocarditis after treatment of an arteriovenous fistula. Intern J Cardiol 55:199–203
Herzog CA, Henry TD, Zimmer SD (1991) Bacterial endocarditis presenting as acute myocardial infarction: a cautionary note for the area of reperfusion. Am J Int Med 90:392–397
Heuer I (1950) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Häufigkeit, Art, Ausgänge undKomplikationen der Endokarditis in der Vor-und Nachkriegszeit nach Sektionsergebnissen. Neue Med Welt 50:1654–1658
Hey A, Röckelein G, Rein J (1985) Bakterielle Infektion einer Jonescu Shiley-Bioprothese. Morphologische Untersuchung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 110:1457–1460
Hienz SA, Schennings T, Heimdahl A, Flock JI (1996) Collagen binding of Staphylococcus aureus is a virulence factor in experimental endocarditis. J Infect Dis 174:83–88
Hojnik M, George J, Ziporen L, Shoenfeld Y (1996) Heart valve involvement (Libman-Sacks endocarditis) in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Circulation 93:1579–1587
Horst R van der, Dyer D, Hallett A (1976) Fulminant diphtheritic mitral valve endocarditis. Arch Dis Childhood 51:227–228
Horstkotte D (1992) Endokarditis. In: Hornbostel H, Kaufmann W, Siegenthaler W (Hrsg) Innere Medizin in Praxis und Klinik, Bd 1,4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 295–392
Horstkotte D, Piper C, Niehues R, Wiemer M, Schultheiss HP (1995) Late prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl B): 39–47
Hort W (1984) Pathologie der infektiösen Endokarditis. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 90:109–113
Hort W (1990) Kreislauforgane. In: Eder M, Gedigk P (Hrsg) Allgemeine Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 328–376
Hort W (1994) Pathologische Anatomie der infektiösen Endokarditis. In: Gahl K (Hrsg) Infektiöse Endokarditis. Steinkopff, Darmstadt, pp 17–46
Huntington K, Hunter AGW, Chan KL (1997) A prospective study to assess the frequency of familial clustering of congenital bicuspid aortic valve. JACC 30:1809–1812
Hurlé A, Nistal JF, Gutierrez JA, Rodriguez MA, Revueita JM (1996) Isolated apical intracavitary left ventricular abscess in a normal heart: a rare complication of Streptococcus milled endocarditis. Cardiovasc Surg 4:61–63
Hussain R, Neligan MC (1993) Systemic lupus erythematosus a rare cause of mitral stenosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 41:125–126
Hwang SW, Yucel EK, Bernard S (1997) Aortic root abscess with fistula formation. Chest 111:1436–1438
Isalska BJ, Curry A, Stanbridge TN, Tweddle D, Caul EO (1996) Electron microscopy and serological features of a patient with Q fever prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Clin Pathol 49:679–687
Iwama T, Shigematsu S, Asami K, Kubo I, Kitazume H, Tanabe S et al. (1996) Tricuspied valve endocarditis with large vegetations in a non drug addict without underlying cardiac disease. Intern Med 35:203–206
Jafar MZ, Morgan MC, Gorcsan III J (1994) Transesophageal echocardiographic detection of multiple mitral valve masses in primary antiphospholipid syndrome with stroke. Am Heart J 127:445–446
Jaskiewicz K (1979) Pathogenesis of chronic myocarditis in mice infected with Coxsackie BP3 viruses. Arch Immunol Ther Exp Warsz 27:89–97
Joseph J, Brigden G, Handler CE (1995) Disappearing left atrial vegetation in an intravenous drug abuser. Eur Heart J 16:1158–1160
Juarez ZE, Stinson MW (1999) An extracellular protease of Streptococcus gordonii hydrolyzes type IV collagen and collagen analogues. Infect Immun 67:271–278
Kalangos A, Pretre R, Girardet C, Ricou F, Faidutti B (1997) An atypical aortic valve non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis in the course of multiple myeloma. Eur Heart J 18:351–352
Kaye D (1985 a) Changing pattern of infective endocarditis. Am J Med 78:157–162
Kaye D (1985 b) Infective endocarditis. An overview. Am J Med 78(Suppl 6 B): 107–109
Keating MR, Guerrero MA, Daly RC, Walker RC, Davies SF (1996) Transmission of invasive Aspergillosis from a subclinically infected donor to three different organ transplant recipients. Chest 109:1119–1124
Kitada K, Inoue M, Kitano M (1997) Experimental endocarditis induction and platelet aggregation by Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus intermedius. FEMS Immun Medical Microbiol 19:25–32
Klug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C, Goullard L, Grandmougin D, Hennequin JL et al. (1997) Systemic infection related to endocarditis on pacemaker leads. Clinical presentation and management. Circulation 95:2098–2107
Kodolitsch Y v, Raghunath M, Dieckmann C, Nienaber CA (1998) Das Marfan-Syndrom: Diagnostik der kardiovaskulären Manifestationen. Z Kardiol 87:161–172
Kohen ME, Millaire A, Leroy O, Beuscart C, Vanjak D, Sivery B et al. (1990) Endocardites infectieuses tricuspidiennes sur sonde de stimulation permanente endocavitaire. Arch Mal Coeur 83: 1855–1857
Koike S, Takayama S, Furihata A, Sasak Y, Furuta S, Moromoto M (1991) Infective endocarditis causing acute myocardial infarction by compression of the proximal left coronary artery due to a mycotic aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Jpn Circulation J 55:1228–1232
Kramer HH, Bourgeois M, Liersch R, Kuhn H, Neßler L, Meyer H et al. (1983) Current clinical aspects of bacterial endocarditis in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. Eur Pediatr 140: 253–259
Krause JR, Levinson SP (1976) Pathology of infective endocarditis. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective endocarditis. Univ Park Press, Baltimore, pp 55–86
Kuhn CH, Weber N (1973) Mural bacterial endocarditis of a ventricular friction lesion. Arch Pathol 95:92–93
Kuijer PMM, Kuijper EJ, Tweel JG van den, Lelie J van der (1992) Aspergillus fumigatus, a rare cause of fatal coronary artery occlusion. Infection 20:45–47
Kupferwasser I, Darius H, Müller AM, Mohr-Kahaly S, Westermeier T, Oelert H et al. (1998) Clinical and morphological characteristics in Streptococcus bovis endocarditis: a comparison with other causative microorganisms in 177 cases. Heart 80:276–280
Kuramoto K, Matsushita S, Yamanouchi H (1984) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis as a cause of cerebral and myocardial infarction. Jpn Circ J 48:1000–1006
Leung KL, Milewicz DM, Phillips MD, Barasch E (1997) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in three members of a family. N Engl J Med 336:1677–1678
Li W, Somerville J (1998) Infective endocarditis in the grown-up congenital heart (GUCH) population. Eur Heart J 19:166–173
Lin RVTP, Lim SCS, Yew FS, Tan SY, Tey BH (1994) Corynebacterium diphtheriae endocarditis in an adult with congenital heart disease: a case report. J Tropical Med Hyg 97:189–191
Libman E, Sacks B (1924) A hitherto undescribed form of valvular and mural endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 33:701–737
Lopez JA, Ross RS, Fishbein MC, Siegel RJ (1987) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a review. Am Heart J 113:773–784
Love JW, Medina D, Anderson S, Braniff B (1981) Infective endocarditis due to corynebacterium diphtheriae: report of a case and review of the literature. Johns Hopkins Med J 148:41–42
Luschka H (1859) Die Blutgefäße der Klappen des menschlichen Herzens. S-B Akad Wiss Wien, Math-Nat Kl 36:367
MacDonald RA, Robbins SL (1957) The significance of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: an autopsy and clinical study of 78 cases. Ann Intern Med 46:255–274
Maizza AF, Basso C, Angelini A, Milano A, Bortolotti U, Casarotto D et al. (1993) Surgical pathology of infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J 14 (Abstr Suppl): 18
Manganelli R, Rijn I van de (1999) Characterization of emd, a gene encoding the major adhesin of Streptococcus defectivus. Infect Immun 67:50–56
Mansur AJ, Grinberg M, Costa R, Chung CV, Pileggi F (1984) Dura mater valve endocarditis related to retained fragment of postoperative epicardial pacemaker lead. Am Heart J 108: 1049–1050
Marrie TJ (1995) Endocarditis of uncertain etiology. Zentralbl Bakteriol 283:1–4
Martini GA, Seitz R (1981) Bakterielle Endokarditis bei chronischem Alkoholmißbrauch und alkoholtoxischer Leberschädigung. Ein Beitrag zur Pathologie des Alkohols. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 106:1173–1176
Maurin M, Eb F, Etienne J, Raoult D (1997) Serological cross-reactions between Bartonella and Chlamydia species: implications for diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol 35:2283–2287
Masiello P, Cassano V, Benedetto G di (1995) Fibrous tissue ring: an uncommon cause of severe prosthetic valve stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 109:1253
Matsumoto M, Konishi Y, Miwa S, Minakata K (1998) Mycotic aneurysm of the left coronary artery. Ann Thorac Surg 65:841–842
Maurin M, Lepidi H, la Scola B, Feuerstein M, Andre M, Pellissier JF et al. (1997) Guinea pig model for Staphylococcus aureus native valve endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 1815–1817
McGuinness GA, Schieken RM, Maguire GF (1980) Endocarditis in the newborn. Am J Dis Child i34:577–580
Melgar GR, Nasser RM, Gordon SM, Lytle BW, Keys TF, Longworth DL (1997) Fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis in 16 patients. An 11 year experience in a tertiary care hospital. Medicine 76:94–103
Mendelsohn G, Hutchins GM (1979) Infective endocarditis during the first decade of life. Am J Dis Child 133:619–622
Middlemost S, Wisenbaugh T, Meyerowitz C, Teeger S, Essop R, Skoularigis J et al. (1991) A case of early surgery in native left sided endocarditis complicated by heart failure: results in 203 cases. JACC 18:663–667
Morgans CM, Cartwright RY (1969) Case of Q fever endocarditis at site of aortic valve prosthesis. Br Heart J 31:520–522
Mullen P, Jude C, Borkon M, Porterfield J, Walsh TJ (1986) Aspergillus mural endocarditis. Clinical and echocardiographic diagnosis. Chest 90:451–452
Nandakumar R, Raju G (1997) Isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis in nonaddicted patients: a diagnostic challenge. Am J Med Sci 314:207–212
Nasser RM, Melgar GR, Longworth DL, Gordon SM (1997) Incidence and risk of developing fungal prosthetic valve endocarditis after nosocomial candidemia. Am J Med 103:25–32
Niehues R, Schlüter S, Kramer A, Klein RM, Strauer BE, Schaal KP, Horstkotte D (1996) Systemische Nocardia-asteroides-Infektion mit Endokardbeteiligung unter immunsuppressiver Therapie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 121:1390–1395
Normand J, Bozio A, Etienne J, Sassolas F, le Bris H (1995) Changing patterns and prognosis of infective endocarditis in childhood. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl B): 28–31
Nozohoor S, Heimdahl A, Colque-Navarro P, Julander I, Söderquist B, Möllby R (1998) Virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of endocarditis. A comparative study of clinical isolates. Zentralbl Bakteriol 287:433–447
Ohmori T, Iwakawa K, Matsumoto Y, Arita N, Okada K (1997) A fatal case of fungal endocarditis of the tricuspid valve associated with long-term venous catheterization and treatment with antibiotics in a patient with a history of alcohol abuse. Myocopathol 139:123–128
Okuchi K, Fujioka M, Iwanaga H, Koshimae N, Sakaki T (1997) Fulminant cerebral infarctions caused by nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis due to gallbladder cancer. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 139:995–996
Olsen EGJ (1985) Die Endokarditis-ein weltweites Problem. Dtsch Ärztebl 82:3855–3858
Omran H, Reichel H, Wirtz P, Jung W, Rabahieh R, Pfeifer U et al. (1997) Septisches Aneurysma des Myokards bei Mitralklappenendokarditis. Klinische und pathologisch-anatomische Befunde. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 122:156–160
Ondrias F, Slugen I, Valach A (1985) Malignant tumors and embolizing paraneoplastic endocarditis. Neoplasma 32:135–140
Osier W (1909) Chronic infectious endocarditis. Quart J Med 2:219–230
Paik ML, Maclennan GT, Seftel AD (1999) Embolic testicular infarction secondary to nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in Wegener’s granulomatosis. J Urol 161:919–920
Pankey GA (1986) Infective endocarditis: Changing concepts. Hosp Pract 21:103–110
Patchell RA, White III CL, Clark AW, Beschorner WE, Santos GW (1985) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in bone marrow transplant patients. Cancer 55:631–635
Patey O, Bimet F, Riegel P, Halioua B, Emond JP, Estrangin E et al. (1997) Clinical and molecular study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae systemic infections in France. J Clin Microbiol 35:441–445
Pearlman SA, Higgins S, Eppes S, Bhat AM, Klein JD (1998) Infective endocarditis in the premature neonate. Clin Pediatr 37:741–746
Pennie RA, Malik AS, Wilcox L (1996) Misidentification of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae as a Corynebacterium species with low virulence in a child with endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 34:1275–1276
Poremba C, Diallo R, Freytag G, Böcker W (1996) Polypös-ulceröse Endokarditis aortalis durch Streptococcus viridans mit Perforation in den rechten Vorhof. Pathologe 17:391–395
Pringle SD, McCartney AC, Cobbe SM (1988) Spontaneous splenic rupture as complication of infective endocarditis. Int J Cardiol 191:384–386
Pujadas Capmany R, Permanyer-Miraldi G, Foz-Sala M, Argimon-Pallas J, Rosell-Abaurrea F, Jane-Pesquer J et al. (1984) Reduction of the susceptibility to infective endocarditis with time in animals with endocavitary catheters. Br J Exp Pathol 65:683–690
Raad II, Luna M, Khalil SAM, Costerion JW, Lam C, Bodey GP (1994) The relationship between the thrombotic and infectious complications of central venous catheters. JAMA 271:1014–1016
Reece IJ, Al Tareif H, Tolia J, Saeed FAK (1994) Mycotic aneurysm of the left anterior descending coronary artery after aortic endocarditis. A case report and brief review of the literature. Texas Heart Inst J 21:231–235
Ribera E, Miro JM, Cortes E, Cruceta A, Merce J, Marco F et al. (1998) Influence of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection and degree of immunosuppression in the clinical characteristics and outcome of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Arch Intern Med 158: 2043–2050
Ritter M, Segesser L v, Jenni R (1994) Persistent root abscess after emergency repair with an aortic homograft. Br Heart J 72:495–497
Roberts WC (1978) Characteristics and consequences of infective endocarditis (active or healed or both) learned from morphologic studies. In: Rahimtoola SH (ed) Infective endocarditis. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 55–123
Roberts WC, Ewy GA, Glancy DL, Marcus FI (1967) Valvular stenosis produced by active infective endocarditis. Circulation 36:449–451
Roberts WC, Oluwole O, Fernicola DJ (1993) Comparison of active infective endocarditis involving a previously stenotic versus a previously nonstenotic aortic valve. Am J Cardiol 71:1082–1088
Rosen P, Armstrong D (1973) Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in patients with malignant neoplastic diseases. Am J Med 54:23–29
Roskeil DE, Bowler ICJW, Barnes P (1998) Treated bacterial endocarditis as a histological mimic of fungal infection. J Clin Pathol 51:539–540
Ross R (1986) The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis-an update. N Engl J Med 314:488–500
Sabet HY, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Daly RC (1999) Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves: a surgical pathology study of 542 cases (1991 through 1996) and a literature review of 2,715 additional cases. Mayo Clin Proc 74:14–26
Sandier M (1982) Corynebacterium diphtheriae endocarditis in an adult with congenital cyanotic heart disease. A case report. SA Med J 61:594
Schlaifer JD, Martin TD, Hill JA, Kerensky RA (1996) Coronary artery obstruction caused by perivalvular abscess in aortic valve endocarditis. Am Heart J 131:413–416
Schünemann S, Werner GS, Schulz R, Bitsch A, Prange HW, Kreuzer H (1997) Embolische Komplikationen bei bakterieller Endokarditis. Z Kardiol 86:1017–1025
Schulz R, Werner GS, Fuchs JB, Andreas S, Prange H, Ruschewski W et al. (1996) Clinical outcome and echocardiographic findings of native and prosthetic valve endocarditis in the 1990s. Eur Heart J 17:281–288
Schumacher M, Eber B, Dusleag J, Fruhwald FM, Zweiker R, Pokan R et al. (1995) Thrombose einer künstlichen Mitralklappe bei Antikardiolipin Syndrom. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 120: 795–798
la Scola B, Lepidi H, Maurin M (1998) A Giunea pig model for Q fever endocarditis. J Infect Dis 178:278–281
Selton-Suty C, Hoen B, Delahaye F, Lacassin F, Goulet V, Etienne J et al. (1996) Comparison of infective endocarditis in patients with and without previously recognized heart disease. Am J Cardiol 77:1134–1137
Selton Suty C, Hoen B, Grentzinger A, Houplon P, Maignan M, Juillière Y et al. (1997) Clinical and bacteriological characteristics of infective endocarditis in the elderly. Heart 77:260–263
Sergi C, Weitz J, Hofmann WJ, Sinn P, Eckart A, Otto G et al. (1996) Aspergillus endocarditis, myocarditis and pericarditis complicating necrotizing fasciitis. Case report and subject review. Virchows Arch 429:177–180
Shamsuddin D, Tuazon CU, Miller H, Shamsuddin AK, Friedman D (1983) Experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis in rabbit model. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107:141–143
Shapiro RF, Gamble CN, Wiesner KB, Castles JJ, Wolf AW, Hurley EJ et al. (1977) Immunopathogenesis of Libman-Sacks and immunofluorescent microscopy in two patients. Ann Rheum Dis 36:508–516
Shmuely H, Kremer I, Sagie A, Pitlik S (1997) Candida tropicalis multifocal endophthalmitis as the only initial manifestation of pacemaker endocarditis. Am J Ophthalmol 123:559–560
Silver MD (1988) Pathology of prosthetic cardiac valves. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1:335–388
Sohal RS, Burch GE (1969) Electron microscopic study of the endocardium in Coxsackie virus B4 infected mice. Am J Pathol 55:133–145
Soman VR, Breton G, Hershkowitz M, Mark H (1974) Bacterial endocarditis of mitral valve in Marfan syndrome. Br Heart J 36:1247–1250
Spijkerman IJB, Ameijden EJC van, Mientjes GHC, Coutinho RA, Hoek van den A (1996) Human immunodeficiency virus infection and other risk factors for skin abscesses and endocarditis among injection drug users. J Clin Epidemiol 49:1149–1154
Spyridopoulos I, Helber U, Mewis C, Voelker W, Steinhilber B, Schulze HJ et al. (1996) Tricuspid valve endocarditis due to a jet lesion detected by echocardiography in a 27-year old man with congenital ventricular septal defect. J Cardiovasc Surg 37:517–520
Stein A, Raoult D (1995) Q fever endocarditis. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl B): 19–23
Straaton KV, Chatham WW, Reveille JD, Koopman WJ, Smith SH (1988) Clinically significant valvular heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 85:645–650
Stulz P, Zimmerli W, Grädel E (1989) Recurrent infective endocarditis in idiopathic hypertrophie subaortic stenosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 37:99–102
Sullam PM, Bayer AS, Foss WM, Cheung AL (1996) Diminished platelet binding in vitro by Staphylococcus aureus is associated with reduced virulence in a rabbit model of infective endocarditis. Infect Immun 64:4915–4921
Sullam PM, Drake TA, Sande MA (1985) Pathogenesis of endocarditis. Am J Med 78(Suppl 6B): 110–115
Svanbom M, Strandell T (1978) Bacterial endocarditis. I. A prospective study of etiology, underlying factors and foci of infection. Scand J Infect Dis 10:193–202
Terpenning MS, Buggy BP, Kauffmann CA (1988) Hospital-acquired infective endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 148:1601–1603
Thalme A, Nygren AT, Julander I, Freyschuss U (1996) Classification of infective endocarditis by Duke’s criteria and transesophageal echocardiography: a i-year retrospective analysis. Scand J Infect Dis 28:407–410
Thompson J (1991) The role of immunological processes in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective endocarditis. ICR Publishers, London, PP 15–22
Tingleff J, Egeblad H, Gotzsche CO, Baandrup U, Kristensen BO, Pilegaard H et al. (1995) Perivalvular cavities in endocarditis: abscesses versus pseudoaneurysms? A transesophageal Doppler echocardiographic study in 118 patients with endocarditis. Am Heart J 130:93–100
Touze JE, Ekra A, Bertrand E (1986) Isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis with patent ductus arteriosus. A report of a case. Acta Cardiol 41:313–318
Travis WD, Balogh K, Wolf BC, Doos WG, Abraham JL (1986) Silicone induced endocarditis. A complication of transvenous cardiac pacing catheterization. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:51–54
Unger P, Clevenbergh P, Crasset V, Selway P, le Clerc JL (1997) Pacemaker related endocarditis inducing tricuspid stenosis. Am Heart J 133:605–607
Vaideeswar P, Pandit MJ, Deshpande JR, Sivaraman A, Vora IM (1993) Fibrolamellar carcinoma of the liver-an unusual presentation. J Postgrad Med 39:159–161
Valtonen V, Kuikka A, Syrjänen J (1993) Thrombo-embolic complications in bacteriaemic infections. Eur Heart J 14(Suppl K): 20–23
Vinson RP, Chung A, Elston DM, Keller RA (1996) Septic microemboli in a Janeway lesion of bacterial endocarditis. J Am Acad Dermatol 35:984–985
Weinstein L, Schlesinger JJ (1974) Pathoanatomic, pathophysiologic and clinical correlations in endocarditis. N Engl J Med 291:832–837,1122-1126
Werner GS, Schulz R, Fuchs JB, Andreas S, Prange H, Ruschewski W et al. (1996) Infective endocarditis in the elderly in the era of transesophageal echocardiography: clinical features and prognosis compared with younger patients. Am J Med 100:90–97
Westhuizen NG van den, Rose AG (1987) Right-sided valvular infective endocarditis. A clinicopathological study of 29 patients. S Afr Med J 71:25–27
Wheeler JG, Weesner KM (1984) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and pericarditis in an infant with a central venous catheter. Clin Pediatr 23:46–47
Whitby S, Madu EC, Bronze MS (1996) Case report: Candida zeylanoides infective endocarditis complicating infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med Sci 312:138–139
Woodgate DJ, Feizi T, Sommerville RG, Scheuer PJ, McDonald JR (1968) A case of non-bacterial endocarditis due to Q fever. Thorax 23:316–319
Yates AB, Mehrotra D, Moffitt JE (1997) Candida endocarditis in a child with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 99:770–772
Young RSK, Zalneraitis EL (1981) Marantic endocarditis in children and young adults: clinical and pathological findings. Stroke 12:635–639
Yunis NA, Stone VE (1998) Cardiac manifestations of HIV/AIDS. A review of disease spectrum and clinical management. J Acquired Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 18:145–154
Zacherl S, Feyertag C, Salzer-Muhar U, Wimmer M (1996) Bakterielle Endokarditis im Kindesalter. Klin Pädiatr 208:47–52
Zahn R, Schneider M, Thoma S, Zander M, Lotter R, Seidl K et al. (1997) Trikuspidalklappenendokarditis. Med Klin 92:291–295
Zimhony O, Goland S, Malnick SDH, Singer D, Geltner D (1996) Enterococcal endocarditis after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for nephrolithiasis. Postgrad Med J 72:51–52
Zussa C, Galloni MR, Zattera GF, Pansini S, Summa M di, Poletti GA et al. (1984) Endocarditis in patients with bioprotheses: pathology and clinical correlations. Int J Clin Cardiol 6:719–732
Klinische Aspekte der infektiösen Endokarditis
Anderson DJ, Bulkley BH, Hutchins GM (1977) A clinicopathologic study of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 22 patients: morphologic basis for diagnosis and therapy. Am Heart J 94:325
Arnett EN, Roberts WC (1976) Valve ring abscess in active infective endocarditis. Frequency, location and clues to clinical diagnosis from the study of 95 necropsy patients. Circulation 54:140
Arvay A, Lengyel M (1988) Incidence and risk factors of prosthetic valve endocaritis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2:340
Calderwood SB, Swimski LA, Waternaux CM, Karchmer AW, Buckley MJ (1985) Risk factors for development of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 72:31
Crawford HH, Badke FR, Amon KW (1983) Effect of the undisturbed pericardium on left ventricular size and performance during acute volume loading. Am Heart J 105:267
Dajani AS, Bisno AL, Chung KJ (1990) Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. Recommendations by the American Heart Association. JAMA 264:2919
Daniel WG, Schroeder E, Mügge A, Lichtlen PR (1988) Transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiac Imaging 2:78
Délaye J, Beaune J, Pourchaire J, Loire R, Gonin A (1976) Les riques de lèxploration hemodynamique dans lèndocardite infectieuse. Coeur et Medicine Interne 15:553
Dillon JC, Feigenbaum H, Konecke LL, Davis RH, Chang S (1973) Echo cardiographic manifestations of valvular vegetations. Am Heart J 86:698
Dismukes WE, Karchmer AW (1977) The diagnosis of infected prosthetic heart valve: bacteremia versus endocarditis. In: Duma RJ (ed) Infections of prosthetic heart valves and vascular grafts, 61. Baltimore, University Park Press
Drexler M, Erbel R, Rohmann S, Mohr-Kahaly S, Meyer J (1987) Diagnostic value of two-dimensional transesophageal versus transthoracic echocardiography in patients with infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J 8(Suppl. J): 303
Eber B, Schnider P, Tiran A, Marak M, Samitz M, Domej W, Aglas F (1992) Differential diagnostic considerations in eosinophilia with reference to 19-year-old patients with Löffler-endocarditis. Acta Med Austriaca 19:35–39
Gilbert BW, Haney RS, Crawford F, McClellan J, Gallis HA, Johnson ML, Kisslo JA (1977) Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of vegetative endocarditis. Circulation 55:346
Greenman RL, Bisno AL (1992) Prevention of bacterial endocarditis. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective endocarditis. Raven Press, New York, p 465
Harris SL (1992) Definitions and demographic characteristics. In: KAYE D (ed) Infective endocarditis. Raven Press, New York, p 1
Horstkotte D, Loogen F, Bircks W (1987) Erworbene Herzklappenfehler. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Wien, München, Baltimore
Lacassin F, Hoen B, Leport C, Selton-Suty C, Delahaye F, Goulet V, et al. (1995) Procedures associated with infective endocarditis in adults. A case control study. Eur Heart J 16:1968–1974
Mc Kinsey DS, Ratts TE, Bisno AL (1987) Underlying cardiac lesions in adults with infective endocarditis: the changing spectrum. Am J Med 82:681
Moore-Gillon J, Eykyn SJ, Phillips I (1983) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Br Med J 287:739
Morganroth J, Perloff JK, Zeldis SM, Dunkman WB (1977) Acute, severe aortic régurgitation. Ann Intern Med 87:223
Nager F (1991) Changing clinical spectrum of infective endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D, Bodnar E (eds) Infective endocarditis, 25. ICR Publishers, London
Osier W (1885) Malignant endocarditis. Gulstonian lectures. Lancet 1:415
Paneth N (1982) Native and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 30–302
Panos G, Giamarellou H, Papazachos G, Birbilis T, Toutouzas P (1996) Greek physicians’ and dentists’ compliance with the British society for antimicrobial chemotherapy (BSAC) guidelines for preventing bacterial endocarditis. J Chemother 8:270–277
Parker FB, Greiner-Hayes C, Tomar RH (1983) Bacteremia following prosthetic valve replacement. Ann Surg 197:147
Pelletier LL, Petersdorf RG (1977) Infective endocarditis: a review of 125 cases from the University of Washington Hospitals 1963–1972. Medicine 56:287
Powell DC, Bivins BA, Bell RM, Sachatello CR, O’Griffen W (1981) Bacterial endocarditis in the critically ill surgical patient. Arch Surg 116:311
Reyn CF von, Levy BS, Arbeit RD, Friedland G, Crumpacker CS (1981) Infective endocarditis: an analysis based on strict case definitions. Ann Intern Med 94:505
Richardson JV, Karp RB, Kirklin JW, Dismukes WE (1978) Treatment of infective endocarditis. A ten year comparative analysis. Circulation 54:140
Rutledge R, Kim BJ, Applebaum RE (1985) Actuarial analysis of the risks of prosthetic valve endocarditis in 1598 patients with mechanical and bioprosthetic valves. Arch Surg 120:469
Saccente M, Cobbs CG (1996) Clinical approach to infective endocarditis. Cardiol Clin 14:351–362
Sande MA, Scheid WM (1980) Combination antibiotic therapy for bacterial endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 92:390
Schlaeffer F, Riesenberg K, Mikolich D, Sikuler E, Niv Y (1996) Serious bacterial infections after endoscopie procedures. Arch Intern Med 11:572–574
Schwytzer F, Wicki HP, Nager F (1984) Der Wandel der infektiösen Endokarditis über drei Jahrzehnte. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 114:1788
Simone R de, Lange R, Hagl S (1994) Atlas of transesophageal color doppler echocardiography and intraoperative imaging. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Terpenning MS, Buggy BP, Kauffman CA (1988) Hospital aquired infective endocarditis. Arch Intern Med 148:1601
Tunkell AR, Mandell GL (1992) Infecting microorganisms. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective Endocarditis, 85. Raven Press LTD, New York
Turina M (1982) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 30:350
Wandschneider W, Deutsch M (1995) Fatal fungal infection of an ascending aortic graft. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 43:2117
D. Degenerative Erkrankungen der Herzklappen
Abolhoda A, Yu S, Oyarzun JR, Allen KR, McCormick JR, Han S et al. (1996 a) No react detoxification process: a superior anticalcification method for bioprostheses. Ann Thorac Surg 62:1724–1730
Abolhoda A, Yu S, Oyarzun JR, McCormick JR, Bogden JD, Gabbay S (1996 b) Calcification of bovine pericardium: glutaraldehyde versus no react biomodification. Ann Thorac Surg 62: 169–174
Agozzino L, Vivo F de, Falco A, Lucca Tupputi Schinosa L de, Cotrufo M (1994) Non inflammatory aortic root disease and floppy aortic valve as cause of isolated régurgitation: a dinicomorphologic study. Intern J Cardiol 45:129–134
Allen WM, Matloff JM, Fishbein MC (1985) Myxoid degeneration of the aortic valve and isolated severe aortic régurgitation. Am J Cardiol 55:439–444
Armiger LC, Gavin JB, Barratt-Boyes BG (1983) Histological assessment of orthotopic aortic valve leaflet allografts: its role in selecting graft pre-treatment. Pathology 15:67–73
Aronow WS, Schwartz KS, Koenigsberg M (1987) Correlation of atrial fibrillation with presence and absence of mitral anular calcium in 604 persons older than 60 years. Am J Cardiol 59:1213–1214
Aronow WS, Koenigsberg M, Kronzon I, Gutstein H (1990) Association of mitral anular calcium with new thromboembolic stroke and cardiac events at 39-month follow-up in elderly patients. Am J Cardiol 65:1511–1512
Aronson RJ, Hoffman M, Algueti-Margulis A, Yust I (1987) Spontaneous rupture of mitral chordae tendineae in hyperthyroidism. Am J Cardiol 59:475–476
Ashworth CT (1946) Atherosclerotic valvular disease of the heart. Arch Pathol 42:285–298
Aslam PA, Eastridge CE, Bernhardt H, Pate JW (1970) Myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves. Chest 57:535–539
Atalay S, Imamoglu A, Uluoglu O, Ikizler C (1995) Critical tricuspid régurgitation secundary to ruptured chordae tendineae mimicking a mass on the tricuspid valve in a newborn. Peditr Cardiol 16:133–136
Aupart MR, Neville PH, Hammami S, Sirinelli AL, Meurisse YA, Marchand MA (1997) Carpentier-Edwards pericardial valves in the mitral position: ten-year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113:492–498
Baba HA, Deiwick M, Blasius S, Glasmacher B, Scheid HH, Böcker W (1997) Einfluß präexistenter Veränderungen auf die Verkalkung von Schweineklappenprothesen. Untersuchungen mit einem dynamischen in vitro Modell. Z Kardiol 86(Suppl 2): 216
Badduke BR, Jamieson WRE, Miyagishima RT, Munro AI, Gerein AN, MacNab J et al. (1991) Pregnancy and childbearing in a population with biologic valvular prostheses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 102:179–186
Baker PB, Bansal G, Boudoulas H, Kolibash AJ, Kilman J, Wooley CF (1988) Floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae: histopathologic alterations. Hum Pathol 19:507–512
Barlow JB, Pocock WA, Marchand P, Denny M (1963) The significance of late systolic murmurs. Am Heart J 66:443–452
Barlow JB, Bosnian CK, Pocock WA, Marchand P (1968) Late systolic murmurs and non ejection (“mid-late“) systolic clicks. An analysis of 90 patients. Br Heart J 30:203–216
Barratt-Boyes BG, Roche AHG, Brandt PWT, Smith JC, Lowe JB (1969) Aortic homograft valve replacement. A long-term follow-up of an initial series of 101 patients. Circulation 40:763–769
Baumgartner F, Pearsall P, Omari K, Robertson J (1996) Aortic and mitral annular remodeling using ultrasonic décalcification. Herz 21:179–182
Bel Kahn J van der, Düren DR, Becker AE (1985) Isolated mitral valve prolapse: chordae architecture as an anatomic basis in older patients. JACC 5:1335–1340
Beppu S, Suzuki S, Matsuda H, Ohmori F, Nagata S, Miyatake K (1993) Rapidity of progression of aortic stenosis in patients with congenital bicuspid aortic valves. Am J Cardiol 71:322–327
Blitz LR, Herrmann HC (1996) Hemodynamic assessment of patients with low-flow, low-gradient valvular aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 78:657–661
Bönniger (1908) Zwei Fälle von Herzblock. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 34:2293
Boon A, Cheriex E, Lodder J, Kessels F (1997) Cardiac valve calcification: characteristics of patients with calcification of the mitral annulus or aortic valve. Heart 78:472–474
Bortolotti U, Milano A, Mazzucco A, Valfre C, Russo R, Valente M et al. (1982) Pregnancy in patients with a porcine valve bioprosthesis. Am J Cardiol 50:1051–1055
Bortolotti U, Milano A, Thiene G, Guerra F, Mazzucco A, Talenti E et al. (1987) Long-term durability of the Hancock porcine bioprosthesis following combined mitral and aortic valve replacement: an 11-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 44:139–144
Brewer RJ, Deck JD, Capati B, Nolan SP (1976) The dynamic aortic root. Its role in aortic valve function. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 72:413–417
Burke AP, Farb A, Sessums L, Virmani R (1994) Causes of sudden cardiac death in patients with replacement valves: an autopsy study. J Heart Valve Dis 3:310–316
Burke AP, Färb A, Tang A, Smialek J, Virmani R (1997) Fibromuscular dysplasia of small coronary arteries and fîbrosis in the basilar ventricular septum in mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J 134:282–291
Carpentier AF, Pellerin M, Fuzellier JF, Relland JYM (1996) Extensive calcification of the mitral valve anulus: pathology and surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:718–730
Chesler E, Gornick CC, Edwards JE (1987) Calcification of the mural endocardium of the left ventricle complicating the myxomatous mitral valve. Am J Cardiol 60:1196–1198
Christian HA (1931) Aortic stenosis with calcification of the cusps. A distict clinical entity. JAMA 97:158–161
Cipriano PR, Billingham ME, Miller DC (1984) Calcification of aortic versus mitral porcine bioprosthetic heart valves: a radiographic study comparing amounts of calcific deposits in valves explanted from the same patient. Am J Cardiol 54:1030–1032
Clark RE, Finke EH (1974) Scanning and light microscopy of human aortic leaflets in stressed and relaxed states. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 67:792–804
Clemens JD, Horwitz RI, Jaffe CC, Feinstein AR, Stanton BF (1982) A controlled evaluation of the risk of bacterial endocarditis in persons with mitral valve prolapse. N Engl J Med 307:776–781
Cole WG, Chan D, Hickey J, Wilcken DEL (1984) Collagen composition of normal and myxomatous human mitral heart valves. Biochem J 219:451–460
Cooley DA, Gerami S, Hallman GL, Wukasch DC, Hall RJ (1972) Mitral insufficiency due to myxomatous transformation: “Floppy valve syndrome“. J Cardiovasc Surg 13:346–349
Corrigal D, Bolen J, Hancock EW, Popp RL (1977) Mitral valve prolapse and infective endocarditis. Am J Med 63:215–222
Cribier A, Letac B (1988) Two years’ experience of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in aortic stenosis. Herz 13:110–118
Cribier A, Sabin T, Saoudi N, Rocha P, Berland J, Letac B (1986) Percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty of acquired aortic stenosis in elderly patients: an alternative to valve replacement? Lancet 1:63–67
Dahm M, Prüfer D, Krummenauer F, Mayer E, Hafner G, Groh E et al. (1998) In vitro effects of anticalcification treatment on the calcium uptake of bioprosthetic materials. J Heart Valve Dis 7:336–339
Dare AJ, Veinot JP, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Schaff HV (1993) New observations on the etiology of aortic valve disease: a surgical pathologic study of 236 cases from 1990. Hum Pathol 24: 1330–1338
Davies MJ, Moore BP, Braimbridge MV (1978) The floppy mitral valve. Study of incidence, pathology, and complications in surgical, necropsy, and forensic material. Br Heart J 40:468–481
Davies MJ, Parker DJ, Bonella D (1981) Collagen synthesis in floppy mitral valve. Br Heart J 45:345
Davies SW, Gershlick AH, Balcon R (1991) Progression of valvular aortic stenosis: a long-term retrospective study. Eur Heart J 12:10–14
Davis RH, Schuster B, Knoebel SB, Fish C (1971) Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve. Am J Cardiol 28:449–455
Deck JD (1986) Endothelial cell orientation on aortic valve leaflets. Cardiovasc Res 20:760–767
Demer LL (1997) Lipid hypothesis of cardiovascular calcification. Circulation 95:297–298
Devereux RB, Hawkins I, Kramer-Fox R, Lutas EM, Hammond IW, Spitzer MC et al. (1986) Complications of mitral valve prolapse. Disproportionate occurrence in men and older patients. Am J Med 81:751–758
Deviri E, Levinsky L, Yechezkel M, Levy MJ (1985) Pregnancy after valve replacement with porcine xenograft prosthesis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 160:437–443
Dewitzky WJ (1910) Über den Bau und die Entstehung verschiedener Formen der chronischen Veränderungen in den Herzklappen. Virchows Arch 199:273–377
Dollar AL, Roberts WC (1991) Morphologie comparison of patients with mitral valve prolapse who died suddenly with patients who died from severe valvular dysfunction or other conditions. JACC 17:921–931
Dry TJ, Willius FA (1939) Calcareous disease of the aortic valve. A study of two hundred twenty-eight cases. Am Heart J 17:138–157
Edmunds LH (1982) Thromboembolic complications of current cardiac valvular prostheses. Ann Thorac Surg 34:96–106
Edwards JE (1961) Editorial. The congenital bicuspid valve. Circulation 23:485–488
Eicher JC, Falcon-Eicher S, Soto FX, Dobsak P, Duong M, Brenot R et al. (1996) Mitral ring abscess caused by bacterial endocarditis on a heavily calcified mitral annulus fibrosus: diagnosis by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography. Am Heart J 131:818–820
Eicher JC, Soto FX, DeNadai L, Ressencourt O, Falcon-Eicher S, Giroud M et al. (1997) Possible association of thrombotic, non-bacterial vegetations of the mitral ring-mitral annular calcium and stroke. Am J Cardiol 79:1712–1715
El Asmar B, Acker M, Couetil JP, Perier P, Dervanian P, Chauvaud S et al. (1991) Mitral valve repair in the extensively calcified mitral valve annulus. Ann Thorac Surg 52:66–69
Enright LP, Hancock EW, Shumway NE (1971) Aortic debridement: long term follow-up. Surgery 69:404–409
Faggiano P, Ghizzoni G, Sorgato A, Sabatini T, Simoncelli U, Gardini A et al. (1992) Rate of progression of valvular aortic stenosis in adults. Am J Cardiol 70:229–233
Falcone MW, Roberts WC, Morrow AG, Perloff JK (1971) Congenital aortic stenosis resulting from a unicommissural valve. Clinical and anatomic features in twenty-one adult patients. Circulation 44:272–280
Farb A, Tang AL, Atkinson JB, McCarthy WF, Virmani R (1992) Comparison of cardiac findings in patients with mitral valve prolapse who die suddenly to those who have congestive heart failure from mitral régurgitation and to those with fatal noncardiac conditions. Am J Cardiol 70: 234–239
Fenoglio JJ, McAllister HA, DeCastro CM, Davia JE, Cheitlin MD (1977) Congenital bicuspid aortic valve after age 20. Am J Cardiol 39:164–169
Ferguson DW, Kiefaber RW, Ziegelman DS, Uphold RE, Jackson RS, Tabakin BS (1987) Acute rupture of myxomatous mitral valve presenting as refractory cadiopulmonary arrest. JACC 9:215–220
Ferrans VJ, Boyce SW, Billingham ME, Jones M, Ishihara T, Roberts WC (1980) Calcific deposits in porcine bioprostheses: structure and pathogenesis. Am J Cardiol 46:721–734
Frable WJ (1969) Mucinous degeneration of the cardiac valves. The “floppy valve“ syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 58:62–70
Frank S, Johnson A, Ross J (1973) Natural history of valvular aortic stenosis. Br Heart J 35:41–46
Franken P, Taeymans Y, Henuzet C, Rutsaert J, Primo G (1979) Fatal thrombosis of a porcine aortic valve graft. N Engl J Med 300:197
Freeman WK, Schaff HV, Orszulak TA, Tajik AJ (1990) Ultrasonic aortic valve décalcification: serial Doppler echo cardiographie follow-up. JACC 16:623–630
Geha AS, Laks MSH, Stansel HC, Cornhill JF, Kilman JW, Buckley MJ et al. (1979) Late failure of porcine valve heterografts in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 78:351–364
Geva T, Sanders SP, Diogenes MS, Rockenmacher S, Praagh R van (1990) Two dimensional and Doppler echo cardiographie and pathologic characteristics of the infantile Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol 65:1230–1237
Giese W (1932) Die Verkalkung des Herzskeletts. Beitr Pathol Anat Allgem Pathol 89:16–39
Glasmacher B, Reul H, Schneppershoff S, Schreck S, Rau G (1998) In vitro calcification of pericardial bioprosthesis. J Heart Valve Dis 7:415–418
Gott JP, Pan-Chih, Dorsey LMA, Jay JL, Jett GK, Schoen FJ et al. (1992) Calcification of porcine valves: a successful new method of antimineralization. Ann Thorac Surg 53:207–216
Guthrie J, Fairgrieve J (1963) Aortic embolism due to myxoid tumour associated with myocardial calcification. Br Heart J 25:137–140
Hammer D, Leier CV, Baba N, Vasko JS, Wooley CF, Pinnell SR (1979) Altered collagen composition in a prolapsing mitral valve with ruptured chordae tendineae. Am J Med 67:863–866
Hammond GL, Geha AS, Kopf GS, Hashim SW (1987) Biological versus mechanical valves. Analysis of 1116 valves inserted in 1012 adult patients with a 4818 year and 5327 valve-year follow-up. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 93:182–198
Hashimoto H, Tamura T, Ikari Y, Hara K, Saeki F, Isshiki T et al. (1996) Comparison of aortic valve replacement and percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty for elderly patients with aortic stenosis. Jpn Circ J 60:142–148
Henney AM, Tsipouras P, Schwartz RC, Child AH, Devereux RB, Leech GJ (1989) Genetic evidence that mutations in the COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, or COL5A2 collagen genes are not responsible for mitral valve prolapse. Br Heart J 61:292–299
Hickey AJ, Wilcken DEL, Wright JS, Warren BA (1985) Primary (spontaneous) chordal rupture: relation to myxomatous valve disease and mitral valve prolapse. JACC 5:1341–1346
Hilbert SL, Luna RE, Zhang J, Wang Y, Hopkins RA, Yu ZX et al. (1999) Allograft heart valves: the role of apoptosis-mediated cell loss. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117:454–462
Horstkotte D, Loogen F (1988) The natural history of aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J 9(Suppl E): 57–64
Hort W (1990) Kreislauforgane. In: Eder M, Gedigk P (Hrsg) Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, 33. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 329–376
Hufnagel CA, Harvey WP, Rabil PJ, MacDermott TF (1954) Surgical correction of aortic insufficiency. Surgery 35:673–683
Hufnagel CA, Vilkgas PD, Nahas H (1958) Experiences with new types of aortic valvular prostheses. Ann Surg 147:636–645
Human DG, Joffe HS, Fraser CB, Barnard CN (1982) Mitral valve replacement in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 83:873–877
Hutchins GM, Moore GW, Skoog DK (1986) The association of floppy mitral valve with disjunction of the mitral annulus fibrosus. N Engl J Med 314:535–540
Ishihara T, Ferrans VJ, Jones M, Boyce SW, Roberts WC (1981 a) Occurrence and significance of endothelial cells in implanted porcine bioprosthetic valves. Am J Cardiol 48:443–454
Ishihara T, Ferrans VJ, Jones M, Cabin HS, Roberts WC (1981b) Calcifîc deposits developing in a bovine pericardial bioprosthetic valve 3 days after implantation. Circulation 63:718–723
Isner JM (1988) Aortic valvuloplasty: are balloon-dilated valves all they are “cracked“ up to be? Mayo Clin Proc 63:830–834
Isner JM, Michlewitz H, Clarke RH, Donaldson RF, Konstam MA, Salem DN (1985) Laser-assisted debridement of aortic valve calcium. Am Heart J 109:448–452
Isner JM, Samuels DA, Slovenkai GA, Halaburka KR, Hougen TJ, Desnoyers MR et al. (1988) Mechanism of aortic balloon valvuloplasty: fracture of valvular calcific deposits. Ann Intern Med 108:377–380
Jeresaty RM (1973) Mitral valve prolapse-click syndrome. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 15:623–652
Jeresaty RM, Edwards JE, Chawla SK (1985) Mitral valve prolapse and ruptured chordae tendineae. Am J Cardiol 55:138–142
Jespersen CM, Egeblad H (1987) Mitral annulus calcification and embolism. Acta Med Scand 222:37–41
Jonasson R, Jonsson B, Nordlander R, Orinius E, Szamosi A (1983) Rate of progression of severity of valvular aortic stenosis. Acta Med Scand 213:51–54
Jones JL, Weintraub WS, Craver JM, Guyton RA, Cohen CL, Corrigan VE et al. (1990) Ten-year experience with the porcine bioprosthetic valve. Interrelationship of valve survival and patient survival in 1050 valve replacements. Ann Thorac Surg 49:370–384
Juvonen J, Juvonen T, Laurila A, Kuusisto J, Alarokkola E, Särkioja T et al. (1998) Can degenerative aortic valve stenosis be related to persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae infection? Ann Internal Med 128:741–744
Kalan JM, Mann JM; Leon MB, Pichard A, Kent KM, Roberts WC (1988) Morphologic findings in stenotic aortic valves that have had “successful“ percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Am J Cardiol 62:152–154
Kamp AWM van der, Visser WJ, Dongen JM van, Nauta J, Galjaard H (1981) Preservation of aortic heart valves with maintenance of cell viability. J Surg Res 30:47–56
Kasper W, Meinertz T, Weber T, Geibel A, Just H (1991) Untersuchung zur Häufigkeit des Tricuspidalklappenprolapses. Z Kardiol 80:333–337
Kelley RE, Pina I, Lee SC (1988) Cerebral ischemia and mitral valve prolapse: Case-control study of associated factors. Stroke 19:443–446
Kelly TA, Rothbart RM, Cooper CM, Kaiser DL, Smucker ML, Gibson RS (1988) Comparison of outcome of asymptomatic to symptomatic patients older than 20 years of age with valvular aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 61:123–130
Kennedy KD, Hauck AJ, Edwards WD, Holmes DR, Reeder GS, Nishimura RA (1988) Mechanism of reduction of aortic valvular stenosis by percutaneous transluminal balloon valvuloplasty: report of five cases and review of literature. Mayo Clin Proc 63:769–776
Kennedy KD, Nishimura RA, Holmes DR, Bailey KR (1991) Natural history of moderate aortic stenosis. JACC 17:313–319
Kim KM, Valigorsky JM, Mergner WJ, Jones RT, Pendergrass RF, Trump BF (1976) Aging changes in the human aortic valve in relation to dystrophic calcification. Human Pathol 7:47–60
King BD, Clark MA, Baba N, Kilman JW, Wooley CF (1982) “Myxomatous“ mitral valves: collagen dissolution as the primary defect. Circulation 66:288–296
King RM, Pluth JR, Giuliani ER, Piehler JM (1986) Mechanical décalcification of the aortic valve. Ann Thorac Surg 42:269–272
Kirklin JK, Smith D, Novick W, Naftel DC, Kirklin JW, Pacifico AD et al. (1993) Long-term function of cryopreserved aortic homografts. A ten-year study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106: 154–166
Kligfield P, Devereux RB (1990) Is the mitral valve prolapse patient at high risk of sudden death identifiable? Cardiovasc Clin 21:143–160
Klues HG, Statler LS, Wallace RB, Roberts WC (1991) Massive calcification of a porcine bioprosthesis in the aortic valve position and the role of calcium supplements. Am Heart J 121:1829–1831
Kolibash AJ, Kilman JW, Bush CA, Ryan JM, Fontana ME, Wooley CF (1986) Evidence for progression from mild to severe mitral régurgitation in mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol 58:762–767
Konertz W, Schwammenthal E, Hachenberg T, Spital G, Breithardt G, Scheldt HH (1991) Pulmonalklappenallograft in Aortenposition-Frühergebnisse bei 30 konsekutiven Patienten. Z Herz-Thorax-Gefäßchir 5:68–74
Koolbergen DR, Hazekamp MG, Kurvers M, Heer E de, Cornelisse CJ, Huysmans HA et al. (1998) Tissue chimerism in human cryopreserved homograft valv expiants demonstrated by in situ hybridization. Ann Thorac Surg 66: S225–S232
Kouchoukos NT, Davila-Roman VG, Spray TL, Murphy SF, Perrillo JB (1994) Replacement of the aortic root with a pulmonary autograft in children and young adults with aortic-valve disease. N Engl J Med 330:1–6
Korn D, DeSanctis RW, Sell S (1962) Massive calcification of the mitral annulus. A clinicopathologic study of fourteen cases. N Engl J Med 267:900–909
Lamberti JJ, Wainer BH, Fisher KA, Karunaratne HB, Al-Sadir J (1979) Calcific stenosis of the porcine heterograft. Ann Thorac Surg 28:28–32
Lester SJ, Heilbron B, Gin K, Dodek A, Jue J (1998) The natural history and rate of progression of aortic stenosis. Chest 113:1109–1114
Letac B, Cribier A, Koning R, Bellefleur JP (1988) Results of percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty in 218 adults with valvular aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 62:598–605
Levy RJ, Schoen FJ, Lund SA, Smith MS (1987) Prevention of leaflet calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves with diphosphonate injection therapy. Experimental studies of optimal dosages and therapeutic durations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:551–557
Liddell NE, Stoddard MF, Talley JD, Guinn VL, Kupersmith J (1992) Transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of isolated tricuspid valve prolapse with severe tricuspid régurgitation. Am Heart J 123:230–232
Lin CS, Schwartz IS, Chapman I (1987) Calcification of the mitral valve annulus fibrosus with systemic embolization. Arch Pathol Lab Med 111:411–414
Lis Y, Burleigh MC, Parker DJ, Child AH, Hogg J, Davies MJ (1987) Biochemical characterization of individual normal, floppy and rheumatic human mitral valves. Biochem J 244:597–603
Lucas RV, Edwards JE (1982) The floppy mitral valve. Curr Probl Cardiol 7:1–48
Magilligan DJ, Lewis JW, Tilley B, Peterson E (1985) The porcine bioprosthetic valve. Twelve years later. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89:499–507
Malkowski MJ, Boudoulas H, Wooley CF, Guo R, Pearson AC (1996) Spectrum of structural abnormalities in floppy mitral valve echocardiographic evaluation. Am Heart J 132:145–151
MacMahon SW, Roberts JK, Kramer-Fox R, Zucker DM, Roberts RB, Devereux RB (1987) Mitral valve prolapse and infective endocarditis. Am Heart J 113:1291–1298
Mäher ER, Pazianas M, Curtis JR (1987) Calcific aortic stenosis: a complication of chronic uremia. Nephron 47:119–122
Mair R, Harringer W, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Klima U, Gross C, Peschl F et al. (1993) Aortic valve replacement with cryopreserved pulmonary allografts: five years’ follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg 60(Suppl 1):S1845–S1848
Matsuki O, Robles A, Gibbs S, Bodnar E, Ross DN (1988) Long-term performance of 555 aortic homografts in the aortic position. Ann Thorac Surg 46:187–191
Mautner GC, Mautner SL, Cannon III RO, Hunsberger SA, Roberts WC (1993) Clinical factors useful in predicting aortic valve structure in patients > 40 years of age with isolated valvular aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 72:194–198
McCarthy LJ, Wolf PL (1970) Mucoid degeneration of heart valves: “blue valve syndrome“. Am J Clin Pathol 54:852–856
McGonagle-Wolff K, Schoen FJ (1992) Morphologic findings in explanted mitroflow pericardial bioprosthetic valves. Am J Cardiol 70:263–264
McGregor CGA, Bradley JF, McGee JO, Wheatley DJ (1976) Tissue culture, protein and collagen synthesis in antibiotic sterilized canine heart valves. Cardiovasc Res 10:389–393
McKay RG, Safian RD, Lock JE, Mandell US, Thurer RL, Schnitt SJ et al. (1986) Balloon dilation of calcific aortic stenosis in elderly patients: post mortem, intraoperative, and percutaneous valvuloplasty studies. Circulation 74:119–125
Mehlman DJ (1984) A guide to the radiographic identification of prosthetic heart valves: an addendum. Circulation 69:102–105
Milano AD, Bortolotti U, Mazzucco A, Guerra F, Stellin G, Talenti E et al. (1988) Performance of the Hancock porcine bioprosthesis following aortic valve replacement: considerations based on a 15-year experience. Ann Thorac Surg 46:216–222
Mishima A, Asano M, Saito T, Yamamoto S, Ukai T, Yoshitomi H et al. (1996) Mitral régurgitation caused by ruptured chordae tendineae in Kawasaki disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111: 895–896
Mitchell RN, Jonas RA, Schoen FJ (1995) Structure-function correlations in cryopreserved allograft cardiac valves. Ann Thorac Surg 60: S108–S113
Moczar M, Lecerf L, Ginat M, Loisance D (1996) Complement activation is involved in the structural deterioration of bovine pericardial bioprosthetic heart valves. ASAIO J 42:M375–M381
Mönckeberg JG (1904) Der normale histologische Bau und die Sklerose der Aortenklappen. Virchows Arch 176:472–514
Moore MA, Mcllroy BK, Phillips RE jr (1997) Nonaldehyde sterilization of biologic tissue for use in implatable medical devices. ASAIO J 43:23–30
Morganroth J, Jones RH, Chen CC, Naito M (1980) Two dimensional echocardiography in mitral, aortic and tricuspid valve prolapse. The clinical problem, cardiac nuclear imaging considerations and a proposed standard for diagnosis. Am J Cardiol 46:1164–1177
Moront MG, Katz NM (1987) Early degeneration of a porcine aortic valve bioprosthesis in the mitral valve position in an elderly woman and its association with long-term calcium carbonate therapy. Am J Cardiol 59:1006–1007
Mulholland DL, Gotlieb AI (1996) Cell biology of valvular interstitial cells. Can J Cardiol 12: 231–236
Nagele H, Bohlmann M, Dapper F, Döring V, Rödiger W (1999) Verlauf nach Aortenklappenersatz mit pulmonalen und aortalen Homografts. Z Kardiol 88(Suppl 1): 153
Nagel A, Meier D, Frenzel H (1995) Alternsabhängige Veränderungen an menschlichen Herzklappen-Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen an den Matrixproteinen. Dtsch Ges Alternsforschg 5:14
Nair CK, Aronow WS, Sketch MH, Mohiuddin SM, Pagano T, Esterbrooks DJ et al. (1983) Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with mitral anular calcification. Comparison with age and sex-matched control subjects. Am J Cardiol 51:992–995
Nair CK, Aronow WS, Stokke K, Mohiuddin SM,Thombson W, Sketch MH (1984 a) Cardiac conduction defects in patients older than 60 years with aortic stenosis with and without mitral anular calcium. Am J Cardiol 53:169–172
Nair CK, Sudhakaran C, Aronow WS, Thosmson W, Woodruff MP, Sketch MH (1984b) Clinical characteristics of patients younger than 60 years with mitral anular calcium: comparison with age-and sex-matched control subjects. Am J Cardiol 54:1286–1287
Nair CK, Sketch MH, Ahmed I, Thomson W, Ryschon K, Woodruff MP et al. (1987) Calcific valvular aortic stenosis with and without mitral anular calcium. Am J Cardiol 60:865–870
Nair CK, Thomson W, Ryschon K, Cook C, Hee TT, Sketch MH (1989) Long-term follow-up of patients with echocardiographically detected mitral anular calcium and comparison with age-and sexmatched control subjects. Am J Cardiol 63:465–470
Nascimento R, Freitas A, Teixeira F, Pereira D, Cardoso A, Dinis M, Mendoca I (1997) Is mitral valve prolapse a congenital or acquired disease? Am J Cardiol 79:226–227
Nishimura RA, McGoon MD, Shub C, Miller FA, Ilstrup DM, Tajik AJ (1985) Echocardiographically documented mitral-valve prolapse. Long-term follow-up of 237 patients. N Engl J Med 313: 1305–1309
Nitta M, Nakamura T, Hultgren HN, Bilisoly J, Tovey DA (1987) Progression of aortic stenosis in adult men. Detection by noninvasive methods. Chest 92:40–43
Nunez L, Larrea JL, Aguado MG, Reque JA, Matorras R, Minguez JA (1983) Pregnancy in 20 patients with bioprosthetic valve replacement. Chest 84:26–28
O’Brien MF, Stafford G, Gardner M, Pohlner P, McGiffin D, Johnston N et al. (1987 a) The viable cryopreserved allograft valve. J Cardiac Surg 2(Suppl 1): 153–167
O’Brien MF, Stafford EG, Gardner MAH, Pohlner PG, McGiffin DC (1987b) A comparison of aortic valve replacement with viable cryopreserved and fresh allograft valves, with a note on chromosomal studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:812–823
O’Brien MF, Johnston N, Stafford G, Gardner M, Pohlner P, McGiffin D et al. (1988) A study of the cells in the explanted viable cryopreserved allograft valve. J Cardiac Surg 3(Suppl): 279–287
O’Brien MF, McGiffin DC, Stafford EL, Gardner MA, Pohlner PF, McLachlan GJ et al. (1991) Allograft aortic valve replacement: longterm comparative clinical analysis of the variable cryopreserved and antibiotic 4°C stored valves. J Cardiac Surg 6(Suppl) 1534–1543
Odell JA, Gillmer D, Whitton ID, Vythilingum SP, Vanker EA (1986) Calcification of tissue valves in children: occurrence in procine and bovine pericardial bioprosthetic valves. In: Bonar E, Yacoub M (eds) Biologic and bioprosthetic valves. Yorke Medical Books, pp 259–270
Oliveira DBG, Dawkins KD, Kay PH, Paneth M (1983) Chordal rupture I. Aetiology and natural history. Br Heart J 50:312–317
Olsen EGJ, Al-Rufaie HK (1980) The floppy mitral valve. Study on pathogenesis. Br Heart J 44:674–683
Otto CM, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, Gown AM, O’Brien KD (1994) Characterization of the early lesion of “degenerative“ valvular aortic stenosis. Histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation 90:844–853
Passik CS, Ackermann DM, Pluth JR, Edwards WD (1987) Temporal changes in the causes of aortic stenosis: a surgical pathologic study of 626 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 62:119–123
Pellikka PA, Nishimura RA, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ (1990) The natural history of adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. JACC 15:1012–1017
Perier P, Stumpf J, Götz C, Lakew F, Schneider A, Clausnizer B et al. (1997) Valve repair for mitral régurgitation caused by isolated prolapse of the posterior leaflet. Ann Thorac Surg 64:445–450
Peter M, Hoffmann A, Parker C, Lüscher T, Burckhardt D (1993) Progression of aortic stenosis. Role of age and concomitant coronary artery disease. Chest 103:1715–1719
Pocock WA, Bosman CK, Chesler E, Barlow JB, Edwards JE (1984) Sudden death in primary mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J 107:378–382
Pomar JL, Bosch X, Chaitman BR, Pelletier C, Grondin CM (1984) Late tears in leaflets of porcine bioprostheses in adults. Ann Thorac Surg 37:78–83
Pomerance A (1968) Cardiac pathology and systolic murmurs in the elderly. Br Heart J 30:687–689
Pomerance A (1969) Ballooning deformity (mucoid degeneration) of atrioventricular valves. Br Heart J 31:343–351
Pomerance A (1970) Pathological and clinical study of calcification of the mitral valve ring. J Clin Pathol 23:354–361
Procacci PM, Savran SV, Schreiter SL, Bryson AL (1976) Prevalence of clinical mitral valve prolapse in 1169 young women. N Engl J Med 294:1086–1088
Pyeritz RE, Wappel MA (1983) Mitral valve dysfunction in the Marfan syndrome. Clinical and echocardiographic study of prevalence and natural history. Am J Med 74:797–807
Read RC, Thal AP (1966) Surgical experience with symptomatic myxomatous valvular transformation (the floppy valve syndrome). Surgery 59:173–182
Ribbert H (1924) Die Erkrankungen des Endokards. In: Henke F, Lubarsch O (Hrsg) Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, Bd II, Herz und Gefäße, Springer, Berlin, S 184–289
Ritchie JL, Hammermeister KE, Kennedy JW (1976) Refractory ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in a patient with the prolapsing mitral leaflet syndrome: successful control with overdrive pacing. Am J Cardiol 37:314–316
Roberts WC (1970 a) The structure of the aortic valve in clinically isolated aortic stenosis. An autopsy study of 162 patients over 15 years of age. Circulation 42:91–97
Roberts WC (1970 b) Anatomically isolated aortic valvular disease. The case against its being of rheumatic etiology. Am J Med 49:151–159
Roberts WC (1970 c) The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. A study of 85 autopsy cases. Am J Cardiol 261:72–83
Roberts WC (1985) Mitral valve prolapse and systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 56:703
Roberts WC (1986) The senile cardiac calcification syndrome. Am J Cardiol 58:572–574
Roberts WC (1989) Living with a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. Am J Cardiol 64:1408–1409
Roberts WC (1992) Morphologic aspects of cardiac valve dysfunction. Am Heart J 123:1610–1632
Roberts WC, Perloff JK, Costantino T (1971) Severe valvular aortic stenosis in patients over 65 years of age. A clinicopathologic study. Am J Cardiol 27:497–506
Roberts WC, Morrow AG, Mclntosh CL, Jones M, Epstein SE (1981) Congenitally bicusid aortic valve causing severe, pure aortic régurgitation without superimposed infective endocarditis. Analysis of 13 patients requiring aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol 47:206–209
Roberts WC, Mclntosh CL, Wallace RB (1987 a) Mechanisms of severe mitral régurgitation in mitral valve prolapse determined from analysis of operatively excised valves. Am Heart J 113:1316–1323
Roberts WC, Mclntosh CL, Wallace RB (1987 b) Aortic valve perforation with calcific aortic valve stenosis and without infective endocarditis of significant aortic régurgitation. Am J Cardiol 59:476–478
Robicsek F, Harbold NB (1987) Limited value of balloon dilatation in calcified aortic stenosis in adults: direct observations during open heart surgery. Am J Cardiol 60:857–864
Rose AG (1996) Etiology of valvular heart disease. Current Opinion in Cardiol 11:98–113
Ross D (1988) Pulmonary valve autotransplantation (the Ross operation) J Cardiac Surg 3:313–319
Ross DN (1962) Homograft replacement of the aortic valve. Lancet II: 487
Rytand DA, Lipsitch LS (1946) Clinical aspects of calcification of the mitral annulus fibrosus. Arch Intern Med 78:544–564
Sabet HY, Edwards WD, Tazelaar HD, Daly R (1999) Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves: a surgical pathology study of 542 cases (1991 through 1996) and a literature review of 2715 additional cases. Mayo Clin Proc 74:14–26
Safian RD, Mandell VS, Thurer RE, Hutchins GM, Schnitt SJ, Grossman W et al. (1987) Postmortem and intraoperative balloon valvuloplasty of calcific aortic stenosis in elderly patients: mechanisms of successful dilation. JACC 9:655–660
Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, Anderson SJ, Kannel WB et al. (1983 a) Prevalence of submitral (anular) calcium and its correlates in a general population-based sample (the Framingham study) Am J Cardiol 51:1375–1378
Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Devereux RB, Castelli WP, Anderson SJ, Levy D et al. (1983 b) Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. I. Epidemiologie features: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 106:571–576
Savage DD, Levy D, Garrison RJ, Castelli WP, Kligfield P, Devereux RB et al. (1983 c) Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. 3. Dysrhythmias: the Framingham study. Am Heart J 106: 582–586
Schaff HV, Danielson GK, DiDonato RM, Puga FJ, Mair DD, McGoon DC (1984) Late results after Starr-Edwards valve replacement in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 88:583–589
Schecter SO, Fyfe B, Pou R, Goldman ME (1996) Intramural left atrial hematoma complicating mitral annular calcification. Am Heart J 132:455–457
Scheid HH, Konertz W (1994) The pathology of bioprosthetic heart valves and allografts. Curr Top Pathol 86:87–158
Schoen FJ (1995) Pathologic considerations in replacement heart valves and other cardiovascular prosthetic devices. Monogr Pathol 37:194–222
Schoen FJ, Kujovich JL, Webb CL, Levy RJ (1987) Chemically determined mineral content of explanted porcine aortic valve bioprostheses: correlation with radiographie assessment of calcification and clinical data. Circulation 76:1061–1066
Schoen FJ, Mitchell RN, Jonas RA (1995) Pathological considerations in cryopreserved allograft heart valves. J Heart Valve Dis 4(Suppl I): S72–S76
Schwinger ME, Colvin S, Harty S, Feiner H, Opitz L, Kronzon I (1990) Clinical evaluation of highfrequency (ultrasonic) mechanical débridement in the surgical treatment of calcific aortic stenosis. Am Heart J 120:1320–1325
Sell S, Scully RE (1965) Aging changes in the aortic and mitral valves. Histologie and histochemical studies, with observations on the pathogenesis of calcific aortic stenosis and calcification of the mitral annulus. Am J Pathol 46:345–365
Senning A, zit nach Scheid HH u. Konertz W (1994
Serruys PW, Luijten HE, Beatt KJ, Mario C di, Feyter PJ de, Essed CE et al. (1988) Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty for calcific aortic stenosis. A treatment “sine cure“? Eur Heart J 9: 782–794
Shapira N, Lemole GM, Fernandez J, Daily PO, Dembitsky WP, O’Yek V et al. (1990) Aortic valve repair for aortic stenosis in adults. Ann Thorac Surg 50:110–120
Shappell SD, Marshall CE, Brown RE, Bruce TA (1973) Sudden death and the familial occurrence of mid-systolic click, late systolic murmur syndrome. Circulation 48:1128–1134
Shen M, Marie P, Farge D, Carpentier S, Pollak C de, Hott M et al. (1997) Osteopontin is associated with bioprosthetic heart valve calcification in humans. C R Acad Sci Paris Sci de la vie/Life Sci 320:49–57
Shiraki M, Miyagawa A, Akiguchi I, Ito H, Ohkawa S, Sugiura M (1988) Evidence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with mitral ring calcification. Jpn Heart J 29:801–808
Sievers HH, Blömer P, Schmidtke C (1999) Bis zu 8 Jahre Nachuntersuchungsergebnisse nach Aortenklappenersatz mit pulmonalem Autograft (Ross-Operation). Z Kardiol 88(Suppl 1) 155
Silver MA, Roberts WC (1985) Detailed anatomy of the normally functioning aortic valve in hearts of normal and increased weight. Am J Cardiol 55:454–461
Simionescu A, Simionescu D, Deac R (1996) Biochemical pathways of tissue degeneration in bioprothetic cardiac valves. The role of matrix metalloproteinases. ASAIO J 42: M561–M567
Simon MA, Liu SF (1954) Calcification of the mitral valve annulus and its relation to functional valvular disturbance. Am Heart J 48:497–504
Son JAM van, Miles CM, Starr A (1995) Tricuspid valve prolapse associated with myxomatous degeneration. Ann Thorac Surg 59:1237–1239
Sohval AR, Gross L (1936) Calcific sclerosis of the aortic valve (Mönckeberg type). Arch Pathol 22:477–494
Srivatsa SS, Harrity PJ, Maercklein PB, Kleppe L, Veinot J, Edwards WD et al. (1997) Increased cellular expression of matrix proteins that regulate mineralization is associated with calcification of native human and porcine xenograft bioprosthetic heart valves. J Clin Invest 99:996–1009
Stewart WJ, King ME, Gillam LD, Guyer DE, Weyman AE (1984) Prevalence of aortic valve prolapse with bicuspid aortic valve and its relation to aortic régurgitation: a cross-sectional echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol 54:1277–1282
Stinson EB, Griepp RB, Oyer PE, Shumway NE (1977) Long-term experience with porcine aortic valve xenografts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73:54–63
Strickberger SA, Schulman SP, Hutchins GM (1987) Association of Paget’s disease of bone with calcific aortic valve disease. Am J Med 82:953–956
Subramanian R, Olson LJ, Edwards WD (1984) Surgical pathology of pure aortic stenosis: a study of 374 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 59:683–690
Tamura K, Fukuda Y, Ferrans VJ (1998) Elastic fiber abnormalities associated with a leaflet perforation in floppy mitral valve. J Heart Valve Dis 7:460–466
Tazelaar HD (1995) Surgical pathology of the heart: Endomyocardial biopsy, valvular heart disease, and cardiac tumors. Monogr Pathol 37:81–107
Thiene G, Bortolotti U, Valente M, Milano A, Calabrese F, Talenti E et al. (1989) Mode of failure of the Hancock pericardial valve xenograft. Am J Cardiol 63:129–133
Thubrikar MJ, Deck JD, Aouad J, Nolan SP (1983) Role of mechanical stress in calcification of aortic bioprosthetic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86:115–125
Thubrikar MJ, Aouad J, Nolan SP (1986) Patterns of calcific deposits in operatively excised stenotic or purely régurgitant aortic valves and their relation to mechanical stress. Am J Cardiol 58: 304–308
Thubricar MJ, Nolan SP, Aouad J, Deck JD (1986) Stress sharing between the sinus and leaflets of canine aortic valve. Ann Thorac Surg 42:434–440
Timio M, Monarca C, Pede S, Gentili S, Verdura C, Lolli S (1992) The spectrum of cardiovascular abnormalities in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a 10-year follow-up in a fivegeneration kindred. Clin Nephrol 37:245–251
Tomazic BB, Edwards WD, Schoen FJ (1995) Physicochemical characterization of natural and bioprosthetic heart valve calcific deposits: implications for prevention. Ann Thorac Surg 60: S322–S337
Tonnemacher D, Reid C, Kawanishi D, Cummings T, Chandrasoma P, McKay CR et al. (1987) Frequency of myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve as a cause of isolated aortic régurgitation severe enough to warrant aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol 60:1194–1196
Trent JK, Adelman AG, Wigle ED, Silver MD (1970) Morphology of a prolapsed posterior mitral valve leaflet. Am Heart J 79:539–543
Turina J, Hess O, Sepulcri F, Krayenbühl HP (1987) Spontaneous course of aortic valve disease. Eur Heart 18:471–483
Turri M, Thiene G, Bortolotti U, Mazzucco A, Gallucci V (1989) Surgical pathology of disease of the mitral valve, with special reference to lesions promoting valvar incompetence. Int J Cardiol 22:213–219
Valente M, Bortolotti U, Thiene G (1985) Ultrastructural substrates of dystrophic calcification in porcine bioprosthetic valve failure. Am J Pathol 119:12–21
Vesely I, Boughner D, Song T (1988) Tissue buckling as a mechanism of bioprosthetic valve failure. Ann Thorac Surg 46:302–308
Virmani R, Atkinson JB, Byrd BF, Robinowitz M, Forman MB (1987) Abnormal chordal insertion: a cause of mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J 113:851–858
Volleberg FEMG, Becker AE (1977) Minor congenital variations of cusp size in tricuspid aortic valves. Possible link with isolated aortic stenosis. Br Heart J 39:1006–1011
Vyavahare N, Hirsch D, Lerner E, Baskin JZ, Schoen FJ, Bianco R et al. (1997) Prevention of bioprosthetic heart valve calcification by ethanol preincubation. Efficacy and mechanisms. Circulation 95:479–488
Wagdi P, Aeschbacher B, Monotti R, Meier B (1994) Erfolgreiche Thrombolyse einer thrombosierten Mitralklappenprothese. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 124:589–594
Wagner S, Selzer A (1982) Patterns of progression of aortic stenosis: a longitudinal hemodynamic study. Circulation 65:709–712
Waller BF, Morrow AG, Maron BJ, del Negro AA, Kent KM, McGrath FJ et al. (1982) Etiology of clinically isolated, severe, chronic, pure régurgitation: analysis of 97 patients over 30 years of age having mitral valve replacement. Am Heart J 104:276–288
Waller BF, Moriarty AT, Eble JN, Davey DM, Hawley DA, Pless JE (1986) Etiology of pure tricuspied régurgitation based on anular circumference and leaflet area: analysis of 45 necropsy patients with clinical and morphologic evidence of pure tricuspid régurgitation. JACC 7:1063–1074
Walley VM, Keon WJ (1987) Patterns of failure in Ionescu-Shiley bovine pericardial bioprosthetic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 93:925–933
Walther T, Falk V, Weigl C, Diegeler A, Rauch T, Autschbach R, Mohr FW (1997) Wirksamkeit neuartiger antikalzifizierender Verfahren für gerüstfreie Bioprothesen. Z Kardiol 86(Suppl 2): 216
Wang A, Harrison JK, Bashore TM (1997) Balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 40:27–36
Warnes CA, Scott ML, Silver GM, Smith CW, Ferrans VJ, Roberts WC (1983) Comparison and late degenerative changes in porcine bioprostheses in the mitral and aortic valve position in the same patient. Am J Cardiol 51:965–968
Warth DC, King ME, Cohen JM, Tesoriero VL, Marcus E, Weyman AE (1985) Prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in normal children. JACC 5:1173–1177
Weinreich DJ, Burke JF, Bharati S, Lev M (1985) Isolated prolapse of the tricuspid valve. JACC 6:475–481
Williams DB, Danielson GK, McGoon DC, Puga FJ, Mair DD, Edwards WD (1982) Porcine heterograft valve replacement in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 84:446–450
Williamson WA, Aretz HT, Weng G, Shahian DM, Hamilton WM, Pankratov MM et al. (1993) In vitro décalcification of aortic valve leaflets with the EnYSGG laser, Ho:YAG laser, and the cavitron ultrasound surgical aspirator. Lasers Surg Med 13:421–428
Yankah AC, Feller AC, Thiede A, Westphal E, Bernhard A (1986) Identification of surface antigens of endothelial cells of fresh preserved heart allografts. An indication for crossmatching for ABO and HLA antigen? Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 34(Special issue I): 97
Yankah AC, Wottge HU, Müller-Hermelink KH, Feller HC, Lange P, Wessel U et al. (1987) Transplantation of aortic and pulmonary allografts enhanced viability of endothelial cells by cryopreservation, importance of histocompatibility. J Cardiac Surg 2(Suppl): 209–220
E. Endomyokardfibrosen (Endomyokardiale Kardiomyopathien)
Adler CP (1989) Obstruktiv restriktive Kardiomyopathie. Zur Klinik und Pathologie der Löfflerschen Endokarditis. Versicherungsmed 41:151–154
Angelini A, Calzolari V, Thiene G, Boffa GM, Valente M, Daliento L et al. (1997) Morphologie spectrum of primary restrictive cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 80:1046–1050
Arbustini E, Morbini P, Grasso M, Fasani R, Verga L, Bellini O et al. (1998) Restrictive cardiomyopathy, atrioventricular block and mild to subclinical myopathy in patients with desmin-immunreactive material deposits. JACC 31:645–653
Baandrup U (1977) Löffler’s endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis a nosologic entity? Acta Path Microbiolog Scand Sect A 85:869–874
Barrett AJ, Barrett A (1975) Bronchial carcinoma with eosinophilia and cardiomegaly. Br J Dis Chest 69:287–292
Becker BJP, Chatgidakis CB, Lingen B van (1953) Cardiovascular collagenosis with parietal endocardial thrombosis. A clinicopathological study of forty cases. Circulation 7:345–356
Bell JA, Jenkins BS, Webb-Peploe MM (1976) Clinical, haemodynamic, and angiographie findings in Löffler’s eosinophilic endocarditis. Br Heart J 38:541–548
Berger PB, Duffy J, Reeder GS, Karon BL, Edwards WD (1994) Restrictive cardiomyopathy associated with the eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 69:162–165
Brink AJ, Weber HW (1963) Fibroplastic parietal endocarditis with eosinophilia. Am J Med 34:52–70
Brockington IF, Olsen EGJ (1973) Löffler’s endocarditis and Davies’ endomyocardial fibrosis. Am Heart J 85:308–322
Cetta F, O’Leary PW, Seward JB, Driscoll DJ (1995) Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy in childhood: diagnostic features and clinical course. Mayo Clin Proc 70:634–640
Chandra M, Pettigrew RI, Eley JW, Oshinski JN, Guyton RA (1996) Cine MRI aided endomyocar dectomy in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 62:1856–1858
Chusid MJ, Dale DC, West BC, Wolff SM (1975) The hypereosinophilic syndrome: Analysis of fourteen cases with review of the literature. Medicine 54:1–27
Connor DH, Somers K, Hutt MSR, Manion WC, D’Arbela PG (1967) Endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda (Davies’ disease). Part I. An epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic study. Am Heart J 74:687–709
Cubero GI, Reguero JJR, Ortega JMR (1993) Restrictive cardiomyopathy caused by chloroquine. Br Heart J 69:451–452
Davies JNP (1948) zit nach Bockington u. Olsen (1973)
Davies JNP (1963) Pathology and pathogenesis of endocardial disease. Cardiologia 42:161–175
Davies JNP, Ball JD (1955) The pathology of endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda. Am Heart J 17:337–359
Davies JNP, Coles RM (i960) Some considerations regarding obscure diseases affecting the mural endocardium. Am Heart J 59:600–631
Dubost C, Gerbaux MA, Bertrand E, Rulliere R, Vial F, Barrillon A et al. (1976) The surgical treatment of constrictive fibrous endocarditis. Ann Surg 184:303–307
Fauci AS, Harley JB, Roberts WC, Ferrans VJ, Gralnick HR, Bjornson BH (1982) The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Ann Intern Med 97:78–92
Fawzy ME, Ziady G, Halim M, Guindy R, Mercer EN, Feteih N (1985) Endomyocardial fibrosis: report of eight cases. JACC 5:983–988
Fowles RE, Cloward TV, Yowell RL (1998) Endocardial fibrosis associated with fenfluraminephentermine. N Engl J Med 338:1316
Frenkel R, Grieco MH, Garret R (1975) Löffler’s endomyocarditis associated with bronchial asthma and eosinophilia. Ann Allerg 34:213–218
Freund G (1898) Zur Kenntnis der acuten diffusen Myocarditis. Berliner Klin Wochenschr 35:1077–1079; 1106-1108
Galiuto L, Enriquez-Sarano M, Reeder GS, Tazelaar HD, Li JTC, Miller FA et al. (1997) Eosinophilic myocarditis manifesting as myocardial infarction: early diagnosis and successful treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 72:603–610
Getz MA, Subramanian R, Logemann T, Ballantyne F (1991) Acute necrotizing eosinophilic myocarditis as a manifestation of severe hypersensitivity myocarditis. Ann Intern Med 115: 201–202
Grouls V, Helpap B, Noack D (1979) Eosinophile Myokarditis. Med Welt 30:1089–1093
Haas R, Mundinger A, Bohn T, Schaz K, Hunstein W (1985) Therapiemöglichkeiten beim Hypereosinophilie-Syndrom mit Endomyocarditis fibroplastica Löffler. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 110: 1573–1576
Hagendorff A, Hümmelgen M, Omran H, Pizzulli L, Zirbes M, Bierhoff E et al. (1998) Endokarditis fibroplastica Löffler im thrombotischen Stadium bei isolierter rechtsventrikulärer Gewebe-Eosinophilie. Z Kardiol 87:293–299
Hardy WR, Anderson RE (1968) The hypereosinophilic syndromes. Ann intern Med 68:1220–1229
Hayashi T, Shimomura H, Terasaki F, Toko H, Okabe M, Deguchi H et al. (1998) Collagen subtypes and matrix metalloproteinase in idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 64: 109–116
Herzog CA, Snover DC, Staley NA (1984) Acute necrotising eosinophilic myocarditis. Br Heart J 52:343–348
Hess OM, Goebel NH, Schneider J, Scholer Y, Krayenbühl HP (1977) Klinik and Verlauf der Endomyokardfibrose. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 107:49–57
Hill KR, Still WJS, McKinney B (1967) Jamaican cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 291:594–601
Hornbostel H, Kaufmann W, Siegenthaler W (Hrsg) (1992) Innere Medizin in Praxis und Klinik, 4. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 1.323-1.325
Huong DLT, Wechsler B, Papo T, Zuttere D de, Bletry O, Hernigou A et al. (1997) Endomyocardial fibrosis in Becet’s disease. Ann Rheum Dis 56:205–208
Jaski BE, Goetzl EJ, Said JW, Fishbein MC (1978) Endomyocardial disease and eosinophilia. Report of a case. Circulation 57:824–827
Katritsis D, Wilmshurst PT, Wendon JA, Davies MJ, Webb-Peploe MM (1991) Primary restrictive cardiomyopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics. JACC 18:1230–1235
Kutty VR, Abraham S, Kartha CC (1996) Geographical distribution of endomyocardial fibrosis in South Kerala. Int J Epidemiol 25:1202–1207
Kushwaha SS, Fallon JT, Fuster V (1997) Restrictive cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 336:267–276
Libanoff AJ, McMahon NJ (1976) Eosinophilia and endomyocardial fibrosis. Am J Cardiol 37: 438–441
Löffler W (1936) Endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica mit Bluteosinophilie. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 66:817–820
Lombardi C, Rusconi C, Faggiano P, Lanzani G, Campana C, Arbustini E (1995) Successful reduction of endomyocardial fibrosis in a patient with idiopathic hypereosinophic syndrome. A case report. Angiology 46:345–351
McKinney B, Crawford MA (1965) Fibrosis in guineapig heart produced by plantain diet. Lancet II: 880–882
Mello DE de, Liapis H, Jureidini S, Nouri S, Kephart GM, Gleich GJ (1990) Cardiac localization of eosinophil-granule major basic protein in acute necrotizing myocarditis. N Engl J Med 323:1542–1545
Menz V, Drude L, Schönian U, Herzum M, Bethge C, Maisch B (1994) Endocarditis fibroplastica Löffler mit gleichzeitiger infektiöser Endokarditis. Herz 19:138–143
Menzel T, Lambertz H, Rau G (1992) Kardiale Beteiligung bei Hypereosinophilie Syndrom. Bedeutung der Echokardiographie in der Verlaufsbeobachtung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 117: 1518–1524
Metzler B, Günther E, Perier P, Braun B, Hust MH (1997) Endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica Löffler. Echokardiographischer Verlauf über 5 Jahre. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 122:182–187
Müller-Höcker J, Vogel A, Döhlemann C, Meister P (1982) Die Löfflersche Endokarditis. Med Welt 33:613–617
Olsen EGJ (1977) Endomyocardial fibrosis and Löffler’s endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica. Postgrad Med J 53:538–540
Olsen EGJ, Spry CJF (1979) The pathogenesis of Löffler’s endomyocardial disease, and its relationship to endomyocardial fibrosis. Progr Cardiol 8:281–303
Papapietro SE, Rogers LW, Hudson NL, Atkinson JB, Page DL (1987) Intramyocardial coronary arteritis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 114:175–178
Parrillo JE, Borer JS, Henry WL, Wolff SM, Fauci AS (1979) The cardiovascular manifestations of the hypereosinophilic syndrome. Prospective study of 26 patients, with review of the literature. Am J Med 67:572–578
Pitt M, Davies MK, Brady AJB (1996) Hypereosinophilic syndrome: endomyocardial fibrosis. Heart 76:377–378
Rashwan MA, Ayman M, Ashour S, Hassanin MM, Zeina AAA (1995) Endomyocardial fibrosis in Egypt: an illustrated review. Br Heart J 73:284–289
Reinbach G (1893) Ueber das Verhalten der Leukocyten bei malignen Tumoren. Arch Klin Chir 16:486–562
Remmele W, Sessner HH (1959) Zur morphologischen Pathologie und Klinik der Endokarditis parietalis fibroplastica mit Bluteosinophilie (Löffler). Klin Wochenschr 37:374–385
Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, Maisch B, Mautner B, O’Connell J et al. (1996) Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and federation of cardiology task force on the definition and classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation 93:841–842
Rutakingirwa M, Ziegler JL, Newton R, Freers J (1999) Poverty and eosinophilia are risk factors for endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) in Uganda Trop Med Internat Health 4:229–235
Roberts WC, Liegler DG, Carbone PP (1969) Endomyocardial disease and eosinophilia. A clinical and pathologic spectrum. Am J Med Dis 46:28–42
Salzman MB, Valderrama E, Sood SK (1997) Carbamazepine and fatal eosinophilic myocarditis. N Engl J Med 336:878–879
Sasano H, Virmani R, Patterson RH, Robinowitz M, Guccion JG (1989) Eosinophilic products lead to myocardial damage. Hum Pathol 20:850–857
Schneider U, Jenni R, Turina J, Turina M, Hess OM (1998) Long term follow up of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis: effects of surgery. Heart 79:362–367
Scott ME, Bruce JH (1975) Löffler’s endocarditis. Br Heart J 37:534–538
Shaper AG, Hutt MSR, Coles RM (1968) Necropsy study of endomyocardial fibrosis and rheumatic heart disease in Uganda 1950–1965. Br Heart J 301:391–401
Siegel RJ, Shah PK, Fishbein MC (1984) Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy. Circulation 70: 165–169
Spry CJF (1982) The hypereosinophilic syndrome: clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment. Allergy 37:539–551
Spry CJF, Tai PC (1987) The eosinophil in myocardial disease. Eur Heart J 8(Suppl J): 81–84
Suzuki T, Ohtaki E, Murai T, Imai M, Kawai S, Kitaoka M et al. (1997) Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy with diffuse perimyocytic fibrosis-a rare observation. Jpn Circ J 61:272–274
Tai PC, Spry CJF, Olsen EGJ, Ackerman SJ, Dunnette S, Gleich GJ (1987) Deposits of eosinophil granule proteins in cardiac tissues of patients with eosinophilic endomyocardial disease. Lancet 1:643–647
Takahashi N, Kondo K, Aoyagi J (1997) Acute myocardial infarction associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome in a young man. Jpn Circ J 61:803–806
Weiss-Carmine S (1957) Die Endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica mit Bluteosinophilie (Löffler) und ihre Stellung im Rahmen der Parietalendokardfibrosen. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 87:989–890
Weller PF, Bubley GJ (1994) The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Blood 83:2759–2779
Yamashita K, Nakamura T, Iio K, Nakashima Y (1997) Eosinophilic myocarditis complicated by acute myocardial infarction. A case report. Angiology 48:1013–1017
Zientek DM, King DL, Dewan SJ, Harford PH, Youman DJ, Hines TR (1995) Hypereosinophilic syndrome with rapid progression of cardiac involvement and early echocardiographic abnormalities. Am Heart J 130:1295–1298
F. Die chirurgische Behandlung der Endokarditis
Aranki SF, Santini F, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, Kinchla NM et al. (1994) Aortic valve endocarditis. Determinants of early survival and late morbidity. Circulation 90(Suppl 2): 175
Arnett EN, Roberts WC (1976) Valve ring abscess in active infective endocarditis. Frequency, location and clues to clinical diagnosis from the study of 95 necropsy patients. Circulation 54:140
Baddour LM (1988) Twelve year review of recurrent native valve endocarditis: a disease of the modern antibiotic era. Rev Infect Dis 10:163
Bauernschmitt R, Vahl CF, Lange R, Jakob H, Hagl S (1996) Surgical treatment of acute absceding endocarditis of the aortic valve: considerations justifying mechanical replacement devices. Eur J Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 10:741
Becker RM, Strom J, Fishman W (1980) Hemodynamic performance with Ionescu-Shiley valve prosthesis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 80:613
Billings AE (1928) Abscess of the spleen. Ann Surg 88:416
Bingham WF (1977) Treatment of mycotic intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 46:428
Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW (1985) Death and other time-related events after valve replacement. Circulation 72:753
Borst HG, Hetzer R, Deyerling W (1982) Surgery for active infective endocarditis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 30:345
Bove EL, Parker FB, Marvasti MA, Randall PA (1983) Complete extra-anatomic bypass of the aortic root: treatment of recurrent mediastinal infection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86:932
Boyd AD, Spencer FC; Isom OW, Cunningham JN, Reed GE, Acinapura AJ, Tice DA (1977) Infective endocarditis: an analysis of 54 surgically treated patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 73:23
Buda AJ, Zotz RJ, Lemire MS, Bach DS (1986) Prognostic significance of vegetations detected by two-dimensional echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Am Heart J 112:1291
Carpentier A, Nashef A, Carpentier S, Goussef N, Relland J, Levy RJ et al. (1982) Prevention of tissue valve calcification by chemical techniques. In: Cohn LH, Gallucci V (eds) Cardiac bioprostheses. Yorke Medical Books, New York, p 320
Caus T, Mesana T, Mouly A, Guez P, Tapia M, Monties JR (1995) Repeated heart valve replacements: prognosis and results. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 88:35
Chambers HF, Korzenowsski OM, Sande MA (1983) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Clinical manifestation in addicts and nonaddicts. Medicine 62:170
Croft CH, Woodward W, Elliot A, Commerford PJ, Barnard CN, Beck W (1983) Analysis of surgical versus medical therapy in active complicated native valve infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 51:1650
D’Ägostino RS, Miller DC, Stinson EB, Mitchell RS, Oyer PE, Jamieson SW et al. (1985) Valve replacement in patients with native valve endocarditis: what really determines operative outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 40:429
Day AL (1981) Extracranial-intracranial bypass grafting in the surgical treatment of bacterial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 9:593
De Gorgolas M, Fernandez-Giusti A, Azofra J, Ezpeleta C, Barros C, Fernandez-Guerrero ML (1991) Splenic abscess: clinico-microbiologic study of 15 cases. Rev Clin Esp 189:278
Dehler S, Elert O (1995) Early and late prognosis following valve replacement for bacterial endocarditis of the native valve. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 43:83
Denney AE, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Hall WH (1979) Serious staphylokokkal infections with strains tolerant to bactericidal antibiotics. Arch Intern Med 139:1026
Dinubile MJ (1982) Surgery in active endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 96:650
Dinubile MJ (1987) Surgery for addiction-related tricuspid valve endocarditis. Am J Med 82:811
Dreyfus G, Serraf A, Jebara VA (1990) Valve repair in acute endocarditis. Ann Thorac Surg 49:706
Edwards AD, Vickers MA, Morgan CJ (1986) Infective endocarditis affecting the Eustachian valve. Br Heart J 56:561
Ergin MA, Raissi S, Follis F, Lansman SL, Griepp R (1989) Annular destruction in acute bacterial endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 97:755
Gadacz T, Way LW, Dunphy JE (1974) Changing linical spectrum of splenic abscess. Am J Surg 128:182
Gnann JW, Dismukes WE (1983) Prosthetic valve endocarditis: an overview. Herz 8:320
Griffin FM, Jones G, Cobbs CG (1972) Aortic insufficiency in bacterial endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 76:23
Hammond GL, Geha AS, Kopf GS, Hashim SW (1987) Biological versus mechanical valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 93:182
Haydock D, Barrat-Boyes B, Macedo T, Kirklin JW, Blackstone E (1992) Aortic valve replacement for active infectious endocarditis in 108 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 103:130
Heimberger TS, Duma RJ (1989) Infections of prosthetic heart valves and pacemakers. Infect Dis Clin North Am 3:221
Heinle S, Wildermann N, Harrison JK, Waugh R, Bashore T, Nicely LM et al. (1994) Value of transthoracic echocardiography in predicting embolic events in active infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 74:799
Hollyday HD, Keipper V, Kaiser AB (1980) Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis. JAMA 244:2088
Horstkotte D (1991) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D (ed) Infective endocarditis. ICR Publishers, London, p 229
Horstkotte D, Trampisch G (1986) Langzeitbeobachtungen nach Herzklappenersatz. Z Kardiol 75:641
Horstkotte D, Schulte HD, Bircks W (1991) Factors influencing prognosis and indication for surgery in acute native-valve endocarditis. In: Horstkotte D (ed) Infective endocarditis. ICR Publishers, London, p 171
Horstkotte D, Bircks W, Loogen F (1986) Infective endocarditis of native and prosthetic valves-the case of prompt surgical intervention? A retrospective analysis of factors affecting survival. Z Kardiol 75:168
Jaffe WM, Morgan DE, Pearlman AS, Otto CM (1990) Infective endocarditis, 1983-1988: echocardiographic findings and factors influencing morbidity and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:1227
Jung JY, Saab SB, Almond CH (1975) The case for early surgical treatment of left-sided primary infective endocarditis. A collective review. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 70:509
Kanawatny DS, Stalker JB, Munt PW (1991) Nonsurgical treatment of Histoplasma endocarditis involving a bioprosthetic valve. Chest 1:253
Karchmer AW (1986) Prosthetic valve endocarditis-mechanical valves. In: Magilligan DJ (ed) Endocarditis-Medical and surgical management. Marcel Dekker, New York
Karchmer AW, Stinson EB (1980) The role of surgery in infective endocardits. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1:124
Kay JH, Bernstein S, Feinstein D, Biddle M (1961) Surgical cure of Candida albicans endocarditis with open heart surgery. N Engl J Med 264:907
Lakier JB (1986) Congestive heart failure. In: Magilligan DJ, Quinn EL (eds) Endocarditis. Marcel Dekker, New York Basel, p 139
Lange R, Hagl S, Sebening F (1990) Infektiöse Endokarditis. In: Hombach V von (ed) Kardiologie, Bd. 3, Kardiovaskuläre Chirurgie. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, p 191
Lange R, DeSimone R, Bauernschmitt R, Tanzeem A, Schmidt C, Hagl S (1995) Chirurgische Therapie der akuten Trikuspidalklappen-Endokarditis: Indikation, Technik und Ergebnisse. Z Kardiol 84:921
Lepeschkin E (1952) On the relation between the site of valvular involvement in endocarditis and the blood pressure resting on the valve. Am J Med Sci 224:318
Lutas EM, Roberts RB, Devereux RB, Prieto LM (1986) Relation between the presence of echocardiographic vegetations and the complication rate in infective endocarditis. Am Heart J 112:107
Maisch B, Kochsieck K (1983) Bedeutung immunologischer Effektormechanismen bei infektiöser Endokarditis. Herz 8:280
Manolis AS, Meltia H (1988) Echocardiographic and clinical correlates in drug addicts with infective endocarditis. Implication of vegetation size. Arch Intern Med 148:2461
Masur H, Johnson WD (1980) Prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 80:31
Mc Giffin DC, Galbraith AJ, Lachlan GJ, Stower RE, Wong ML, Stafford EG et al. (1992) Aortic valve infection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 104:511
Meddens MJM, Thompson J, Bauer WC, Fürth van R (1984) Role of granulocytes and monocytes in experimental Escherichia coli endocarditis. Infect Immun 43:491
Morel-Maroger L, Her reman G, Godeau P (1972) Kidney in subacute endocarditis. Pathological and immunfluorescent findings. Arch Pathol 94:205
Moyer DV, Edwards JE (1992) Fungal endocarditis. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective endocarditis. Raven Press, New York, p 299
Mügge A, Daniel WG, Frank G, Lichtlen PR (1989) Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: reasessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and transesophageal approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:631
Mullany CJ, Mc Isaacs AI, Rowe MH, Hale GS (1989) The surgical treatment of infective endocarditis. World J Surg 13:132
Murray G (1956) Homologous aortic valve segment transplant as surgical treatment for aortic and mitral insufficiency. Angiology 7:466
Najafi H, Guynn T, Najafi C, Aident T (1995) Declining risk of reoperative valvular surgery. J Card Surg 10:185
O’Brien MF, Stafford EG, Gardner MAH, Pohlner PG, MeGiffin DC (1987) A comparison of aortic valve replacement viable cryopreseved and fresh allograft valves, with a note on chromosomal studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 94:812
Okies JE, Bradshaw MW, Williams TW (1973) Valve replacement in bacterial endocarditis. Chest 63:898
Okies JE, Starr A (1978) Cardiac surgery in infective endocarditis. In: Rahimtoola SH (ed) Infective endocarditis. Grune & Stratton, New York
Perry EL, Fleming RG, Edwards E (1952) Myocardial lesions in subacute bacterial endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 36:126
Perry LS, Tresch DD, Brooks HL, Lepley D, Olinger GN, Bonchek LI, Johnson G (1984) Operative approach to endocarditis. Am Heart J 108:561
Petrou M, Wong K, Albertucci M, Brecker SJ, Yacoub MH (1994) Evaluation of unstented aortic homografts for the treatment of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation 90:198
Pruitt AA, Rubin RH, Karchmer AW, Duncan GW (1978) Neurologic complications of bacterial endocarditis. Medicine 57:329
Rapaport E (1978) The changing role of surgery in the management of infective endocarditis. Circulation 58:598
Reddy DJ (1986) Mycotic aneurysms. In: Magilligan D (ed) Endocarditis. Marcel Dekker, New York, P 177
Reisberg BE (1979) Infective endocarditis in the drug addict. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 22:193
Reitz BA, Baumgartner WA, Oyer PE, Stinson EB (1981) Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis. In: Bisno AL (ed) Treatment of infective endocarditis. Grune & Stratton, New York, p 193
Roberts NK, Sommerville J (1969) Pathological significance of electrocardiographic changes in aortic valve endocarditis. Br Heart J 31:395
Robiscek F, Payne RB, Daugherty HK, Sanger PW (1967) Bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve treated by excision and replacement. Ann Surg 166:854
Rose AG (1978) Infective endocarditis complicating congenital heart disease. S Afr Med J 53:739
Ross DN (1967) Replacement of aortic and mitral valves with a pulmonary autograft. Lancet 2:956
Saravolatz LD (1986) Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. In: Magilligan DJ, Quinn EL (eds) Endocarditis. Marcel Dekker, New York Basel, p 3
Skekan JD, Murray M, Mills PG (1988) Infective endocarditis: incidence and mortality in the North Thames Region. Br Heart J 59:62
Snow RM, Cobbs CG (1976) Treatment of complications of infective endocarditis. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective endocarditis. Baltimore, University Park Press, p 213
Steckelberg JM, Murphy JG, Wilson WR (1992) Management of complications of acute endocarditis. In: Kaye D (ed) Infective endocarditis. Raven Press, New York, p 435
Stinson EB (1979) Surgical treatment of infective endocarditis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 22:145
Straumann E, Stulz P, Jenzer HR (1990) Tricuspid valve endocarditis in the drug addict: a reconstructive approach (“vegetectomy“). Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 38:291
Touroff ASW, Vessel LH (1940) Subacute streptococcus viridans endarteriitis complicating patent ductus arteriosus. JAMA 115:1270
Tyers GF, Jamieson WR, Munro AI, Germann E, Burr LH, Miyagishima RT, Ling H (1995) Reoperation in biological and mechanical valve populations: fate of the reoperative patient. Ann Thorac Surg 60:464
Utley JR, Mills JC, Hutchinson J, Edmunds C, Sanderson LH, Roe BB (1972) Valve replacement for bacterial and fungal endocarditis. Circulation 47(Suppl 3): 42
Vilacosta I, San Roman JA, Roca V (1990) Eustachian valve endocarditis. Br Heart J 64:340
Vo NM, Russell JC, Becker DR (1981) Mycotic emboli of the peripheral vessels: analysis of forty-four cases. Surgery 90:541
Wallace AG, Young WG, Osterhut TS (1965) Treatment of acute bacterial endocarditis by valve excision and replacement. Circulation 31:450
Wang K, Govel F, Gleason DF, Edwards JE (1972) Complete heart block complicating bacterial endocarditis. Circulation 46:939
Watanabe G, Haverich A, Speier R, Dresler C, Borst HG (1994) Surgical treatment of active infective endocarditis with paravalvular involvement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 107:171
Weinstein L (1988) Infective endocarditis. In: Braunwald E (ed) Heart disease. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 1093
Wilson WW, Giuliani ER, Danielson GK, Geraci JE (1982) Management of complications of infective endocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc 57:162
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Doerr, W., Hort, W., Bauernschmitt, R., Hagl, S. (2000). Pathologie des Endokard. In: Hort, W. (eds) Pathologie des Endokard, der Kranzarterien und des Myokard. Spezielle pathologische Anatomie, vol 22 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56944-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56944-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62944-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56944-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive