Zusammenfassung
Der Diabetes mellitus ist die häufigste endokrinmetabolische Erkrankung und betrifft etwa 5% der westlichen Bevölkerung. Spätkomplikationen in Form der Mikro-und Makroangiopathie stellen ein großes gesundheitspolitisches Problem dar. Der Diabetes ist einer der häufigsten Ursachen in Deutschland für die Erblindung, den Einsatz des Nierenersatzverfahrens sowie für die Amputation der unteren Gliedmaßen. Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus entwickeln aber nicht nur mikroangiopathische Gefäßkomplikationen, sondern haben auch ein etwa 3-bis 5fach erhöhtes kard iovaskuläres Risiko. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es u. a., Beispiele einiger molekularer Prinzipien zu geben, die zurzeit Gegenstand der klinischen Grundlagenforschung sind und wahrscheinlich auch in der Zukunft von klinischer Bedeutung für die Pathophysiologie Diagnostik und Therapie der häufigsten Diabetesformen sind.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Abe H, Yamada N, Kamata K et al.(1998) Hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and impaired endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-1. J Clin Invest 101:1784–1788
Aguilar-Bryan L, Clement JPIV, Gonzalez G, Kunjilwar K, Babenko A, Bryan J (1998) Toward understanding the assembly and structure of KATP channels. Physiol Rev 78:227–245
Aguirre V, Uchida T, Yenush L, Davis R, White MF (2000) The c-Jun Nfl(2)-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser(307). J Biol Chem 275:9047–9054
Alberti KGMM, Zimmet PZ (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO Consultation. Diabet Med 15:539–553
AI-Hasani H, Eisermann B, Tennagels N, Magg C, Passlack W, Koenen M, Müller-Wieland D, Meyer HE, Klein HW (1997) Identification of Ser-1275 and Ser-B09 as autophosphorylation sites of the insulin receptor. FEBS Lett 400(1):65–70
American Diabetes Assceiation (1999) Clinical practice recommendations 1999. Diabetes Care [Suppl 1] 22
Araki E, Lipes MA, Patti ME et al. (1994) Alternative pathways of insulin signalling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature 372:186–190
Auwerx J, Mangelsdorf D (2000) X-ceptors, nuclear receptors for metabolism. Atherosclerosis XII. In: Stemme S, Olsson AG (eds) Elsevier Science B.Y. pp 21–39
Avruch J (1998) Insulin signal transduction through protein kinase cascades. Mol Cell Biochem 182:31–48
Barker DJ, Haies CN, Fall CH, Osmond C, Phipps K, Clark PM (1993) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 36:62–67
Beal MF (1998) Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Biochem Biophys Acta 1366:211–223
Bell GI, Cox NJ, Lindner T et al. (1997) Genetics of NIDDM in the Mexican-Americans of Starr County, Texas: an update. Diabetes Rev 5:277–283
Bell GI, Xiang K, Newman MV et al. (1991) Gene for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (maturity-onset diabetes of the young subtype) is linked to DNA polymorphism on human chromosome 20q. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:1484–1488
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1997) The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell 89:331–340
Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1999) A proteolytic pathway that controls the cholesterol content of membranes, cells, and blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:11041–11048
Brüning JC, Michael MD, Winnay JN et al. (1998) A musclespecific insulin receptor knockout exhibits features of the metabolic syndrome of NIDDM without altering glucose tolerance. Mol Cell 2:559–569
Brüning JC, Gautarn D, Burks DJ, Gilette J, Schubert M, Orban PC, Klein R, Krone W, Müller-Wieland D, Kahn CR (2000) Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction. Science 289:2122–2125
Bryan J, Aguilar-Bryan L (1999) Sulfonylurea receptors: ABC transporters that regulate ATP-sensitive K(+) channels. Biochim Biophys Acta 1461:285–303
Chevre JA, Hani EH, Boutin P et al. (1998) Mutation screening in 18 Caucasian families suggest the existence of other MODY genes. Diabetologia 41:1017–1023
Curtis SE, Michael MD, Crute BE, Keller SR, Lienhard GE (2000) Double knockout of IRS proteins reveals critical roles of IRS-4 and IRS-3 in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Diabetes [Suppl 1] 49:19
De Fronzo RA (1997) Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: metabolic and molecular implications for identifying diabetes genes. Diabetes Rev 5:177–269
Efrat S (1998) Prospects for gene therapy of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 4I:1401–1409
Elbein SC, Yount PA, Teng K, Hasstedt SJ (1998) Genomewide search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in Caucasians: evidence for a recessive locus on chromosome 1. Diabetes [Suppl 1] 47:A15
Eto K, Tsubamoto Y, Terauchi Y et al. (2000) Role of IRSA/2 and PI-3 kinase pathway in the regulation of P-cell mass and glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Diabetes [Suppl 1] 49:182
Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183–1197
Fajans SS (1990) Scope and heterogeneous nature of maturityonset diabetes of the young (MODY). Diabetes Care 13:49–64
Fajans SS, Bel G, Bowden DW, Halter JB, Plonsky KS (1994) Maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Life Sei 55:413–422
Fantin VR, Sparling JD, Siot JW, Keller SR, Lienhard GE, Lavan BE (1998) Characterization of insulin receptor substrate 4 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. J Biol Chem 273:10726–10732
Ferber S, Halkin A, Cohen H, Ber I, Einav Y, Goldberg I, Barshack I, Seijffers R, Kopolovic J, Kaiser N, Karasik A (2000) Pancreatic and duodenal homebox gene 1 induces expression of insulin genes in liver and ameliorates streptozotoein-induced hyperglycemia. Nat Med 6:568–572
Ferrannini E (1998) Insulin resistance versus insulin deficiency in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: problems and prospects. Endocrine Rev 19:477–490
Flier JS, Hollenberg AN (1999) ADD-1 provides major new insight into the mechanism of insulin action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14191–14192
Froguel P, Vaxillaire M, Sun F et al. (1992) Close linkage of glucokinase locus on chromosome 7p to early onset non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 356:162–164
Froguel P, Vaxillaire M, Velho G (1997) Genetic and metabolic heterogeneity of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Diabetes Rev 5:123–130
Giannoukakis N, Rudert WA, Robbins PD, Trucco M (1999) Targeting auto immune diabetes with gene therapy. Diabetes 48:2107–2121
Glaser B, Chiti KC, Anker R et al. (1994) Familial hyperinsulinism maps to chromosome 11pI4-15.1,30 cM centromeric to the insulin gene. Nat Genet 7:185–188
Goldstein BI. Bittrier-Kowalczyk A, White MF, Harbeck M (2000) Tyrosine dephosphorylation and deactivation of insulin receptor substrate-1 B. Possible facilitation by the formation of a ternary complex with the Grb2 adaptor protein. J Biol Chem 275:4283–4289
Groop LC, Widen E, Ferrannini E (1993) Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency in the pathogenesis of type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus: errors of metabolism or methods? Diabetologia 36:1326–1331
Hara K, Yonezawa K, Sakaue H et al. (1994) 1-Phosphatidylinosito l 3-kinase activity is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport but not for RAS activation in CHO cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7415–7419
Hanis CL, Boerwinkle E, Chakraborty R et al. (1996) A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nat Genet 13:161–166
Häring HU, Mehnert H (1993) Pathogenesis of type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: candidates for a signal transmitter defect causing insulin resistance of the secletal muscle. Diabetologia 36:176–182
Herman WH, Fajans SS, Ortiz H et al. (1994) Abnormal insulin secretion, not insulin resistance is the genetic or primary defect of MODY in the RW pedigree. Diabetes 43:40–46
Holgado-Madruga M, Emlet DR, Moscatello DK, Godwin AK, Wong AJ (1996) A Grb2-associated docking protein in EGF-and insulin-receptor signalling. Nature 379:560–564
Holgado-Madruga M, Moscatello DK, Emlet DR, Dieterich R, Wong AJ (1997) Grb2-associated binder-1 mediates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and the promotion of cell surviva 1 by nerve growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:12419–12424
Horikawa Y, Iwasaki N, Hara M, Furuta H, Hinokio Y, Cockburn BN (1997) Mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 P gene (TGF2) associated with MODY. Nat Genet 17:384–385
Humphreys P, McCarthy M, Tuemilelito J et al. (1994) Chromosome 4q locus associated with insulin resistance in Pima Indians. Studies in three European NIDDM populations. Diabetes 43:800–804
Ilag LL, Tabaei BP, Herman W et al. (2000) Reduced pan creatic polypeptide response to hypoglycemia and amylin response to arginine in subjects with a mutation in the HNI74α/MODY1 gene. Diabetes 49:961–968
Kadowaki T (2000) Insights into insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes from knockout mouse models. J Clin Invest 106:459–465
Kahn CR (1994) Insulin action, diabetogenes and the cause of type II diabetes. Diabetes 43:1066–1084
Kahn BB (1996) Lilly lecture 1995. Glucose transport: pivotal step in insulin action. Diabetes 45:1644–1654
Kalm CR, Vicent D, Doria A (1996) Genetics of non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus. Annu Rev Med 47:509–531
Kausch C, Hamann A, Uphues I, Niendorf A, Müller-Wieland D, Joost HG, Algenstaedt P, Dreyer M, Rüdiger HW, Häring HU, Eckel J, Matthaei S (2000) Association of impaired phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in GLUT1-containing vesicles with malinsertion of glucose transporters into the plasma membrane of fibroblasts from a patient with severe insulin resistance and clinical features of Werner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:905–918
Kelley DE, Mandarino U (2000) Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance. A reexamination. Diabetes 49:677–683
Kido Y, Burks DJ, Withers D et al. (2000) Tissue-specific insulin resistance in mice with mutations in the insulin receptor, IRS-l, and IRS-2. J Clin Invest 105:199–205
Kim JK, Gavrilova O, Chen Y, Reitman ML, Shulman G (2000) Mechanism of insulin resistance in A-ZIP/17-1 fatless mice. J Biol Chem 276:8456–8460
Kolb H (1999) Pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes [Suppl 3] 107:S88
Kotzka J, Müller-Wieland D, Roth G, Kremer L, Munck M, Schurmann S, Knebel B, Krone W (2000) Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP)-1 and SREBP-2 are linked to the MAP-kinase cascade. J Lipid Res 41:99–108
Krützfeldt J, Katisch C, Volk A et al. (2000) Insulin signaling and action in cultured skeletal muscle cells from lean healthy humans with high and low insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 49:992–998
Kulkarni RN, Mining JC, Winnay JN, Postic C, Magnuson MA, Kahn CR (1999a) Tissue-specific knockout of the insulin receptor in pancreatic beta cells creates an insulin secretory defect similar to that in type 2 diabetes. Cell 96:329–339
Kulkarni RN, Winnay JN, Daniels M et al.(1999b) Altered function of insulin receptor substrate-1-deficient mouse islets and cultured beta-cell lines. J Clin luvest 104:R6975
Lavan BE, Lane WS, Lienhard GE(1997a) The 60-kDa phos photyrosine protein in insulin-treated adipocytes is a new member of the insulin receptor substrate family. J Biol Chem 272:11439–11443
Lavan BE, Fantin VR, Chang ET, Lane WS, Keller SR, Lienhard GE(1997b) A novel 160-kDa phosphotyrosine protein in insulin-treated embryonic kidney cells is a new member of the insulin receptor substrate family. J Biol Chem 272:21403–21407
Lindsay RS, Dabelea D, Rournan J, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Knowler WC (2000) Type 2 diabetes and low birth weight. The role of paternal inheritance in the association of low birth weight and diabetes. Diabetes 49:445–449
Liu SC, Wang Q, Lienhard GE, Keller RR (1999) Insulin receptor substrate 3 is not essential for growth or glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem 274:18093–18099
Maassen JA, Kadowaki T (1996) Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness: a new diabetes sub type. Diabetologia 39:375–382
MacFariane WM, O’Brien RE, Barnes PD et al. (2000) Sulfonylurea receptor 1 and Kir6.2 Expression in the novel human insulin-secretin cell line NES2Y. Diabetes 49:953–960
Mahtani MM, Widen E, Lehto M et al. (1996) Mapping of a gene for type 2 diabetes associated with an insulin secretion defect by a genome scan in Finnish families. Nat Genet 14:90–94
Martin BC, Warram JH, Krolewski AS, Bergmann RN, Soeldner JS, Kahn CR (1992) Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: results of a 25-year follow-up study. Lancet 340:925–929
Medici F, Hawa M, lanari A, Leslie RDG (1999) Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis. Diabetologia 42:146–150
Meyer M, Chudziak F, Schwanstecher C, Schwanstecher M, Panten U (1999) Structural requirements of sulphonylureas and analogues for interaction with sulphonylurea receptor subtypes. Br J Pharmacol 128:27–34
Montague CT, O’Rahilly S (2000) Perspectives in diabetes. The perils of portliness. Causes and consequences of visceral adiposity. Diabetes 49:883–888
Müller-Wieland D, Kotzka J, Knebel B, Krone W (1998) Metabolic syndrome and hypertension: pathophysiology and molecular basis of insulin resistance. Basic Res Cardiol 93:131–134
Ohan N, Bayaa M, Kumar P, Zhu L, Litt M (1998) A novel insulin receptor substrate protein, x1RS-u, potentiates insulin signaling: functional importance of its pleckstrin homology domain. Mol Endocrinol 12:1086–1098
Polonsky KS, Sturis J, Bell GI (1996) Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus — a genetically programmed failure of the beta cell to compensate for insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 334:777–783
Raffel LJ, Robbins DC, Norris M et al. (1996) The GENNID study. A resource for mapping the genes that cause NIDDIA. Diabetes Care 19:864–872
Ristow M, Müller-Wieland D, Pfeiffer A, Krone W, Kahn CR (1998) Obesity associated with a mutation in a genetic regulator of adipocyte differentiation. N Engl J Med 339: 953–959
Rocchi S, Tartare-Deckert S, Murdaca J, Holgado-Madruga M, Wong AJ, Van Obberghen E (1998) Determination of Gab I (Grb2-associated binder-1) interaction with insulin receptor-signaling molecules. Mol Endocrinol 12:914–923
Rordorf-Nikolic T, Van Horn DJ, Chen D, White MF, Backer JM (1995) Regulation of phosphatidylinositol Y-kinase by tyrosyl phosphoproteins. Full activation requires occupancy of both SH2 domains in the 85-kDa regulatory subunit. J Biol Chem 270:3662–3666
Rosen ED, Walkey CI, Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM (2000) Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. Genes Dev 14:1293–1307
Ross SA, Lienhard GE, Lavan BE (1998) Association of insulin receptor substrate 3 with SH2 domain-containing proteins in rat adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 247:487–492
Roth G, Kotzka J, Kremer L, Lehr S, Lohaus C, Meyer HE, Krone W, Müller-Wieland D (2000) MAP kinases Erk1/2 phosphorylate sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1a at serine 117 in vitro. J Biol Chem 275: 33302–33307
Salim K, Bottomley MJ, Querflirth E et al. (1996) Distinct specificity in the recognition of phosphoinositides by the pleckstrin homology domains of dynamin and Bruton’s tyro sine kinase. EMBO J 15:6241–6250
Sawka-Verhelle D, Tartare-Deckert S, White MF, Van Obberghen E (1996) Insulin receptor substrate-2 binds to the insulin receptor through its phosphotyrosine-binding domain and through a newly identified domain comprising amino acids 591–786. J Biol Chem 271:5980–5983
Sawka-Verheile D, Baron V, Mothe I, Filloux C, White M, Van Obberghen E (1997) Tyr624 and Tyr628 in insulin receptor substrate-2 mediate its association with the insulin receptor. J Biol Chem 272:16414–16420
Schopjans C, Auwerx J (2000) Thiazolidinediones: an update. Lancet 355:1008–1010
Seino S (1999) ATP-sensitive potassium channels: a model of heteromultimeric potassium channellreceptor assemblies. Annu Rev Physiol 621:337–362
Seino S, Twanaga T, Nagashima K, Miki T (2000) Diverse roles of KAT P channels learned from Kir6.2 genetically engineered mice. Diabetes 49:311–318
Skolnik EY, Lee CH, Batzer A et al.(1993a) The SH2/SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 interacts with tyrosine phosphorylated IRSI and Shc: implications for insulin control of ras signalling. EMBO J 12:1929–1936
Smith-Hall J, Pons S, Patti ME et al. (1997) The 60 kDa insulin receptor substrate functions like an IRS protein (pp601RS3) in adipose cells. Biochemistry 36:8304–8310
Songyang Z, Shoelson SE, Chaudhuri M et al. (1993) SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72:767–778
Steinke J, Soeldner JS (1977) Diabetes mellitus, 8th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 563–583
Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409: 307–312
Stoffers DA, Ferrer J, Clarke WL, Habener JF (1997) Earlyonset type-11 diabete s mellitus (MODY4) linked to IPF I. Nature 384:455–458
Stumvoll M, Wahl HG, Löblein K, Becker R, Machicao F, Jacob S, Häring H (2001) Pro12Ala polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ψ2-gene is associated with increased antilipolytic insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 50:876
Sun XJ, Rothenberg P, Kahn CR et al. (1991) Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein. Nature 352:73–77
Sun XJ, Crimmins DL, Myers MG Jr, Miralpeix M, White MF (1993) Pleiotropic insulin signals are engaged by multisite phosphorylation of IRS-1. Mol Cell Biol 13:7418–7428
Sun XJ, Wang LM, Zliang Y et al. (1995) Role of IRS-2 in insulin and cytokine signalling. Nature 377:173–177
Tanti JF, Gremeaux T, Obberghen E van, Le Marchand-Brustel Y (1994) Serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 modulates insulin receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 269:6051–6057
Ueki K, Yamauchi Tamamemoto H et al. (2000) Restored insulin-sensitivity in IRS-I-deficient mice treated by adenovirus-mediated gene therapy. J Clin Invest 105:1437–1445
UKPDS Group (1998a) Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKIDS 33). Lancet 352:837–853
UKPDS Group (1998b) Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patient s with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352: 854–865
Ullrich A, Schlessinger J (1990) Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Cell 20:203–212
Unger RH, Zliou YT, Orci L (1999) Regulation of fatty acid homeostasis in cells: novel role of leptin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:2327–2332
Valle T, Tuorniffieto J, Berginan RN et al. (1998) Mapping genes for NIDDM. Design of the Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study. Diabetes Care 21:949–958
Walter U, Frantzke A, Sarukhan A et al. (2000) Monitoring gene expression of TNFR family members by beta-cells during development of autoimmune diabetes. Eur J ImmunoI 30: 1224–1232
Weidner KM, Di Cesare S, Sachs M, Brinkmann V, Behrens J, Birchmeier W (1996) Interaction between Gabl and the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for epithelial morphogenesis. Nature 384:173–176
White MF (1995) The IRS-signalling system in insulin action. Diabetic Annual 9:71–89
White MF, Maron R, Kahn CR (1985) Insulin rapidly stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a Mr-185,000 protein in intact cells. Nature 318:183–186
White MF, Shoelson SE, Kcutmann H, Kahn CR (1988) A cascade of tyrosine autophosphorylation in the beta-subunit activates the phosphotransferase of the insulin receptor. J Biol Chem 263:2969–2980
Withers DJ, Burks DJ, Towery HH, Altamuro SL, Flint CL, White MF (1999) Irs-2 coordinates Igf-1 receptormediated P-cell development and peripheral insulin signalling. Nat Genet 23:32
Wong FS, Janeway CA Jr (1999) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and its animal models. Curr Opin Immunol 11:643–647
Yamagata K, Furuta H, Oda N et al. (1996a) Mutations in the hepatocyte factor-4a gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY1). Nature 384:458–460
Yamagata K, Oda N, Kaisake P et al. (1996b) Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-la gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY 3). Nature 384:455–458
Yamauchi T, Tobe K, Tamemoto H et al. (1996) Insulin signalling and insulin actions in the muscles and livers of insulin-resistant, insulin receptor substrate 1-deficient mice. Mol Cell Biol 16:3074–3084
Yenush L, White MF (1997) The IRS-signalling system during insulin and cytokine action. Bioessays 19:491–500
Zhou YT, Wang ZW, Higa M, Newgard CB, Unger RH (1999) Reversing adipocyte differentiation: implications for treatment of obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:2391–2395
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Müller-Wieland, D., Häring, HU. (2001). Diabetes mellitus. In: Ganten, D., Ruckpaul, K., Janssen, O.E., Heufelder, A.E. (eds) Molekularmedizinische Grundlagen von Endokrinopathien. Molekulare Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56858-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56858-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63216-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56858-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive