Zusammenfassung
Die Regulation des Energiestoffwechsels ist ein komplexes Wechselspiel zwischen Hormonen, exogenen Nährstoffen und dem Austausch von Substraten mit dem Ziel, eine konstante und ausreichende Versorgung aller Organe des Körpers sicherzustellen. Insulin steuert sowohl in der Resorptions- wie in der Postresorptionsphase als Schlüsselhormon den Austausch und die Verteilung von Substraten. Glukagon, Cortisol, Katecholamine und das Wachstumshormon spielen eine wesentliche Rolle für den Energiestoffwechsel in Zeiten eines akuten Glukosebedarfs wie er bei Arbeitsbelastung, im Stress oder als Reaktion auf eine Hypoglykämie vorkommt. Wichtigste Organe für die Aufrechterhaltung der Energiehomöostase sind die Leber und die Niere aufgrund ihrer besonderen Fähigkeit, Glukose zu produzieren; das Gehirn, da es von Glukose als seinem wesentlichen Energiesubstrat abhängig ist; die Muskulatur und das Fettgewebe aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit, auf Insulin zu reagieren und Glukose in Form von Glykogen und Fett zu speichern.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsLiteratur
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.1
Ashcroft S.J., Ashcroft F.M. (1990) Properties and functions of ATP-sensitive K-channels. Cell Signal 2: 197.214
Ashcroft S.J.H. (1990) Glucoreceptor mechanisms and the control of insulin release and biosynthesis. Diabetologia 18: 5
Bliss M.T. (1982) The discovery of insulin. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Boyle W.J., Smeal T., Defize L.H. et al. (1991) Activation of protein kinase C decreases phosphorylation of c-jun sites that negatively regulate its DNA-binding activity. Cell 64: 573
Chan S.I., Keim P., Steiner D.F. (1976) Cell-free synthesis of rat preproinsulins: characterization and partial amino acid sequence determination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73: 1964
Clark A.R., Docherty K. (1992) The insulin gene. In: Ashcroft F.M., Ashcroft S.J. (eds) Insulin, Molecular Biology to Pathology. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Conlon J.M., Samson W.K., Dobbs R.E. et al. (1979) Glukagon like polypeptides in canine brain. Diabetes 28: 700–702
Cook D.L., Haies C.N. (1984) Intracellular ATP directly blocks K+ channels in pancreatic B-cells. Nature 311: 271–273
Cook D.L., Satin L.S., Ashford M.L. et al. (1988) ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic B-cells: sphare channel hypo thesis. Diabetes 37: 495–498
Cook D.L., Taborsky G.J. (1997) B-cell function and insulin secretion. In: Porte D., Sherwin R.S. (eds) Ellenberg & Rifkin’s Diabetes mellitus. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, 5th edn, pp 49–73
DeFronzo R.A. (1988) Lilly lecture 1987. The triumvirate: Betacell, muscle, liver: a collision responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 37: 667–687
Dent P., Lavoinne A., Narkielny S. et al. (1990) The molecular mechanism by which insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in mammalian skeletal muscle. Nature 348: 302
Docherty K., Steiner D.F. (1997) Molecular and cellular biology of the β-cell. In: Porte D., Sherwin R.S. (eds) Ellenberg & Rifkin’s Diabetes mellitus. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, 5th edn, pp 29–48
Fingar D.C., Birnbaum M.J. (1994) Characterization of the mitogen-activated pro tein kinase/90 kilodalton ribosomal protein S6 kinase signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and its role in insulin stimulated glucose transport. Endocrinology 134: 728
Han V.K., Hynes M.A., Jin C. et al. (1986) Cellular localisation of pro glucagon/glucagon like peptide I messenger RNA in rat brain. J Neuro Sci Res 11: 97–107
Holman G.D., Kasuga M. (1997) From receptor to transporter: insulin signalling to glucose transport. Diabetologia 40: 991–1003
Ingebritsen T.S., Stewart A.A., Cohen P. (1983) The protein phosphatases involved in cellular recognition. 6. Measurement of type-1 and type-2 protein phosphatases in extracts of mammalian tissues; an assessment of their physiological role. Eur J Biochem 132: 297
Jelinek L.I., Lok S., Rosenberg G.B. et al. (1993) Expression, cloning and signaling properties of the rat glucagon receptor. Science 259: 1614–1616
Jouneaux C., Audigier Y., Goldsmith P. et al. (1993) Gs mediates hormonal inhibition of the calcium pump in the liver plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 268: 2368–2372
Jungermann K., Möhler H. (1980) Biochemie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Kimball S.R., Vary T.C., Jefferson L.J. (1994) Regulation of protein synthesis by insulin. Ann Rev Physiol 56: 321
Klarlund J.K., Cherniack A.D., Conway B.R., VanRenterghem B., Czech M.P.: Mechanisms of insulin action. In: Porte D., Sherwin R.S. (eds) Ellenberg & Rifkin’s Diabetes mellitus. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, 5th edn, pp 75–93
Lane M.A. (1907) The cytological characters of the areas of Langerhans. Am J Anat 7: 409–422
Lefebvre P.I., Luycks A.S. (1979) Glucagon and diabetes: a reappraisal. Diabetologia 16: 347–354
Lomedico P.T., Chan S.I., Steiner D.F. et al. (1977) Immunological and chemical characterization of bovine preproinsulin. J Biol Chem 252: 7971
Philippe I., Missotten M. (1990) Functional characterisation of a cAMP-responsive element of the rat insulin I gene. J Biol Chem 8: 225
Philippe J. (1991) Structure and pancreatic expression of the insulin and glucagon genes. Endocrine Rev 12: 252
Rasmussen H., Zawalih K.C., Ganesan S. et al. (1990) Physiology and pathophysiology of insulin secretion. Diabetes Care 13: 655–666
Ravazzola M., Ord L. (1980) Glucagon and glicentin immunoreactivity are topologically segregated in the α-granula of the human pancreatic A cell. Nature 284: 66–67
Redpath N.T., Proud C.G. (1994) Molecular mechanisms in the control of translation by hormones and growth factors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1220: 147
Saksela K., Makelöa T.P., Hughes K. et al. (1992) Activation of protein kinase C increases phosphorylation of the Lmyc trans-activator domain at a GSK-3 target site. Oncogene 7: 347
Schroeder W.T., Lopez S.C., Harper M.E. et al. (1984) Localization of the human glucagon gene (GCG) to chromosome Segment 2136-37. Cytogenet Cell Genet 38: 76–79
Shulmann G.I., Barrett E.I., Sherwin R.S. (1997) Integrated fuel metabolism. In: Porte D., Sherwin R.S. (eds) Ellenberg & Rifkin’s Diabetes mellitus. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, 5th edn, pp 1–17
Stein R. (1993) Factors regulating insulin gene transcription. Trends Endocrinol Metab 4: 96
Taeger H., Given B., Baldwin D. et al. (1979) A structurally abnormal insulin causing human diabetes. Nature 281: 122
Tillil H., Shapiro E.T., Miller M.A. et al. (1988) Dose-dependent effects of oral and intravenous glucose on insulin secretion and clearance in normal humans. Am J Physiol S254: 349–357
Tricolli H.A.V., Bell G.I., Shows T.B. (1984) The human glucagon gene is located on chromosome 2. Diabetes 33: 200–202
Ulirich A., Shine I., Chirgwin J. et al. (1977) Rat insulin genes: construction of plasmids containing the coding sequences. Science 196: 1313
Unger R.H., Ord L.: Glucagon. In: Porte D., Sherwin R.S. (eds) Ellenberg & Rifkin’s Diabetes mellitus. Appleton & Lange, Stamford, 5th edn, pp 115–139
Walker M.D. (1990) Insulin gene regulation. In: Cuatrecasas P., Jacobs P. (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 92–93
White M.F. (1997) The insulin signalling system and the IRS proteins. Diabetologia 40: S2–S17
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.2
Barnes P.I., Karin M. (1997) Nuclear Factor-KB-a pivotal transcription factor in chronic inflammatory dieseases. New Engl J Med 336: 1066–1071
Bierhaus A., Hofmann M., Ziegler R., Nawroth P.P. (1998) AGEs and their interaction with AGE-receptors in vascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Part I: The AGE-concept. Cardiovasc Res 37: 586–600
Fenner E., King G.L. (1997) Vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 350(Suppl. 1): 9–13
Giugliano D., Ceriello A., Paolisso G. (1995) Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease: which role for oxidative stress? Metabolism 44: 363–368
Halliwell B. (1993) The role of oxygen radicals in human disease, with particular reference to the vascular system. Haemostasis 23 suppl I: 118–126
Hunt J.V., Smith C.C.T., Wolff S.P. (1990) Autoxidative glycosylation and possible involvement of peroxides and free radicals in LDL modifications. Diabetes 39: 1420–1424
King G.L., Brownlee M. (1996) The cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications. Endocrin Metabol 25: 255–270
Schmidt A.M., Yan S.D., Stern D.M. (1995) The dark side of glucose. Nature Med 1: 1002–1004
Stehouwer C.D.A., Lambert I., Donker A.J.M., van Hinsbergh V.W.M. (1997) Endothelial dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. Cardiovascular Res 34: 55–68
Vlassara H., Bucala R., Striker L. (1994) Pathogenic effects of advanced glycosylation: biochemical, biological and clinical implications for diabetes and aging. Lab Invest 70: 138–151
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.3
Amiel S.A. (1997) Hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus-protecting the brain. Diabetologia 40(Suppl 2): S62–68
Biggers D.W., Myers S.R., Neal D. et al. (1989) Role of brain in counterregulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs. Diabetes 38(1): 7–16
Borg M.A., Sherwin R.S., Borg W.P., Tamborlane W.V., Shulman G.I. (1997) Local ventromedial hypothalamus glucose perfusion blocks counterregulation during systemic hypoglycemia in awake rats. J Invest 99: 361–365
Boyle P.J. (1997) Alteration in brain glucose metabolism induced by hypoglycaemia in man. Diabetologia 40(Suppl 2): S69–74
Capella C., Heitz P.U., Hofler H., Solcia E., Kloppel G. (1995) Revised classification of neuroendocrine tumours of the lung, pancreas and gut. Virchows Arch 425(6): 547–560
Cersosimo E., Molina P.E., Abumrad N.N. (1997) Renal glucose production during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes 46(4): 643–646)
Cersosimo E., Garlick P., Ferretti J. (2000) Renal substrate metabolism and gluconeogenesis du ring hypoglycemia in humans. Diabetes 49: 1186–1193
Clutter W.E., Rizza R.A., Gerich J.E., Cryer P.E. (1988) Regulation of glucose metabolism by sympathochromaffin catecholamines. Diabetes Metab Rev 4(1): 1–15
Correnti S., Liverani A., Antonini G., Paganelli M.T., Mercati U. (1996) Intraoperative ultrasonography for pancreatic insulinomas. Hepatogastroenterology 43(7): 207–211
Debrah K., Sherwin R.S., Murphy J., Kerr D. (1996) Effect of caffeine on recognition of and physiological responses to hypoglycaemia in insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 347(8993): 19–24
De Feo P., Perriello G., Torlone E. et al. (1989) Contribution of cortisol to glucose counterregulation in humans. Am J Physiol 257(1 Pt 1): E35–42
Del Prato S., Riccio A., Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Dorella M., Avogaro A., Marescotti M.C., Tiengo A. (1993) Mechanisms of fasting hypoglycemia and concomitant insulin resistance in insulinoma patients. Metabolism 42(I): 24–29)
Folkman J., Watson K., Ingber D., Hanahan D. (1989) Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Nature 339(6219): 58–61
Gomez B., Garcia-Villallon A.L., Frank A., Garcia J.L., Monge L., Dieguez G. (1992) Effects of hypoglycemia on the cerebral circulation in awake goats. Neurology 42(4): 909–16
Hampton S.M., Beyzavi K., Teale D., Marks V. (1988) A direct assay for proinsulin in plasma and its applications in hypoglycaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 29(1): 9–16
Herbay A., Sieg B., Schurmann G., Hofmann W.J., Betzler M., Otto H.F. (1991) Proliferative activity of neuroendocrine tumours of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system: DNA flow cytometric and immunohistological investigations. Gut 32(8): 949–953
Kisker O., Bartsch D., Weinel R.J., Joseph K., Welcke U.H., Zaraca F., Rothmund M. (1997) The value of somatostatin-receptor scintigraphy in newly diagnosed endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Am Coll Surg 184(5):487–492
Kubota A., Yamada Y., Kagimoto S. et al.(1994) Identification of somatostatin receptor subtypes and an implication for the efficacy of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in treatment of human endocrine tumors. J Clin Invest 93(3): 1321–1325
Maggs D.G., Borg W.P., Sherwin R.S. (1997) Microdialysis techniques in the study of brain and skeletal muscle. Diabetologia 40(Suppl 2): S75–82
Marks V., Rose F.C. (1981) Hypoglycemia. 2nd edn, Blackwell, Oxford
McMahon M.M., O’Brien P.C., Service F.J. (1989) Diagnostic interpretation of the intravenous tolbutamide test for insulinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 64(12):1481–1488
Moertel C.G., Lefkopoulo M., Lipsitz S., Hahn R.G., Klaassen D. (1992) Streptozocin-doxorubicin, streptozocin-fluorouracil or chlorozotocin in the treatment of advanced islet-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 326(8): 519–523
Service F.J. (1995) Hypoglycemic disorders. N Engl J Med 332(17): 1144–1152
Service F.J., O’Brien P.C., Kao P.C., Young W.F. Jr (1992) C-peptide suppression test: effects of gender, age, and body mass index; implications for the diagnosis of insulinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74(1):204–210
Simpson I.A., Appel N.M., Hokari M., Oki J., Holman G.D., Maher F., Koehler-Stec E.M., Vannucci S.J., Smith Q.R. (1999) Bloodbrain barrier glucose transporter: effects of hypo-and hyperglycemia revisited. J Neurochem Jan; 72(1): 238–247
Towler D.A., Havlin C.E., Craft S., Cryer P. (1993) Mechanism of awareness of hypoglycemia. Diabetes 42: 1791–1798
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.4
Albers N., Lohr M., Bogner U., Loy V., Kloppel G. (1989) Nesidioblastosis of the pancreas in an adult with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Am J Clin Pathol 91(3): 336–340
Bas F., Darendeliler F., Demirkol D., Bundak R., Saka N., Gunoz H. (1999) Successful therapy with calcium channel blocker (nifedipine) in persistent neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 12(6): 873–878
Bell D.S., Grizzle W.E., Dunlap N.E. (1995) Nesidioblastosis causing reversal of insulin-dependent diabetes and developme nt of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 18(10): 1379–1380
Cersosimo E., Molina P.E., Abumrad N.N.: Renal glucose production during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes 46(4): 643–646
Dunne M.I., Kane C., Shepherd R.M. et al. (1997) Familial persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy and mutations in the sulfonylurea receptor. N Engl J Med 336(10): 703–706
Elias A.N., Gwinup G. (1982) Glucose-resistant hypoglycemia in inanition. Arch Intern Med 142(4): 743–746
Fischer K.F., Lees J.A., Newman J.H. (1986) Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Causes and outcomes. N Engl J Med 315(20): 1245–1250
Goossens A., Gepts W., Saudubray J.M., et al. (1989) Diffuse and focal nesidioblastosis. Am J Surg Pathol 13: 766–775
Hasler W.L., Soudah H.C., Owyang C. (1996) Mechanisms by which octreotide ameliorates symptoms in the dumping syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277(3): 1359–1365
Hogan M.I., Service F.J., Sharbrough F.W., Gerich J.E. (1983) Oral glucose tolerance test compared with a mixed meal in the diagnosis of reactive hypoglycemia. A caveat on stimulation. Mayo Clin Proc 58(8): 491–496
Johnson D.D., Dorr K.E., Swenson W.M., Service F.J. (1980) Reactive hypoglycemia. JAMA 243(11): 1151–1155
Kolaczynski J.W., Ylikahri R., Harkonen M., Koivisto V.A. (1988) The acute effect of ethanol on counterregulatory response and recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67(2): 384–388
Lecavalier L., Bolli G., Cryer P., Gerich J. (1989) Contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis during glucose counterregulation in normal humans. Am J Physiol 256(6 Pt 1): E844–51
Lee M.D., Zentella A., Vine W., Pekala P.H., Cerami A. (1987) Effect of endotoxin-induced monokines on glucose metabolism in the muscle celliine L6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84(9): 2590–4–259
Le Roith D. (1997) Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Insulin-like growth factors. N Engl J Med 336(9): 633–640
Marks V., Teale J.D. (1999) Drug-induced hypoglycemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 28(3): 555–577
Palardy J., Havrankova J., Lepage R., Matte R., Belanger R., O’Amour P., Ste-Marie L.G. (1989) Blood glucose measurements during symptomatic episodes in patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia. N Engl J Med 321(21): 1421–1425
Pandit M.K., Burke J., Gustafson A.B., Minocha A., Peiris A.N. (1993) Drug-induced dis orders of glucose tolerance. Ann Intern Med 118(7): 529–539
Ron D., Powers A.C., Pandian M.R., Godine J.E., Axelrod L. (1989) Increased insulin-like growth factor II production and consequent suppression of growth hormone secretion: a dual mechanism for tumor-induced hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68(4): 701–706
Seckl M.I., Mulholland P.I., Bishop A.E., Teale J.O., Haies C.N., Glaser M., Watkins S., Seckl J.R. (1999) Hypoglycemica due to an insulin-secreting small-cell careinoma of the cervix. N Engl J Med 341(10): 733–736
Sempoux C., Poggi F., Brunelle F., Saudubray J.M., Fekete C., Rahier J. (1995) Nesidioblastosis and persistent neonatal hyperinsulinism. Diabete Metab 21(6): 402–407
Shapiro E.T., Bell G.I., Polonsky K.S., Rubenstein A.H., Kew M.C., Tager H.S. (1990) Tumor hypoglycemia: relationship to high molecular weight insulin-like growth factor-II. J Clin Invest 85(5): 1672–1679
Teale J.O., Marks V. (1998) Glucocorticoid therapy suppresses abnormal secretion of big IGF-II by non-islet cell tumours inducing hypoglycaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 49(4): 491–498
Thomas P.M. (1997) Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes 4. pp 272–276
Wal van der B.C., de Krijger R.R., de Herder W.W., Kwekkeboom D.J., van der Harn F., Bonjer H.J., van Eijck C.H. (2000) Adult hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia not caused by an insulinoma: a report of two cases. Virchows Arch 436(5): 481–486
Wasada T., Hizuka N., Yamamoto M. et al. (1992) An insulin-like growth factor II-producing histiocytoma associated with hypoglycemia: analysis of the peptide, its gene expression, and glucose transporter isoforms. Metabolism 41(3): 310–316
Wilkin T.J., Hammonds P., Mirza I., Bone A.J., Webster K. (1988) Graves’ disease of the beta cell: glucose dysregulation due to islet-cell stimulating antibodies. Lancet 2(8621): 1155–1158
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.5
Arden C., Toeller M., Schumacher W., Heitkamp G., Gries F.A. (1997) Aspekte der Lebensqualität bei Typ-1-Diabetikern der Düsseldorfer EURODIAB-Stichprobe. Diab Stoffw 6: 189–198
Assal J.P., Aoki T.T., Manzano F.M., Kozak G.P. (1974) Metabolic effects of sodium bicarbonate in management of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes 23: 405–411
Atkinson M.A., Bowman M.A., Campbell L., Darrow B.L., Kaufman D.L., Maclaren N.K. (1994) Cellular immunity to a determinant common to glutamate decarboxylase and coxsackie virus in insulin-dependent diabetes (see comments). J Clin Invest 94: 2125–2129
Awata T., Kurihara S., Iitaka M., Takei S-I., Inoue I., Ishii C., Negishi K., Izumida T., Yoshiba Y., Hagura R., Kuzuya N., Kanazawa Y., Katayama S. (1998) Association of CTLA-4 gene A-G polymorphism (IDDM 12 locus) with acute-onset and insulin-depleted IDDM as weil as autOImmune disease (Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyreoiditis) in the japanese population. Diabetes 47: 128–129.
Barnett A.H., Epp C., Leslie R.D.G., Pyke D.A. (1981) Diabetes in identical twins. A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 20: 87–93
Bell G.I., Horita S., Karam J.H. (1984) A polymorphic locus near the human insulin gene is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 33: 176–183
Bennett S.T., Lucassen A.M., Gough S.C., Powell E.E., Undlien D.E., Pritchard L.E., Merriman M.E., Kawaguchi Y., Dronsfield M.J., Pociot F. et al. (1995) Susceptibility to human type 1 diabetes at !DDM 2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the insulin gene minisatellite locus. Nat Genet 9: 284–292
Bingley P.J., Christie M.R., Bonifacio E. et al. (1994) Combined analysis of autoantibodles Improves prediction of IDDM in islet cell antibody-positive relatives. Diabetes 43: 1304–1310
Bode B.W., Steed R.D., Davidson P.C. (1996) Reduction in servere hypoglycemia with long-term continous subcutanous insulin infusion in type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 19: 324–327
Cavan D.A., Penny M.A., Bain S.C., Barnett H.A. Alberti K.G.M.M., Zimmet P., De Fronzo R.A., Keen H. (eds) (1997) International Textbook of Diabetes mellitus. 6, Molecular genetics of Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus. Chichester: John Wiley pp 109–124
Charron-Prochownik D., Maihle T., Siminerio L., Songer T. (1997) Outpatient versus inpatient ca re of children newly diagnosed with IDDM. Diabetes Care 20: 657–660
Cheetham T.D., Jones I., Taylor A.M., Holly J., Matthews D.R., Dunger D.B. (1993) The effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I administration on growth hormone levels and insulin requirements in adolescents wlth type 1 (Insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 36: 678–681
Christie M.R., Tun R.Y., Lo S.S. et al. (1992) Antibodies to GAD and tryptic fragments of islet 64 Kantigen as distinct markers for development of IDDM. Studies with identical twins. Diabetes 41: 782–787
Conrad B., Weidmann E., Trucco G. et al. (1994) Evidence for superantigen involvement in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus aetiology. Nature 371: 351–355
Conrad B., Weissmahr R.N., Boni I., Arcari R., Schupbach I., Mach B. (1997) A human endogenous retroviral superantigen as candidate autoimmune gene in type I diabetes. Cell 90: 303–313
Copeman J.B., Cucca F., Hearne C.M. et al. (1995) Linkage disequilibrium mapping of a type 1 diabetes suspectibility gene (IDDM 7) to chromosome 2q31-q33. Nature Genet 9: 80–85
Dahlquist G. (1993) Etiological aspects of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: an epidemiological perspective. Autoimmunity 15: 61–65
Davies J.L., Cucca F., Goy J.V. et al. (1996) Saturation multipoint linkage mapping of chromosome 6q in type 1 diabetes. Hum Mol Genet 5: 1071–1074
De Filippo G., Carel J.C., Boitard C., Bougneres P.F. (1996) Longterm results of early cyclosporin therapy in juvenile IDDM. Diabetes 45: 101–104
Dobersen M.I., Scharff J.E., Ginsberg-Fellner F., Notkins A.L. (1980) Cytotoxic autoantibodies to beta cells in the serum of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 303: 1493–1498
Dunn F., Nathan D.M., Scavini M., Selam I., Wingrove T.G. (1997) Long-term therapy of IDDM with an implantable insulin pumpe. Diabetes Care 20: 59–63.
Eisenbarth G.S., Morris M.A., Scearce R.M. (1981) CytOtoxic autoantibodies to cloned rat islet cells in serum of patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 67: 403–408
Elliott R.B., Pilcher C.C., Fergusson D.M., Steward A.W. (1996) A population based strategy to prevent insulin-dependent diabetes using nicotin amide. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 9: 501–509
Faich G.A., Fishbein H.A., Ellis S.E. (1983) The epidemiology of diabetic acidosis: a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 117: 551–558
Feutren G., Papotz L., Assan R. et al. (1986) Cyclosporin increases the rate and length of remissions in insulin-dependent diabetes of recent onset. Results of a multicentre doubleblind trail. Lancet 2: 119–124
Foulis A.K., McGill M., Farquharson M.A., Hilton D.A. (1997) A search for evidence of viral infection in pancreases of newly diagnosed patients with IDDM. Diabetologia 40: 53–61
Gallwitz B., Schmidt W.E. (1997) Insulinanaloga und neue Antidiabetika: Perspektiven der Diabetestherapie. Internist 38: 617–624
Gimeno S.G.A., DeSouza J.M.P. (1997) IDDM and milk consumption. A case-control study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Diabetes Care 20: 1256–1260
Gorsuch A.N., Spencer K.M., Lister I., Wolf E, Bottazzo G.F., Cudworth A.G. (1982) Can future type 1 diabetes be predicted? A study in families of affected children. Diabetes 31: 862–866
Harrison L.C., Colman P.G., Dean B., Baxter R., Martin F.I. (1985) Increase in remission rate in newly diagnosed type I diabetic subjects treated with azathioprine. Diabetes 34: 1306–1308
Hashimoto L., Habita C., Beressi J.P. et al. (1994) Genetic mapping of a susceptibility locus for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on chromosome 11q. Nature 371: 161–164
Hering B.I., Browatzki C.C., Schultz A.O., Bretzel R.G., Federlin K. (1994) Islet transplant registry report on adult and fetal islet allografts. Transplant Proc 26: 565–568
Herskowitz R.D., Jackson R.A., Soeldner J.S., Eisenbarth G.S. (1989) Pilot trial to prevent type I diabetes: progression to overt IDDM despite oral nicotinamide. J Autoimmun 2: 733–737
Hitman G.A., Tarn A.C., Winter R.M. et al. (1985) Type 1 (insulindependent) diabetes and a highly variable locus dose to the insulin gene on chromosome 11. Diabetologia 28: 218–222
Holleman F., Hoekstra J.B.L. (1997) Insulin Lispro. N Engl J Med 337: 176–183
Hyöty H., Hiltunen M., Reuanen A. et al. (1993) Decline of mumps antibodies in Type 1(insulin-dependent) diabetic children and a plateau in the rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes after introduction of the mumps-measles-rubella vaccine in Finland. Diabetologia 36: 1303–1308
Jaremko J., Rorstad O. (1998) Advances toward the implantable artificial pancreas for treatment of diabetes. Diabetes Care 21: 444–450
Kahaly G., Förster G., Otto E., Hansen C., Schulz G. (1997) Diabetes mellitus Typ 1 als Teil des polyglandulären Autoimmunsyndroms. Diab Stoffw 6: 19–27
Karjalainen J., Martin J.M., Knip M. et al. (1992) A bovine albumine peptide as a possible trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 327: 302–307
Karounos D.G., Wolinsky J.S., Thomas J.W. (1993) Monoclonal antibody to rubella virus capsid protein recognizes a β-cell antigen. J Immunol 150: 3080–3085
Katz J.D., Benoist C., Mathis D. (1995) T helper cell subsets in insulin-dependent diabetes. Science 268: 1185
Keller R.J., Eisenbarth G.S., Jackson R.A. (1993) Insulin prophylaxis in individuals at high risk of type I diabetes (see comments). Lancet 341: 927–928
Klöppel G., Clemens A. (1996) [Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Current aspects of morphology, etiology and pathogenesis] Insulinabhängiger Diabetes mellitus. Aktuelle Aspekte zur Morphologie, Atiologie und Pathogenese. Pathologe 17: 269–275
Kuzuya H., Matsuura N., Sakamoto M. et al. (1993) Trial of insulinlike growth factor I therapy for patients with extreme insulin resistance syndromes. Diabetes 42: 696–705
Kwok W.W., Mickelson E., Masewicz S., Milner E.C., Hansen J., Nepom G.T. (1990) Polymorphic DQ alpha and DQ beta interactions dictate HLA class II determinants of allo-recognition. J Exp Med 171: 85–95
Lampeter E.F., Homberg M., Quabeck K. et al. (1993) Transfer of insulin-dependent diabetes between HLA-identical siblings by bone marrow transplantation. Lancet 341: 1243–1244
Leslie R.D., Pyke D.A., Denman A.M. (1985) Immunosupressive therapy in diabetes [letter]. Lancet 1: 516
Libman I., Songer T., LaPorte R. (1993) How many people in USA have IDDM? Diabetes Care 16: 841–842
Löhr M., Klöppel G. (1987) Residual insulin positivity and pancreatic atrophy in relation to duration of chronic type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and microangiopathy. Diabetologia 30: 757–762
Ludvigsson J., Heding L., Lieden G., Marner B., Lernmark A. (1983) Plasmapheresis in the initial treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in children. Br Med J Clin Res 286: 176–178
Mandrup Poulsen T, Reimers J.I., Andersen H.U., Pociot F., Karlsen A.E., Bjerre U., Nerup J. (1993) Nicotinamide treatment in the prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 9: 295–309
Martin S., Schernthaner G., Nerup J. et al. (1991) Follow-up of cyclosporin A treatment in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: lack of long-term effects. Diabetologia 34: 429–434
Mathieu C., Laureys J., Sobis H., Vandeputte M., Waer M., Bouillon R. (1992) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents ins ulitis in NOD mice. Diabetes 41: 1491–1495
Mathieu E., Fain O., Sitbon M., Thomas M. (1995) [Autoimmune diabetes after treatment with interferon-alpha (letter)] Diabète auto-immun après traîtement par interféron alpha. Presse Med 24: 238
McGinnis R.E., Spielman R.S. (1995) Insulin expression: is VNTR allele 698 really anomalous? Nature Genet 10: 378–380
Meloni T., LaVecchia C., Marinaro A.M., Negri E., Mannazzu M.C., Colombo C., Ogana A. (1997) IDDM and early infant feeding. Sardinian case-control study. Diabetes Care 20: 340–342
Merriman T., Twells R., Merriman M. et al. (1997) Evidence by allelic association-dependent methods for a type 1 diabetes polygene (IDDM 6) on chromosome 18q21. Hum Mol Genet 6: 1003–1010
Millward B.A., Alviggi L., Hoskins P.J. et al. (1986) Immune changes associated with insulin dependent diabetes may remit without causing the disease: a study in identical twins. Br Med J 292: 793–796
Morahan G., Huang D., Tait B.D., Colman P.G., Harrison L.C. (1996) Markers on distal chromosome 2q linked to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Science 272: 1811–1813
Moritani M., Yoshimoto K., Li S. et al. (1996) Prevention of adoptively transferred diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice with IL-10-transduced islet-specific Th1 lymphocytes. A gene therapy model for auto immune diabetes. J Clin Invest 98: 1851–1859
Muir A., Schatz D., Maclaren N. (1993) Antigen-specific immunotherapy: oral tolerance and subcutaneous immunisation in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Metab Rev 9: 279–287
Neu A., Hub R., Kehrer M., Ranke M.B. (1997) Incidence of IDDM in German Children Aged 0-14 Years. A 6-year population-based study (1987-1993). Diabetes Care 20: 530–533
Olmos P., A’Hern R., Heaton D.A., Millward B.A., Risley D., Pyke D.A., Leslie R.D. (1988) The significance of the concordance rate for type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in identical twins. Diabetologia 31: 747–750
Owerbach D., Gabbay K.H. (1996) The Search for IDDM Suspetibility Genes. The Next Generation. Diabetes 45: 544–551
Padaiga Z., Tuomilehto J., Karvonen M. et al. (1997) Incidence trends in childhood onset IDDM in four countries around the Baltic sea during 1983-1992. Diabetologia 40: 187–192
Pietropaolo M., Castano L., Babu S. et al. (1993) Islet cell autoantigen 69 kD (ICA69). Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel diabetes-associated autoantigen. J Clin Invest 92: 359–371
Pietropaolo M., Trucco M. (1996) Viral elements in autoimmunity of Typ-1-Diabetes. T E M 7: 139–144
Pociot F., Nerup J. (1993) A chromosome 2 suspectibility marker in familial IDDM: the IL-1 receptor antagonist. Diabetologia 36: A17
Pozzilli P., Visalli N., Cavallo M.G. et al. (1997) Vitamin E and nicotin amide have similar effects in maintaining residual β-cell function in recent onset insulin-dependent diabetes (the IMDIAB IV study). Eur J Endocrinology 137: 234–239
Püschel K., Lockemann U., Saukko P., Klöppel G., Eisenmenger W. (1996) Scharlatanerie mit tödlichem Ausgang. Münch Med Wochenschr 138: 287–290
Quattrin T., Thrailkill K., Baker L. et al. (1997) Dual hormonal replacement with insulin and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in IDDM. Effects on glycemic control, IGF-I levels, and safety profile. Diabetes Care 20: 374–380
Rabinovitch A. (1994) Immunoregulatory and cytokine imbalances in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Therapeutic intervention by immunostimulation? Diabetes 43: 613–621
Rapoport M.J., Jaramillo A., Zipris D. et al. (1993) Interleukin 4 reverses T cell proliferative unresponsiveness and prevents the onset of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Exp Med 178: 87–99
Roep B.O. (1996) T-cell responses to autoantigens in IDDM. The search for the Holy Grail. Diabetes 45: 1147–1156
Roep B.O., Duinkerken G., Schreuder G.M., Kolb H., de Vries R.R., Martin S. (1996) HLA-associated inverse correlation between T cell and antibody responsiveness to islet autoantigen in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Immunol 26: 1285–1289
Rowe R.E., Wapelhorst B., Bell G.I., Risch N., Spielman R.S., Concannon P. (1995) Linkage and association between insulindependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) suspectibility and markers near the glukokinase gene on chromosome 7. Nature Genet 10: 240–242
Schiel R., Müller U.A., Kalbas B., Franke I. (1996) Diabeteswissen und Lebensqualität zweier Patientengruppen mit intensivierter konventioneller Insulintherapie. Diab Stoffw 5: 63–68
Schrezenmeir I., Laue C. (1996) Aktuelle Aspekte der Inseltransplantation. Med Klin 91: 19–24
Scott C.R., Smith J.M., Cradock M.M., Pihoker C. (1997) Characteristics of youth-onset noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus at diagnosis. Pediatrics 100: 84–91
Secchi A., Socci C., Maffi P. et al. (1997) Islet transplantation in IDDM patients. Diabetologia 40: 225–231
Shamis I., Goldsang G., Gordon O., Laron Z., Albag Y. (1997) Ethnic differences in the incidence of childhood IDDM in Israel (1965-1993). Marked increase since 1985, especially in Yemenite Jews. Diabetes Care 20: 504–508
Shehadeh N., Calcinaro F., Bradley B.I., Bruchlim I., Vardi P., Lafferty K.J. (1994) Effect of adjuvant therapy on development of diabetes in mouse and man (see comments). Lancet 343: 706–707
Sibley R.K., Sutherland D.E.R., Goetz F.C., Michael A.F. (1985) Recurrent diabetes mellitus in the pancreatic iso-and allograft period. A light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical analysis of four cases. Lab Invest 53: 132–144
Silverstein I., Maclaren N., Riley W., Spillar R., Radjenovic D., Johnson S. (1988) Immunosupression with azathioprine and prednisone in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 319: 599–604
Skyler J.S., Lorenz T.I., Schwartz S. et al. (1993) Effects of an ant-CD5 immunoconjugate (CD5-plus) in re cent onset type I diabetes mellitus: a preliminary investigation. The CD5 Diabetes Project Team. J Diabetes Complications 7: 224–232
Snorgaard O., Eskildsen P.C., Vadstrup S., Nerup J. (1989) Diabetic ketoacidosis in Denmark: epidemiology, ineidence rates, preeipitating factors and mortality rates. J Int Med 226: 223–228
Solimena M., Folli F., Aparisi R., Pozza G., De Camilli P. (1990) Autoantibodies to GABA-ergic neurons and pancreatic beta cells in stiff-man syndrome. N Engl J Med 322: 1555–1560
Steiner D.F., James D.E. (1992) Cellular and molecular biology of the beta cell. Diabetologia 35(Suppl. 2): S41–S48
Sutherland D.E., Gruessner A., Moudry Munns K. (1991) Report on results of pancreas transplantation in the United States October 1987 to October 1991 from the United Network for Organ Sharing Registry. Clin Transplant 5: 31–38
The Diabetes Control And Complications Trail Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329: 977–986
The Expert Commitee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) Report of the Expert Commitee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20: 1183–1197
Thomson G., Robinson W.P., Kuhner M.K. et al. (1988) Genetic heterogeneity, modes of inheritance, and risk estimates for a joint study of Caucasians with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Hum Genet 43: 799–816
Tiedge M., Hohne M., Lenzen S. (1993) Insulin secretion, insulin content and glucose phosphorylation in RINm5F insulinoma cells after transfection with human GLUT2 glucose-transporter cDNA. Biochem J 296: 113–118
Tillil H., Kobberling J. (1987) Age-corrected empirical genetic risk estimates for first-degree relatives of IDDM patients. Diabetes 36: 93–99
Tyden G., Tibell A., Sandberg I., Brattstrom C., Groth C.G. (1996) Improved results with a simplified technique for pancreaticoduodenal transplantation with enteric exocrine drainage. Clin Transplant 10: 306–309
Vague P., Picq R., Bernal M., Lassmann Vague V, Vialettes B. (1989) Effect of nicotinamide treatment on the residual insulin secretion in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 32: 316–321
Verge C.F., Gianani R., Kawasaki E. et al. (1996) Prediction of type I diabetes in first-degree relatives using a combination of insulin, GAD, and ICA512bdc/IA-2 autoantibodies. Diabetes 45: 926–933
Vialettes B., Schmitt N., Hirn M. et al. (1991) The soluble receptor of interleukin 2 is not a serum marker of the autoimmune activity in type I diabetes mellitus. Autoimmunity 11: 53–59
Virtanen S.M., Saukkonen T., Savilahti E. et al. (1994) Diet, cow’s milk protein antibodies and the risk of IDDM in Finnish children. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Diabetologia 37: 381–387
WHO (1985) Diabetes mellitus. Report of WHO Study Group. WHO Techn Rep Ser. WHO. 727
WHO (1980) Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus. Second report. Technical report series. Geneva, WHO
Wiley J. (1997) Genetics of Diabetes. In: Scheuner M.T., Raffel L.I., Rotter J.I., Alberti K.G.M.M., Zimmet P., De Fronzo R.A., Keen H. (eds) International Textbook of Diabetes mellitus. Chichester, pp 37–88
Yang X., Michie S.A., Mebius R.E., Tisch R., Weissman I., McDevitt H.O. (1996) The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecules in the Development of IDDM. Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapy. Diabetes 45: 705–710
Yilmaz M.T., Devrim A.S., Biyal F. et al. (1993) Immunoprotection in spontaneous remission of type 1 diabetes: longterm follow-up results. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 19: 151–162
Zhang Z.I., Davidson L., Eisenbarth G., Weiner H.L. (1991) Suppression of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by oral administration of porcine insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10252–10256
Ziegler A.G., Bachmann W., Rabl W. (1993) Prophylactic insulin treatment in relatives at high risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Rev 9: 289–293
Zimmet P. (1982) Type II (non-insulin dependent) diabetes-an epidemiological overview. Diabetologia 22: 399–411
Zumbach M., Butz B., Liedvogel B. et al. (1996) GAD-Antikiirper zur Diagnose eines Typ-1-Diabetes bei Patienten mit spater Manifestation. Diab Stoffw 5: 153–156
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.6
Aguilar-Bryan L., Nichols C.G., Wechsler S.W. et al. (1995) Cloning of the β;-cell high-affinity sulfonylurea receptor: A regulator of insulin secretion. Science 268: 423–426
Araki E., Lipes M.A., Patti M.E., Bruning J.C., Haag B. rd, Johnson R.S., Kahn C.R. (1994) Alternative pathway of insulin signalling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature 372: 186–190
Baier L.I., Saccettini J.C., Knowler W.C. et al. (1995) An amino acid substitution in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with increased fatty acid binding, increased fat oxidation, and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 95: 1281
Blankenhorn D.H., Azen S.P., Kramsch D.M. et al. (1993) Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy: the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Ann Intern Med 119: 969–976
Boden G., Chen X., Kolaczynski J.W., Polansky M. (1997) Effects of prolonged hyperinsulinemia on serum leptin in normal human subjects. J Clin Invest 100: 1107–1113
Burant C.F., Sreenan S., Hirano K.I. et al. (1997) Troglitazone action is independent of adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 100: 2900–2908
Chen N.G., Swick A.G., Romsos D.R. (1997) Leptin constrains acetylcholine-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets of ob/ob mice. J Clin Invest 100: 1174–1179
Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.I., Manson J.E., Hennekens C.H., Arky R.A., Speizer F.E. (1990) Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 132: 301–513
Coniff R.F., Shapiro J.A., Seaton T.B., Bray G.A. (1995) Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial comparing acarbose (BAY g5421) with placebo, tolbutamide, and tolbutamide-plus Acarbose in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 98: 443–451
DeFronzo R.A., Goodman A.M., and the Multicenter Metformin Study Group (1995) Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 333: 541–549
De Koning E.J.P., Morris E.R., Hofhuis F.M.A. et al. (1994) Intra and extracellular amyloid fibrils are formed in cultured pancreatic islets of transgenic mice expressing human amyloid polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 8467–8471
Eastman R.C., Carson R.E., Gordon M.R. et al. (1990) Brain Glukose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a study in Pima Indians using positron emission tomography during hyperinsulinemia with euglycemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71: 1602–1610
Ericsson C.G., Hamsten A., Nilsson I., Grip L., Svane B., de Faire U. (1996) Angiographic assessment of effects of bezafibrate on progression of coronary artery disease in young male postinfarction patients. Lancet 347: 849–853
Ferrannini E., Natali A., Bell P., Cavallo-Perin P., Lalic N., Mingrone G. (1997) Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity. J Clin Invest 100: 1166–1173
Grant P.J., Strickland M.H., Mansfield M.W. (1995) Insulin receptor substrate-1 gene and cardiovascular risk factors in NIDDM [Letter]. Lancet 346: 841–842
Guillam M.T., Hümmler E., Schaerer E. et al. (1997) Early diabetes and abnormal postnatal pancreatic islet development in mice ladung Glut-2. Nature Genet 17: 327–330
Hager J., Hansen L., Vaisse C. et al. (1995) Amissense mutation in the Glukagon receptor gene is associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nature Genet 9: 299–304
Horikawa Y., Iwasaki N., Hara M. et al. (1997) Mutation in hepatocyte nudear factor-1β gene (TCF2) associated with MODY. Nature Genet 17: 384–385
Hotamisligil G.S., Peraldi P., Budavari A., Ellis R., White M.F., Spiegelman B.M. (1996) IRS-1 mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-α and obesityinduced insulin resistance. Science 271: 665–668
Jonas M., Reicher-Reiss H., Boyko V., Shotan A., Mandelzweig L., Goldbourt U., Behar S. (1996) Usefulness of β;-blocker therapy in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study Group. Am J Cardiol 77: 1273–1277
Kahn S.E., Leonetti D.L., Prigeon R.L., Boyko E.I., Bergstom R.W., Fujimoto W.Y. (1996) Pro insulin levels predict the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in Japanese-American men. Diabet Med 13 (Suppl): S63–S66
Kelleher C., Kingston S.M., Barry D.G., Cole M.M., Ferriss J.B., Grealy G., Joyce C, O’Sullivan D.J. (1988) Hypertension in diabetic dinics patients and their siblings. Diabetologia 31: 76–81
Kirchgessner T.G., Uysal K.T., Wiesbrock S.M., Marino M.W., Hotamisligil G.S. (1997) Tumor necrosis factor a contributes to obesity-related hyperleptinemia by regulating leptin release from adipocytes. J Clin Invest 100: 2777–2782
Kulkarni R.N., Wang Z.L., Wang R.M. et al. (1997) Leptin rapidly suppresses insulin release from insulinoma cells, rat and human islets and, in vivo, in mice. J Clin Invest 100: 2729–2736
Leahy J.L. (1990) Natural history of β;-cell dysfunction in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 13: 992–1010
Maddux B.A., Sbraccia P., Kumakura S. et al. (1995) Membrane glycoprotein PC-1 and insulin resistance in non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Nature 373: 448–451
Maheux P., Azhar S., Kern P.A., Chen Y.D.I., Reaven G.M. (1997) Relationship between insulin-mediated Glukose disposal and regulation of plasma and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. Diabetologia 40: 850–858
McCance D.R., Pettitt D.J., Hanson R.L., Jacobsson L.T., Knowler W.C., Bennett P.H. (1994) Birth weight and non-insulin-dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype? BMJ 308: 942–945
Mueckler M., Kruse M., Strube M. et al. (1994) A mutation of the GLUT2 Glukose transporter gene of a diabetic patient abolishes transport activity. J Biol Chem 37: 17765
Muller H.K., Kellerer M., Ermel B., Muhlhofer A., Obermaier-Kusser B., Vogt B., Haring H.U. (1991) Prevention by protein kinase C inhibitors of Glukose-induced insulin receptor tyrosine kinase resistance in rat fat cells. Diabetes 40: 1440–1448
Naggert J.K., Fricker L.D., Varlamov O. et al. (1995) Hyperpro-insulinaemia in obese fat/fat mice associated with a carboxypeptidase Emutation which reduces enzyme activity. Nature Genet 10: 135
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group Report on Hypertension in Diabetes. (1994) Hypertension 23: 145–158
Olansky L., Janssen R., Welling C. et al. (1992) Variability ofthe insulin gene in American blacks with NIDDM. J Clin Invest 89: 1596
Pettitt D.J., Forman M.R., Hanson R.L., Knowler W.C., Bennett P.H. (1997) Breastfeeding and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Lancet 350: 166–168
Reynet C., Kahn C.R. (1993) Rad: A member of the ras family overexpressed in musde of Type II diabetic humans. Science 262: 1441–1444
Ricote M., Li A.C., Wilson T.M., Kelly C.J., Glass C.K. (1998) The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 391: 79–82
Roden M., Price T.B., Perseghin G., Peterson K.F., Rothman D.L., Cline G.W., Shulman G.I. (1996) Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans. J Clin Invest 97: 2859–2865
Saghizadeh M., Ong J.M., Garvey W.T., Henry R.R., Kern P.A. (1996) The expression of TNF-α1 by human muscle. J Clin Invest 97: 1111–1116
Scrocchi L.A., Brown T.I., Madusky N., Brubaker P.L., Auerbach A.B., Joyner A.L., Drucker D.J. (1996) Glukose intolerance but normal satiety in mice with a null mutation in the Glukagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene. Nature Med 2: 1254–1258
Stenbit A.E., Tsao T.S., Li J. et al. (1997) GLUT4 heterozygous knockout mice develop musde insulin resistance and diabetes. Nature Med 3: 1096–1101
Stumvoll M., Nurjhan N., Perriello G., Dailey G., Gerich J.E. (1995) Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 333: 550–554
Tamemoto H., Kadowaki T., Tobe K. et al. (1994) Insulin resistance and growth retardation in mice lacking insulin receptor substrate-1. Nature 372: 182–186
Tenkanen L., Mänttäri M., Manninen V. (1995) Some coronary risk factors related to the insulin resistance sydrome and treatment with gemfibrozil. Circulation 92: 1779–1785
Turner R., Stratton I., Horton V. et al. (1997) UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 350: 1288–1293
Von-Ferber L., Salzsieder E., Hauner H. et al. (1993) Diabetes prevalence from health insurance data: evaluation of estimates by comparison with a population-based diabetes register. Diabetes Met 19: 89–95
Wachtel T.H., Silliman R.A., Lamberton P. (1987) Predisposing factors for the diabetic hyperosmolar state. Arch Intern Med 147: 499–501
Walston J., Silver K., Bogardus C. et al. (1995) Earlier onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in subjects with a mutation in the β3-adrenergic receptor gene. N Engl J Med 333: 337
Wu Z., Xie Y., Morrison R.F., Bucher N.L.R., Farmer S.R. (1998) PPAR induces the insulin-dependent Glukose transporter GLVT4 in the absence of C/EBP α during the conversion of 3T3 fibroblasts into adipocytes. J Clin Invest 101: 22–32
Yamagata K., Oda N., Kaisaki P.J. et al. (1996) Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY3). Nature 384: 455–458
Yamagata K., Furuta H., Oda N. et al. (1996) Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY1). Nature 384: 458–460
Yki-Jarvinen H., Kauppila M., Kujansuu E. et al. (1992) Comparison of insulin regimens in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 327: 1426
Zawalich W.S., Kelley G.G. (195) The pathogenesis of NIDDM: the role of the pancreatic beta cell. Diabetologia 38: 986–999
Zhang Y., Wat N., Stratton I.M., Warren-Perry M.G., Orho M., Groop L., Turner R.C. (1996) VKPDS 19: Heterogeneity in NIDD~: separate contributions of IRS-1 and β3-adrenergic-receptor mutations to insulin resistance and obesity respectively with no evidence for glycogen synthase gene mutations. Diabetolgia 39: 1503–1511.
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.7
Dornhorst A., Girling J.C. (1995) Management of gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 333: 1281–1282
Eriksson V., Dahlström E., Larsson K.S., Hellerström C. (1982) Increased incidence of congenital malformations in the offspring of diabetic rats and their prevention by maternal insulin therapy. Diabetes 31: 1–6
Fritsche A., Schmülling R. (1995) Gestationsdiabetes wird häufig zu spät erkannt. Forschung und Praxis 200: 19–22
Hillebrand B. (1996) Schwangerschaft und Diabetes. Ernährungsumschau 43: 40–43
Jang H.C., Cho N.H., Min Y-K., Han I.K., Jung K.B., Metzger B.E. (1997) Increased macrosomia and perinatal morbidity independent of maternal obesity and advanced age in korean women with GDM. Diabetes Care 20: 1582–1588
Kuruvilla A.G., D’Souza S.W., Glazier J.D., Mahendran D., Maresh M.J., Sibley C.P. (1994) Altered activity of the system of amino acid transporter in microvillous membrane vesicles from placentas of macrosomic babies born to diabetic women. J Clin Invest 94: 689–695 Lea R.G., McCracken J.E., McIntyre S.S., Smith W., Baird J.D. (1996) Disturbed development ofthe preimplantation embryo in the insulin-dependent diabetic BB/E rat. Diabetes 45: 1463–1470
Mackie A.D.R., Doddridge M.C., Gamsu H.R., Brudenell J.D., Nicolaides K.H., Drury P.L. (1996) Outcome of pregnancy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy with moderate renal impairment. Diabetic Medicine 13: 90–96
Müller V.A., Hunger-Dathe W., Kobes M., Reuber E., Kirchner D. (1995) Qualität der Stoffwechseleinstellung bei Typ-1-Diabetikern ein Jahr nach Teilnahme an einem strukturierten Behandlungsprogramm für intensivierte konventionelle Insulintherapie. Diabet Stoffw 4: 9–13
Page R.C.L., Kirk B.A., Fay T., Wilcox M., Hosking D.J., Jeffcoate W.J. (1995) Is macrosomia associated with poor glycaemic control in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetic Medicine 13: 170–174
Phelan S.A., Ito M., Loeken M.R. (1997) Neural tube defects in embryos of diabetic mice. Diabetes 46: 1189–1197
Piacquadio K., Hollingsworth D.R., Murphy H. (1991) Effects of in-utero exposure to oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Lancet 338: 866–869
Reece E.A., Eriksson V.J. (1996) The pathogenesis of diabetes-associated congenital malformations. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of north america 23: 29–45
Siman C.M., Eriksson U.J. (1997) Vitamin E decreases the occurrence of malformations in the offspring of diabetic rats. Diabetes 46: 1054–1061
Simmons D., Robertson S. (1997) Influence of maternal insulin treatment on the infants of women with gestational diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 14: 762–765
Steinhart J.R., Sugarman J.R., Connell F.A. (1997) Gestational diabetes is a herald of NIDDM in navajo women. Diabetes Care 20: 943–947
Veciana de M., Major C.A., Morgan M.A., Asrat T., Toohey J.S., Lien J.M., Evans A.T. (1995) Postprandial versus preprandial blood glucose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy. N Engl J Med 333: 1237–1241
Vohr B.R., McGarvey S.T. (1997) Growth patterns of large-forgestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age infants of gestational diabetic mothers and control mothers at age 1 year. Diabetes Care 20: 1066–1072
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.8
Beischer N.A., Oats J.N., Henry O.A., Sheedy M.T., Walstab J.E. (1991) Incidence and severity of gestational diabetes melitus according to country ofbirth in women living in australia. Diabetes 40(Suppl. 2): 35–38
Dornhorst A., Girling J.C. (1995) Management of gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 19: 1281–1282
Festa A., Schernthaner G. (1995) Klinische Relevanz des Gestationsdiabetes. Pathophysiologie, Epidemiologic, Screening, Diagnose und Therapie. Diabetes Stoffw 4: 21–29
Fritsche A., Schmülling R. (1995) Gestationsdiabetes wird häufig zu spät erkannt. Forschung und Praxis 200: 19–22
Greene M.F. (1997) Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 22: 1625–1626
Hadden D.R. (1985) Geographic, ethnic and racial variations in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 34 (Suppl. 2): 8–12
Hillebrand B. (1996) Schwangerschaft und Diabetes. Ernährungsumschau 43: 40–43
Jang H.C., Cho N.H., Min Y.K., Jung K.B., Metzger B.E. (1997) Increased macrosomia and perinatal morbidity independent of matern al obesity and advanced age in korean women with GDM. Diabetes Care (vol. 20) 10: 1582–1588
Nahum G.G., Huffaker B.J. (1993) Racial differences in oral glucose screening test results: Establishing race-specific criteria for abnormality in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 81: 517–522
Naylor C.D., Sermer M., Chen E., Farine D. (1997) Selective screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 22: 1591–1596
Page R.C.L., Kirk B.A., Fay T., Wilcox M., Hosking D.J., Jeffcoate W.J. (1996) Is macrosomia associated with poor glycaemic control in diabetic pregnancy. Diabet Med 13: 170–174
Piacquadio K., Hollingsworth D.R., Murphy H. (1991) Effects of in-utero exposure to oral hypoglylcaemic drugs. Lancet 338: 866–869
Simmons D., Robertson S. (1997) Influence of maternal insulin treatment on the infants of women with gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 14: 762–765
Steinhardt J.R., Sugarman J.R., Connell F.A. (1997) Gestational diabetes is a herald of NIDDM in Navajo women. High rate of abnormal glucose tolerance after GDM. Diabetes Care (vol. 20) 6: 943–947
The expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus (1997) Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care (vol. 20) 1183–1197
de Veciana M., Major C.A., Morgan M.A., Asrat T., Toohey J.S., Lien J.M., Evans A.T. (1995) Postprandial versus preprandial blood glukose monitoring in women with gestational diabetes mellitus requiring insulin therapy. N Engl J Med 19: 1237–1241
Vohr B.R., McGarvey S.T. (1997) Growth patterns of large-forgestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age infants of gestational diabetic mothers and control mothers at age 1 year. Diabetes Care (vol. 20) 7: 1066–1072
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.9
Amiel S.A. (1997) Hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus-protecting the brain. Diabetologia 40(Suppl. 2): S62–S68
Biessels G.J., Kappelle A.C., Bravenboer B., Erkelens D.W., Gispen W.H. (1994) Cerebral function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 37(7): 643–650
Biggers D.W., Myers S.R., Neal D. et al. (1989) Role of brain in counterregulation of insulin-induced hypoglycemia in dogs. Diabetes 38(1): 7–16
Blackman J.D., Towle V.L., Sturis J., Lewis G.F., Spire J.P., Polonsky K.S. (1992) Hypoglycemie thresholds for cognitive dysfunction in IDDM. Diabetes 41(3): 392–399
Bode B.W., Steed R.D., Davidson P.C. (1996) Reduction in severe hypoglycemia with long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 19(4): 324–327
Boyle P.J. (1997) Alteration in brain glucose metabolism induced by hypoglycaemia in man. Diabetologia 40(Suppl. 2): S69–S74
Brunelle B.L., Llewelyn J., Anderson J.H. Jr, Gale E.A., Koivisto V.A. (1998) Meta-analysis of the effect of insulin lispro on severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21(10): 1726–1731
Cersosimo E., Molina P.E., Abumrad N.N. (1997) Renal glucose production during insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes 46(4): 643–646
Chalew S.A., Mersey J.H., Kowarski A.A. (1990) Evidence for elevated glucose threshold in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and symptoms of hypoglycemia during OGTT. Diabetes Care 13(5): 507–512
Clutter W.E., Rizza R.A., Gerich J.E., Cryer P.E. (1988) Regulation of glucose metabolism by sympathochromaffin catecholamines. Diabetes Metab Rev 4(1): 1–15
De Feo P., Perriello G., Torlone E. et al. (1989) Contribution of cortisol to glucose counterregulation in humans. Am J Physiol 257(1 Pt 1): E35–E42
Debrah K., Sherwin R.S., Murphy J., Kerr D. (1996) Effect of caffeine on recognition of and physiological responses to hypoglycaemia in insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 347(8993): 19–24
Gold A.E., Deary I.J., Frier B.M. (1997) Hypoglycaemia and noncognitive aspects of psychological function in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Diabet Med 14(2): 111–118
Gomez B., Garcia-Villallon A.L., Frank A., Garcia J.L., Monge L., Dieguez G. (1992) Effects ofhypoglycemia on the cerebral circulation in awake goats. Neurology 42(4): 909–916
Hepburn D.A., MacLeod K.M., Pell A.C., Scougal I.J., Frier B.M. (1993) Frequency and symptoms of hypoglycaemia experienced by patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. Diabet Med 10(3): 231–237
Herings R.M., de Boer A., Stricker B.H., Leufkens H.G., Porsius A. (1995) Hypoglycaemia associated with use of inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme. Lancet 345(8959): 1195–1198
Holleman F., Hoekstra J.B. (1997) Insulin lispro. N Engl J Med 337(3): 176–183
Klein B.E., Klein R., Moss S.E. (1997) Risk of hypoglycemia in users of human insulin. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 20(3): 336–339
Kolaczynski J.W., Ylikahri R., Harkonen M., Koivisto V.A. (1988) The aeute effect of ethanol on counterregulatory response and recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67(2): 38438–8
Lecavalier L., Bolli G., Cryer P., Gerich J. (1989) Contributions of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis during glucose counterregulation in normal humans. Am J Physiol 256(6 Pt 1): E844–851
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.10
Stephens N.G., Parsons A., Schofield P.M., Kelly F., Cheeseman K., Mitchinson M.J. (1996) Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study. Lancet 347(9004): 781–786
Yokoyama I., Ohtake T., Momomura S. et al. (1998) Hyperglycemia rather than insulin resistance is related to reduce coronary flow reserve in NIDDM. Diabetes 47(1): 119–124
Abraira C., Colwell J., Nuttal F. et al. (1997) Cardiovascular event and correlates in the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Feasibility Trial. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type II Diabetes. Arch Intern Med 152(2): 181–188
Airaksinen K.E., Koistinen M.J. (1992) Association between silent coronary artery disease, diabetes, and autonomic neuropathy. Fact or fallacy? Diabetes Care 15(2): 288–292
Ambipityia G., Kopelman P.G., Ingram D., Swash M., Mills P.G., Timmis A.D. (1990) Exertional myocardial ischemia in diabetes: a quantitative analysis of anginal perceptual threshold and the influence of autonomic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 15(1): 72–77
Aronson C., Bloomgarden Z., Rayfiled E.J. (1996) Potential mechanisms promoting re stenosis in diabetic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27(3): 528–535
Assmann G., Schulte H. (1989) Diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the elderly: concomitant hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease risk. Am J Cardiol 63(16): 33H-37H
CAPRIE Steering Committee (1996) A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic (CARPIE). Lancet 348(9038): 1329–1339
Carmeliet P., Moons L., Lihnen R., Janssens S., Lupu F., Collen D., Gerard R.D. (1997) Inhibitory role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-l in arterial wound healing and neo intima formation: a gene targeting and gene transfer study in mice. Circulation 96(9): 180–191
Ceriello A. (1993) Coagulation activation in diabetes mellitus: the role of hyperglycaemia and therapeutic prospects. 36(11): 1119–1125
Ceriello A., Giugliano D., Quatraro A., Marchi F., Barbanti M., Lefebvre P. (1990) Evidence for a hyperglycaemia-dependent decrease of antithrombin III-thrombin complex formation in humans. Diabetologia 33(3): 163–167
Chun B.Y., Dobson A.J., Heller R.F. (1997) The impact of diabetes on survival among patients with first myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care 20(5): 704–708
Clarkson P., Celermajer D.S., Donald A.E. et al. (1996) Impaired vascular reactivity in insulin-depended diabetes mellitus is related to disease duration and low density lipoprotein cholesterollevels. J Am Coll Cardiol 28(3): 573–579
Davi G., Catalano I., Averna M., Notarbartolo A., Strano A., Ciabattoni G., Patrono C. (1990) Thromboxane biosynthesis and platelet function in type II diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 322(25): 1769–1774
Elezi S., Kastrati A., Pache J. et al. (1998) Diabetes mellitus and the clinical and angiographic outcome after coronary stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol 32(7): 1866–1873
Fava S., Azzopardi J., Agius-Muscat H. (1997) Outcome of unstable angina in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 14(3): 209–213
Foley R.N., Culleton B.F., Parfrey P.S., Harnett J.C., Kent G.M., Murray D.C., Barre P.E. (1997) Cardiac disease in diabetic endstage renal disease. Diabetologia 40(11): 1307–1312
Giugliano D., Marfella R., Verrazzo G. et al. (1995) Abnormal rheologic effects of glyceryl trinitrate in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and revers al by antioxidants. Ann Intern Med 123(4): 338–343
Goldberg R.B., Mellies M.I., Sacks F.M. et al. (1998) Cardiovascular events and their reduction with Pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels. Circulation 98(23): 2513–2519
Granger C.B., Aronson L., Wall T.C. (1993) The impact of diabetes on survival in acute myocardial infarction: the TAMI experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 14(Suppl. A): 198A
Granger C.B., Califf R.M., Young S. et al. (1993) Outcome of patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic agents. The Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (TAMI) Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 21(4): 920–905
Gray R.P., Yudkin J.S., Patterson D.L. (1993) Enzymatic evidence of impaired reperfusion in diabetic patients after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a role for plasminogen activator inhibitor? Br Heart J 70(6): 530–536
Grossman E., Messerli F.H. (1996) Diabetic and hypertensive he art disease. Ann Intern Med 125(4): 304–310
Guigliano D., Ceriello A., Paoliso G. (1995) Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: which role for oxidative stress? Metabolism 44(3): 363–368
Hasenfuss G. (1995) Cardiac changes in diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 103(6): 352–353
Herlitz I., Wognsen G.B., Emanuelsson H. et al. (1996) Mortality and morbidity in diabetic and nondiabetic patients during a 2-year period after coronary artery bypass grafting. Diabetes Care 19(7): 698–703
Hlatky M.A., Rogers W.I., Johnstone I. et al. (1997) Medical care costs and quality of life after randomization to coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery. Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators. N Engl J Med 336(2): 92–99
Hofmann M.A., Kohl B., Zumbach M.S. et al. (1998) Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia and endothelial dysfunction in IDDM. Diabetes Care 21(5): 841–848
Jacoby R.M., Nesto R.W. (1992) Acute myocardial infarction in the diabetic patient: pathophysiology, clinical course and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 20(3):736–744
Jank H.W.: Diabetes Stoffw 5: 24–28
Jensen-Urstad K.I., Reichard P.G., Rosfors J.S., Lindblad L.E., Jensen-Urstad M.T. (1996) Early atherolsclerosis is retarded by improved blood glucose control in patients with IDDM. Diabetes 45(9): 1253–1258
Jonas M., Reicher-Reiss I.I., Boyko V., Shotan A., Manderlzweig L., Goldbourt U., Behar S. (1996) Usefulness of (J-blocker therapy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Bezafibrate Infaretion Prevention (EIP) Study Group. Am J Cardiol 77(15): 1273–1277
Kaplan N.M. (1989) The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 149(7): 1514–1520
Kjekshus I., Gilpin E., Cali G., Blackey A.R., Henning H., Ross J. Jr (1990) Diabetic patients and β-blockers after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 11(1): 43–50
Kleiman N.S., Lincoff A.M., Kereiakes D.J. et al. (1998) Diabetes mellitus, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade, and heparin: evidence for a complex interaction in a multicenter trial. EPILOG Investigators. Circulation 19,97(19): 1912–1920
Kluijtmans L.A., van den Heuvel L.P., Boers G.H. et al. (1996) Molecular genetic analysis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia: a common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene is a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Am J Hum Genet 58(1): 35–41
Kornowski R., Mintz G.S., Kent K.M. et al. (1997) Increased restenosis in diabetes mellitus after coronary interventions is due to exaggerated hyperplasia. A scribal intravascular ultra sound study. Circulation 95(6): 1366–1369
Kuusisto J., Mykkanen L., Pyorala K., Laakso M. (1994) NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary he art disease in elderly subjects. Diabetes 43(8): 960–967
Lamarche B., Tchernof A., Moorjani S., Cantin B., Dagenais G.R., Lupien P.J., Despres J.P. (1997) Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation 95(1): 69–75
Lehmann E.D., Riley W.A., Clarkson P., Gosling R.G. (1997) Noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 350(Suppl. I): S114–S119
Lopes-Virella M.F., Virella G. (1996) Cytokines, modified lipoproteins, and arteriosclerosis in diabetes. Diabetes 45(Suppl. 3): S40–S44
Lynch M., Garnrnage M.D., Lamb P., Nattrass M., Pentecost B.L. (1994) Acute myocardial infarction in diabetic patients in the thrombolytic era. Diabet Med 11(2): 162–165
Mattock M.B., Barnes D.I., Viberti G. et al. (1998) Microalbuminuria and coronary heart disease in NIDDM: an incidence study. Diabetes 47(11): 1786–1792
Moncada S., Higgs A. (1993) The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 329(27): 2002–2012
Mueller H.S., Cohen L.S., Braunwald E. et al. (1992) Predictors of early morbidity and mortality after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Analyses of patients subgroups in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial, phase II. Circulation 85(4): 1254–1264
Murray D.P., O’Brien T., Mulrooney R., O’Sullivan D.J. (1990) Autonomic dysfunction and silent myocardial ischemia on exercise testing in diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 7(7): 580–584
Oliver M.F., Opie L.H. (1994) Effects of glucose and fatty acids on myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias. Lancet 343(8890):155–158
Orth S.R., Ritz E., Schrier R.W. (1997) The renal risks of smoking. Kidney Int 51(6): 1669–1677
Paolisso G., Gambardalla A., Giugliano D. et al. (1995) Chronic intake of pharmacological doses of vitamin E might be useful in the therapy of elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 61(4):848–852
Psaty B.M., Heckbert S.R., Koepsell T.D. et al. (1995) The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 274(8): 620–625
Pyörälä K., Pedersen T.R., Kjekshus J., Faergeman O., Olsson A.G., Thorgeirsson G. (1997) Cholesterollowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary he art disease. A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 20(4): 614–620
Riggs T.W., Transue D. (1990) Doppler echocardiographic evaluation ofleft ventricular diastolic function in adolescents with diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 65(13): 899–902
Ryden Ahlgren A., Lanne T., Wollmer P., Sonesson B., Hansen F., Sundkvist G. (1995) Increased arte rial stiffness in women, but not in men with IDDM. Diabetologia 38(9): 1082–1089
Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moye L.A. et al. (1996) The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infaretion in patients with average eholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 335(14): 1001–1009
Savage M.P., Fisehman D.L., Slota P. el al. (1992) Association of HbAlc with prevalent cardiovascular disease in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes 42(2):202–208
Stamler I., Vaccaro O., Neton J.D., Wentworth D. (1993) Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 16(2): 434–444
Stein B., Weintraub W.S., Gebhart S.P. et al. (1995) Influence of diabetes mellitus on early and late outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Circulation 91(4):979–989
Syvänne M., Kahri I., Virtanen K.S., Taskinen M.R. (1995) HDLs containing apolipoproteins A-I and A-II (LpA-I:A-II) as markers of coronary artery disease in men with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation 92(3):364–370
Taskinen M.R., Smith U. (1998) Lipid disorders in NIDDM: implications for treatment. J Intern Med 244(5): 361–370
Taylor G.J., Moses H.W., Katholi R.E. et al. (1992) Six-year survival after coronary thrombolysis and early revascularization for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 79(1): 26–30
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complication in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329(14): 977–986
Ting H.H., Timimi F.K., Boles K.S., Creager S.I., Ganz P., Creager M.A. (1996) Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 97(1): 22–28
Topol E.J., Califf R.M., Weisman H.F. et al. (1994) Randomised trial of coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa integrin for reduction of clinical restenosis: results at six months. The EPIC Investigators. Lancet 343(8902): 881–886
Tuomilehto I., Rastenyte D., Birkenhager W.H. et al. (1999) Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 4; 340(9): 677–684
Turner R., Cull C., Holman R. (1996) United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 17: a 9-year update of a randomized, controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complication in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 124(1 Pt 2): 136–1145
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 12; 317/7160): 703–713
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (UKPDS) (1998) Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS33). Lancet 352(9131):837–853
Zheng Z.J., Sharett A.R., Chambless I.E. et al. (1997) Association of angle-brachial index with clinical coronary heart disease, stroke and preclinical carotid and popliteal atherolsclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Atherosclerosis 131(1): 115–125
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.11
Bierman E.L. (1992) George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Atherogenesis in diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb 12(6): 647–656
Bloomgarden Z.T. (1996) American Diabetes Association annual meeting 1996: the etiology of type II diabetes, obesity, and the treatment of type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 19(11): 1311–1315
CAPRIE Steering Committee (1996) A ramdomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 16; 348(9038): 1329–1339
Currie C.I., Morgan C.L., Peters J.R. (1998) The epidemiology and cost of in patient care for peripheral vascular disease, infection, neuropathy, and ulceration in diabetes. Diabetes Care 21(1): 42–48
Diehm C., Weiss T. (1997) PAVK Fibel. Lingua Medizin
Faglia E., Favales F., Quarantiello A., Calia P., Brambilla G., Rampoldi A., Morabito A. (1996) Feasibility and effecttiveness of peripheral percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty in diabetic subjects with foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 19(11): 1261–1264
GISAP Study (1994) Evaluation of a conservative treatment with iloprost in severe peripheral occlusive arterial disease (POAD). GISAP Study. Int Angiol 13(1): 70–74
Meigs J.B., Nathan D.M., Cuppies L.A., Wilson P.W., Singer D.E. (1996) Tracking of glycated hemoglobin in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study. J Clin Epidemiol 49(4): 411–417
Orchard T.I., Dorman J.S., Maser R.E. et al. (1990) Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration. Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study II. Diabetes 39(9): 1116–1124
Patrono C., Davi G. (1993) Antiplatelet agents in the prevention of diabetic vascular complications, Diabetes Metab Rev 9(3): 177–188
Shepherd J.T. (1992) The evolving knowledge of the physiopathology of the circulation in the human limbs. From sympathectomy to molecular biology. Int Angiol 11(1): 8–13
Singer D.E., Nathan D.M., Anderson K.M., Wolson P.W., Evans J.C. (1992) Association of HbA1c with prevalent cardiovascular disease in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes 41(2): 202–208
Standl E. (1996) Metabolic syndrome and fatal quartet, Internist 37(7): 698–704
Standl E., Mendler G., Zimmermann R., Stiegler H. (1996) Zur Amputationshäufigkeit von Diabetikern in Deutschland. Diabetes Stoffw 5: 29–32
Starringer G. (1996) Informationsbroschüre des Arbeitskreises pA VK: Schaufenster pA VK (1/96). ASMA Medien GmbH
Stiegler H. (1996) Placebokontrollierte, doppelblinde Studie zur Wirksamkeit von i. v. ProstagIandin E1 bei Diabetikern mit AVK im Stadium IV, V ASA Supplementum 35 zum 21. Jahrestag der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Angiologie
Stiegler H. (1996) Oral anticoagulation in activated protein C resistance? Dtsch Med Wochenschr 20; 121(51-52):1619
Stiegler H., Standl E., Frank S., Mendler G. (1998) Failure of reducing lower extremity amputations in diabetic patients: result of two subsequent population based surveys 1990 and 1995 in Germany. Vasa 27(1): 10–14
Wienert V. et al. (1995) Kagerer Kommunikation
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.12
Aiello L.P. (1997) Vascular endothelial growth factor. 20th-century mechanisms, 21st century therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38: 1647–1652
DCCT Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of longterm complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329: 977–986
Hammes H.P. and Brownlee M. (1996) Advanced glycation endproducts and the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. In: Lereoith D.L., Olefsky J.M., Taylor S. (eds) Diabetes mellitus: A fundamental and clinical text. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 810–815
Hollwich F. (1988) Augenheilkunde. Thieme, Stuttgart
Klein R., Klein B.E., Moss S.E. (1992) Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 15: 1875–1891
Klein R., Klein B.E.K., Moss S.E. et al. (1984) The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy: 11. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when the age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 102: 520–526
Klein R., Klein B.E.K., Moss S.E. et al. (1984) The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy: III. Prevalence and risk when the age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 102: 527–32
Lemmen K.D. (1993) Stadien-Einteilung und Laser-Therapie für die nichtproliferative diabetische Retinopathie und die diabetische Makulopathie. Der Augenarzt 27: 70–78
Pfeiffer A., Schatz H. (1995) Diabetic microvascular complications and growth factors. Exp Chn Endocrinol Diabetes 103:7–14
Trautner C. Icks A., Haastert B., Plum F., Berger M. (1997) Incidence ofblindness in relation to diabetes. A populationbased study. Diab Care 20: 1147–1153
Trautner C., Icks A., Haastert B., Plum F., Berger M. (1997) Incidence of blindness in relation to diabetes. A populationbase study. Diabetes Care 20: 1147–1153
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.13
Anderson P.W., Zhang X.Y., Tian J. et al. (1996) Insulin and angiotensin II are addditive in stimulating TGF ß1 and matrix mRNA’s in mesangial cells. Kidney Int 50: 745–753
Anderson S.S., Tsilibary E.C., Charonis A.S. (1993) Nonenzymatic glycosylation induced modifications of intact bovine kidney tubular basement membrane. J Clm Invest 6: 3045–3052
Bakris G.L., Copley J.B., Vieknair N., Sadler R., Leurfgans S. (1996) Calcium channel blockers versus other antihypertensive therapies on progression of NIDDM associated nephropathy. Kidney Int 50(5): 1641–1650
Berg T.J., Bangstad H.J., Torjesen P.A., Osterby R., Bucala R., Hanssen K.F. (1997) Advanced glycation end products in serum predict ehanges in the kidney morphology of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 46(6): 661–665
Bierhaus A., Ritz E., Nawroth P.P. (1996) Expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products in oeclusive vascular and renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11(Suppl. 5): 87–90
Böhlen L., de Courten M., Weidmann P. (1994) Comparative study of the Effect of ACE Inhibitors and other antihypertensive agents on proteinuria in diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 7: 84S-92S.
Breyer J.A., Bain R.P., Evans J.K. et al. (1996) Predictors of the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with insulin dependent diabetes and overt diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. Kidney Int 50(5): 1651–1658
Bucala R., Makita Z., Vega G., Grundy S., Koschinsky T., Cerami A., Vlassara H. (1994) Modification oflow density lipoprotein by advanced glycation end products contributes to the dyslipidemia of diabetes and renal insufficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(20): 9441–9445
Colwell J. (1996) Intensive insulin therapy in type II diabetes. Diabetes 45: 87–90
Crepaldi G., Carta Q., Defferari G. et al. (1998) Effects of lisinopril and nifedipine on the progression to overt albummna in IDDM patients with incipient nephropathy and normal blood pressure. Diabetes Care 21(1): 104
de Gasparo M., Levens N. (1994) Pharmacology of angiotensin II receptors in the kidney. Kidney Int 46: 1486–1491
Elving L.D., Wetzels J.F., de Nobel E., Berden J.H. (1991) Erythroeyte sodium lithium countertransport is not different in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetic patients with and wühout diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 34(2): 126–128
Elving L.D., Wetzels J.F., de Nobel E., Hoitsma A.J., Berden J.H. (1992) Captopril aeutely lowers albummuna m normotensive patients with diabetic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 20(6): 559–563
Gall M.A.; Nielsen F.S.; Smidt U.M.; Parving H.H. (1993) The course ofkidney function in type 2 (non insulin dependent) diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia. 36(10): 1071–1078
Gambaro G., Venturini A.P., Noonan D.M. et al. (1994) Treatment with a glycosaminoglycan formulation ameliorates experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 46(3): 797–806
Geberth S., Lippert I., Ritz E. (1993) The apparent“ epidemic” increase in the incidence of renal failure from diabetic nephropathy. Nephron. 65(1): 160
Hasegawa G., Nakano K., Sawada M., Uno K., Shibayama Y., Lenaga K., Kondo M. (1991) Posslble role of tumor necrosls factor and interleukin 1 in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 40(6): 1007–1012
Hasslacher C., Borgholte G., Panradl U., Wahl P. (1990) Verbesserte Prognose von Typ 1 und Typ 2 Diabetikern mit Nephropathie. Med Klin 85: 643–646
Hasslacher C., Bostedt Kiesel A., Kempe H.P., Wahl P. (1993) Effect of metabolie factors and blood pressure on kidney function in proteinuric type 2 (non insulin dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 36(10): 1051–1056
Heesom A.E., Hibberd M.L., Millward A., Demaine A.G. (1997) Polymorphism in the 5’ end of the aldose reduetase gene is strongly assoeiated with the development of diabetic nephropathy in type I diabetes. Diabetes 46(2): 287–291
Hoffman B., Ziyadeh Z. (1996) The role of growth facors in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diab 3: 322–329
Horie K., Miyata T., Maeda K., Miyata S., Sugiyama S., Sakai H., van Ypserle de Strihou C., Monnier V., Witzturn I., Kurokawa K. (1997) Immunohistochemical colocalization of glyeoxidation poducts and lipid peroxidation products in diabetic renal glomerular lesions. J Clin Invest 100(12): 2995–3004
Isaka Y., Akagi Y., Ando Y., Imai E. (1997) Application of gene therapy to diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 52(60): 100–103
Ishii H., Jirousek, M., Koya D. et al. (1996) Amelioration of vascular dysfunktion in diabetic rats by an oral PKC ß inhibitor. Science 27: 728–731
Jerums G., Allen T.I., Tsalamandris C., Cooper M.E. (1992) Angiotensin eonverting enzyme inhibition and calcium ehannel blockade in ineipient diabetic nephropathy. The Melbourne Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. Kidney Int 41(4): 904–911
Jones S.C., Thomas G.H., Marshall S.M. (1997) Thiol group modulation of sodium lithium countertransport kinetics in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 40: 1079–1084
Jungmann E. (1996) Chemoprophylaxis of diabetic nephropathy in the elderly. Drugs Aging 9(6): 449–457
Kagami S., Border W., Miller and Noble N. (1994) Angiotensin II stimulates extrazellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor ß expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells. J Clin Invest June 13: 2431–2437
Kennefick T., Anderson Z. (1997) Role of angiotensin II in diabetic nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 17(5): 441–447
Kikkawa R., Togawa M., Isono M., Isshiki K., Haneda M. (1997) Mechanism of the progression of diabetic nephropahy to renal failure. Kidney Int 52(5): 39–40.
Kramer B.K., Wiecek A., Ritz E. (1997) In what way and how mtensively should blood pressure be lowered in diabetic nephropathy? Dtsch Med Wochenschr 122(25, 26): 829–832
Krämer B.K., Wiecek A., Ritz E. (1997) Wieweit und wie intensiv soll der Blutdruck bei diabetiseher Nephropathie gesenkt werden? Dtsch Med Wochensehr 122: 829–832
Kramer Guth A, Quaschning T., Greiber S., Wanner C. (1996) Potential role of lipids in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Clin Nephrol 46(4): 262–265
Krolewski A.S., Laffel L.M., Krolewski M., Quinn M., Warram J.H. (1995) Glycosylated hemoglobin and the risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 332(19): 1251–1255
Lam K.S., Cheng I.K., Janus E.D., Pang R.W. (1995) Cholesterol lowering therapy may retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 38(5):604–609.
Lash J.P., Bakris G.L. (1995) Effects of ACE inhibitors and calcium antagonists alone or combined on progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 10 (Suppl. 9): 56–62
Lewis E.I., Hunsicker L.G., Bain R.P., Rohde R.D. (1993) The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329(20): 1456–1462
Lippert I., Ritz E., Sehwarzbeck, A., Schneider P. (1995) The rising tide of endstage renal failure from diabetic nephropathy type II an epidemiological analysis (see comments). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 10(4): 462–467
Makita Z., Yanagisawa K., Kuwajima S., Yoshioka N., Atsumi T., Hasunuma Y., Koike T. (1995) Advanced glycation endproducts and diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 9(4): 265–268
Mangili R., Bending Z., Scott Z. (1988) Increased sodium lithium countertransport activity in red cells of patients with insulin dependent diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 318:146–150
Maschio G., Alberti D., Janin G. et al. (1996) Effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group (see comments). N Engl J Med 334(15): 939–945
Mathiesen E.R., Hommel E., Giese I., Parving H.H. (1991) Efficacy of captopril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (see comments). BMJ 303(6794): 81–87
Mogensen C.E. (1994) Renoprotective role of ACE inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy. Br Heart J 72(Suppl. 3): 38–45
Mogensen C.E., Damsgaard E.M., Froland A., Nielsen S., de Fine Olivarius N., Schmitz A. (1992) Microalbuminuria in non insulin dependent diabetes. Clin Nephrol 38 (Suppl. 1): 28–39
Mogensen C.E., Hansen K.W., Nielsen S., Pedersen M.M., Rehling M., Schmitz A. (1993) Monitoring diabetic nephropathy: glomerular filtration rate and abnormal albuminuria in diabetic renal disease reproducibility, progression, and efficacy of antihypertensive intervention. Am J Kidney Dis 22(1): 174–187
Molitch M.E. (1997) Management of early diabetic nephropathy. Am J Med 102: 392–398
Molitch M.E. (1994) ACE inhibitors and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 17(7): 756–760
Moran A., Brown D.M., Kim Y., Klein D.J. (1991) Effects of IGF I and glucose on protein and proteoglycan synthesis by human fetal mesangial cells in culture. Diabetes 40(10): 1346–1354
Nelson R.G., Pettitt D.J., Baird H.R., Charles M.A., Liu Q.Z., Bennett P.H., Knowler W.C. (1993) Pre diabetic blood pressure predicts urinary albumin excretion after the onset of type 2 (non insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians. Diabetologia 36(10): 998–1001
Nielsen F.S., Rossing P., Gall M.A., Skott P., Smidt U.M., Parving H.H. (1997) Long term effect of lisinopril and atenolol on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM subjects with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 46(7): 1182–1188
O’Donneli M.I., Rowe B.R., Lawson N., Horton A., Gyde O.H., Barnett A.H. (1993) Placebo controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy. J Hum Hypertens 7(4): 327–332
Parving H., Tarnow L., Rosing P. (1996) The angiotensin converting enzyme gene and ist inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Opin Endocrin 3: 315–321
Parving H.H., Jacobsen P., Rossing K., Smidt U.M., Hommel E., Rossing P. (1996) Benefits of long term antihypertensive treatment on prognosis in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 49(6): 1778–1782
Parving H.H., Smidt U.M., Hommel E., Mathiesen E.R., Rossing P., Nielsen F., Gall M.A. (1993) Effective antihypertensive treatment postpones renal insufficiency in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 22(1): 188–195
Pugh J.A., Medina R., Ramirez M. (1993) Comparison of the course to end stage renal disease of type 1 (insulin dependent) and type 2 (non insulin dependent) diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 36(10): 1094–1098
Ravid O. (1993) Long term stabilizing effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Int Med 118: 577–581
Ringel I., Beige J., Kunz R., Distler A., Sharma A.M. (1997) Genetic variants of the renin angiotensin system, diabetic nephropathy and hypertension. Diabetologia 40(2): 193–199
Ritz E. (1993) Hypertension in diabetic nephropathy: Prevention and treatment. Am Heart J 125(5, P2): 1514–1519
Ritz E. (1997) Nephropathy in type II diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diab 105(Suppl): 80–82
Ritz E., Bergis C., Strojek K., Keller C. (1997) Nephropathie und Hypertonie bei Typ 2 Diabetes. Med Klein 92: 421–425
Ritz E., Hasslacher C., Tschope W. (1990) Diabetic nephropathy are there differences between type I and type II? Miner Electrolyte Metabol 16(1): 69–72
Ritz E., Keller C., Bergis K., Strojek K. (1997) Pathogenesis and course of renal disease in IDDM/NIDDM: differences and similarities. Am J Hypertens 10(9 Pt 2): 202S-207S
Ritz E., Keller C., Bergis K.H. (1996) Nephropathy of type II diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11 (Suppl. 9): 38–44
Ritz E., Orth S.R., Strzelczyk P. (1997) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and their combination in the treatment of glomerular disease. J Hypertens (Suppl.) 15(2): 21–26
Ritz E., Siebeis M., Fliser D. (1993) Hemmung der Progression der Niereninsuffizienz bei glomerulären Erkrankungen. Internist 34: 330–339
Ritz E., Stefanski A. (1996) Diabetic nephropathy in type II diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 27/2: 167–194
Ritz E., Keller C., Bergis K. (1996) Nephropathy of type II diabetes mellitus. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 11 Suppl 9: 38–44. Review
Rutherford P.A., Thomas T.H., Taylor R., Wilkinson R. (1994) Nephropathy and changes in sodium lithium countertransport kinetics in type 2 (non insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. J Hum Hypertens 8(1): 29–35
Salahudeen A.K., Kanji V., Reckelhoff J.F., Schmidt A.M. (1997) Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: a radical approach. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12(4): 664–668
Sawicki P.T. (1997) Stabilization of glomerular filtration rate over 2 years in patients with diabetic nephropathy under intensified therapy regimes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 1890–1899
Sawicki P.T., Dahne R., Bender R., Berger M. (1996) Prolonged QT interval as a predictor of mortality in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 39(1): 77–81
Sawicki P.T., Muhlhauser I., Didjurgeit U., Baumgartner A., Sender R., Berger M. (1995) Intensified antihypertensive therapy is associated with improved survival in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. J Hypertens 13(8): 933–938
Schmidt A., Hasu M., Popov D. et al. (1998) Receptor for advanced glyeation end produets (AGEs) has a central role in vessel wall interactions and gene activation in response to circulating AGE proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA:8807–8811
Schmidt S., Giessel R., Bergis K.H., Strojek K., Grzeszczak W., Ganten D., Ritz E. (1996) Angiotensinogen gene M235 T polymorphism is not associated with diabetic nephropathy. The Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11(9): 1755–1761
Schmidt S., Ritz E. (1996) The role of angiotensin I converting enzyme gene polymorphism in renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 5(6): 552–555
Schmidt S., Strojek K., Grzeszczak W., Bergis K., Ritz E. (1997) Excess of DD homozygotes in haemodialysed patients with type II diabetes. The Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12(3): 427–429
Sensi M., Pricci F., Andreani D., Di Mario U. (1991) Advanced nonenzymatic glycation endproducts (AGE): Their relevance to aging and the pathogenesis of late diabetic complications. Diabetes Res 16: 1–9
Shikata K., Makino H., Sugimoto H. et al. (1995) Localization of advanced glycation endproducts in the kidney of experimental diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 9(4): 269–271
Smulders Y., Rakic M., Stehouwer C., Weijers R., Slaats E., Silberbusch J. (1997) Determinants of progression of microalbuminuria in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 20(6): 999–1003
Soulis T., Cooper M.E., Vranes D., Bueala R., Jerums G. (1996) Effects of aminoguanidine in preventing experimental diabetie nephropathy are related to the duration of treatment. Kidney Int 5072: 627–634
Stephenson Z. et a!. (1994) The EURODIAB IDDM Complications study. Diabetologia 37: 278–285
Striker L.I., Striker G.E. (1996) Administration of AGEs in vivo in duces extracellular matrix gene expression. N ephrol Dial Transplant 11(Suppl. 5): 62–65
Strojek K., Grzeszczak G., Ritz E. (1997) Risk factors for development of diabetic nephropathy: A review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12(Suppl. 2): 24–26
Strojek K., Grzeszczak W., Morawin E. et al. (1997) Nephropathy of type II diabetes: evidence for hereditary factors? Kidney Int 51(5): 1602–1607
Tamsma J.T., van den Born I., Bruijn J.A. et al. (1994) Expression of glomerular extracellular matrix components in human diabetic nephropathy: decrease ofheparan sulphate in the glomerular basement membrane (see comments). Diabetologia 37(3): 313–320
Tamsma J.T., van der Woude F.I., Lemkes H.H. (1996) Effect of sulphated glycosaminoglycans on albuminuria in patients with overt diabetic (type I) nephropathy. N ephrol Dial Transplant 11(1): 182–185
Tepel M., Doberauer C., Zidek W. (1997) Diabetic nephropathy and genetic alterations of the renin angiotensin system. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 105/5: 243–247
Tepel M., van Giet M., Zidek M. (1997) Praktische Therapie der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz durch Progressionshemmung. Dtsch Arzteblatt 94(41): 2161–2166
Thaiss F., Stahl R.A. (1996) The kidney in diabetes mellitus new aspeets on pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Z Arztl Fortbild Jena 90(3): 199–204
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (OCCT) Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329: 14–18
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group (1995) The effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney Int 47(6): 1703–1720
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1996) Lifetime benefits and costs of intensive therapy as practiced in the diabetes control and complicqations trial. JAMA 276(17): 1409–1415
Tripathi K., Prakash I., Appaiha D., Srivasta P. (1993) Pentoxyfylline in management of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Nephron 64: 641–642
United kingdom Prospeetive Diabetes Study Group (1998) United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 24: A 6 year, randomized, controlled trial comparing sulfonylurea, insulin and metformin therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes that eould not be controlled with diet therapy. Ann Intern Med 128(3): 165–175
United kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) Effect of intensive blood glucose control with metformin on omplications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 352: 854–864
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) Efficiacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of miacrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. Br Med J 317: 13–26,713-726
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) Intensive blood glucose control with sulfonylureas ur insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of compliations in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352: 837–853
Van der Woude F., van Oet N.F. (1997) Heparan suäphate proteoglycans and diabetic nephropathy. Exp Nephrol 5: 180–188
Van der Woude F.I., van Det N.F. (1997) Heparan sulphate proteoglycans and diabetic nephropathy. Exp Nephrol 5(3): 180–188
Vlassara H. (1995) Advanced glycation in diabetic renal and vascular disease. Kidney Int 51(Suppl.): 43–44
Vlassara H. (1997) Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, advanced glycation and new therapy. Med Klin 92(Suppl.): 29–34
Vlassara H., Striker L.I., Teichberg S., Fuh H., Li Y.M., Steffes M. (1994) Advanced glycation end products induce glomerular sclerosis and albuminuria in normal rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(24): 11704–11708
Wainai H., Katsukawa F., Takei I., Maruyama H., Kataoka K., Saruta T. (1991) Influence of glycemic control and hypertension on urinary microprotein excretion in non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Diabet Compl 5(2-3): 160–161
Waldherr R., Ilkenhans C., Ritz E. (1992) How frequent is glomerulonephritis in diabetes mellitus type II? Clin Nephrol 378(6): 271–273
Wolf G., Neilson E.G. (1993) Angiotensin II as aa hypertrophogenic cytokine for proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int 43: 100–107
Wolf G., Ziyadeh F., Thaiss F. et al. (1997) Angiotensin II stimulates expression of the chemokine RANTES in rat glomerular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 100(5): 1047–1058
Wolf G., Ziyadeh F.N. (1997) The role of angiotensin II in diabetic nephropathy: emphasis on nonhemodynamic mechanisms. Am J Kidney Dis 29(1): 153–163
Wolf G., Ziyadeh F.N., Zahner G., Stahl R.A. (1996) Angiotensin II is mitogenic for cultured rat glomerular endothelial cells. Hypertension 27(4): 897–905
Wolf S., Stahl R. (1996) Angiotensin II Wirkulg an der Niere: mehr als ein Vasokonstriktor. Dtsch Arzetebl 31(32): 1604–1608
Yang C.W., Vlassara H., Peten E.P., He C.I., Striker G.E., Striker L.J. (1994) Advanced glycation end products up regulate gene expression found in diabetic glomerular disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(20): 9436–9440
Yokoyama H., Tomonaga O., Hirayama M. et al. (1997) Predictors of the progression of diabetic nephropathy and the beneficial effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia 40(4): 405–411
Zeller K., Whittaker E., Sullivan L., Raskin P., Jacobson H.R. (1991) Effect of restricting dietary protein on the progression of renal failure in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 324(2): 78–84
Ziyadeh F., Snipes E., Watanabe M., Alvarez R., Goldfarb, Haverty T. (1990) High glucose in duces cell hypertrophy and stimulates collagen gene transcription in proximale tubule. Am J Phys 259(4 Pt 2): F704–714
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.14
Anand P., Terenghi G., Warner G., Kopelman P., Williams-Chestnut R.E., Sinicropi D.V. (1996) The role of endogenous nerve growth factor in human diabetic neuropathy. Nature Medicine 6: 703–707
Clark C.M., Lee D.A. (1995) Prevention and treatment of the complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 332: 1210–1217
DCCT study group (1995) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993 Sep 30; 329(14): 977–986
Erckenbrecht J.F,. Flesch S., Frieling T., Ziegler D., Wienbeck M., Caspary W. (1996) Die autonome diabetische Neuropathie des Gastrointestinaltraktes. Dtsch Arzteblatt 93: 1436–1440
Flynn M.D., O’Brien I.A., Corrall R.J.M. (1995) The prevalence of autonomic and peripheral neuropathy in insulin treated diabetic subjects. Diabetic Medicine 12: 310–313
Frolich I., Blum-Degen D. et al. (1998) Brain insulin and insulin receptors in aging and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm. 105(4-5): 423–438
Heitner J. und Dickson D. (1997) Diabetics do not have increased Alzheimer-type pathology compared with age matched control subjects. A retrospective postmortem immuncytochemical and histoflurescent study. Neurology 49(5): 1306–1311.
Itagaki T., Itoh Y., Sugai Y., Suematsu N., Ohtomo E., Yamada M. (1996) Glucose metabolism and Alzheimer’s dementia. Nippon-Ronen-Igakkai-Zasshi 8: 569–572
Leibson C.L., Rocca W.A., Hanson V.A., Cha R., Kokmen E., O’Brien P.C., Palumbo P.J. (1997) Risk of dementia Among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 145(4): 301–308
Nagamatsu H., Nickander K., Schmelzer J., Raya A., Wittrock D., Tritschler H., Low P. (1995) Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 18: 1160–1167
Nusser J., Landgraf R. (1990) Autonome Neuropathie bei Diabetes mellitus: Bedeutung in Klinik und Praxis. Internist 31: 198–207
O’Brien I.A., McFadden J.P., Corrall R.J. (1991) The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin dependent diabetes. Q J Med. 79(290): 495–502
O’Brien I.A., McFadden J.P., Corall R.J.M. (1991) The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin-dependent diabetics. Q J Med 290: 495–502
Ott A., Stolk R.P., Hofmann A., van Harskamp F., Grobbee D.E., Breteler M.M. (1996). Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia 39(11): 1392–1397
Preiß R., Teicher J., Preiß C., Kern J., Tritschler H.J., Ulrich H. (1996) Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik von alpha Liponsäure (Thioctsäure) an Patienten mit diabetischer Polyneuropathie. Diabetes Stoffw (Suppl. 5): 17–22
Price D.E., Gingell J.C., Gepi-Attee S., Wareham K., Jates P., Boolell M. (1998). Sildenafil: Study of a novel oral treatment for erectile dysfunction in diabetic men. Diabet Med 15(10): 821–825
Sasaki N., Fukatsu R., Tsuzuki K. et al. (1998). Advanced glycation end products in alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Am J Pathol. 153(4): 1149–1155
Schmidt A.M. (1995) The dark side of glucose. Nature Medicine 1: 1002–1004
Stracke H., Lindemann A., Federlin K. (1996) Benfotiamine-vitamin B combination in treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Endocrinol Diabetes 104: 311–316
The Diabetes Control and Complication Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329: 977–986
Yan S.D., Chen X., Fu C. et al. (1996) RAGE and amyloid-β peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimers disease. Nature 382: 685–691
Ziegler D., Hanefeld M., Ruhnau K.J. et al. (1995) Diabetologia 388: 1425–1433
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.15
Chantelau E., Tanudjaja T., Altenhöfer F., Ersanli Z., Lacigova S., Metzger C. (1996) Antibiotic treatment for uncomplicated neuropathic forefoot ulcers in diabetes: a controlled trial. Diabet Med 13: 156–159
Forst T., Pfützner A., Kann P., Lobmann R., Schäfer H., Beyer J. (1995) Association between diabetic-autonomic c-fibre neuropathy and medial wall calcification and the significance m the outcome oftrophic foot lesions exp. Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 103: 94–98
Greenhalgh D.G., Sprugel K.H., Murray M.J., Ross R. (1990) PDGF and FGF stimulate wound healing in the genetically diabetic mouse. Am J Path 136: 1235–1245
Li Y.M., Tan A.X., Vlassara H. (1995) Antibacterial activity of lysozyme and lactoferrin is inhibited by binding of advanced glycation-modified proteins to a conserved motif. Nature Medicine 10: 1057–1061
Reike H. (1995) Das diabetische Fußsyndrom. Edition Materia Medica, S 52–53
Sapico F.L., Witte J.L., Canawati H.N. et al. (1980) Quantitative aerobic and an aerobic biology of infected diabetic feet. J Clin Microbiol 12: 413
Schmidt A.M., Yan S.D., Stern D. (1995) The dark side of glucose. Nature Medicine 10: 1002–1004
Trautner C., Haastert B., Giani G., Berger M. (1996) Incidence of lower limb amputations and diabetes. Diabetes Care 19(9): 1006–1009
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.16
Bolli G., De Feo P., Compagnucci P., Cartechini M.G., Angeletti G., Santeusanio F. (1983) Abnormal glucose counter-regulation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: interaction of anti-insulin antibodies and impaired glucagon and epinephrine secretion. Diabetes 32: 134–141
Bottini P., Boschetti E., Pampanelli S. et al. (1997) Contribution of autonomic neuropathy to reduced plasma adrenaline responses to hypoglycemia in IDDM: evidence for a non-selective defect. Diabetes 46: 814–823
Clarke W.L., Cox D.J., Gonder-Frederick L.A., Julian D., Schlundt D., Polonsky W., (1995) Reduced awareness of hypoglycemia in adults with IDDM. A prospective study of hypoglycemic frequency and assoclated symptoms. Diabetes Care 18: 517–522
Clarke W.L., Haymond M.W., Santiago J.V. (1980) Overnight basal insulin requirements in fasting insulin-dependent diabetics Diabetes 29: 78–80
Cox D., Gonder-Frederick L., Polonsky W., Schlundt D., Julian D., Clarke W. (1995) A multicenter evaluation of blood glucose awareness training-II. Diabetes Care 18: 523–528
Cryer P.E. (1992a) Glucose homeostasis and hypoglycemia. In: Wilson J.D., Foster D.W. (eds) Williams textbook of endocrinology, 8th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, pp 1223–1253
Cryer P.E. (1992b). Iatrogenic hypoglycemia as a cause of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in IDDM: a vicious circle. Diabetes 41: 255–260
Cryer P.E. (1993). Hypoglycemia unawareness in IDDM. Diabetes Care 16: 40–47
Cryer P.E., Frier B.M. (1997) Hypoglycaemia. In: Alberti K.G.M.M., Zimmet P., DeFronzo R.A., Keen H. (eds) International textbook of diabetes mellitus. 2nd edn, Wiley, pp 1193–1213
Dagogo-Jack S.E., Craft S., Cryer P.E. (1993) Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 91: 819–828
Dagogo-Jack S., Rattarasarn C., Cryer P.E. (1994) Reversal ofhypoglycemia unawareness, but not defective glucose counterregulation, in IDDM. Diabetes 43: 1426–1434
Fanelli C.G., Epifano L., Rambotti A.M. et al. (1993) Meticulous prevention of hypoglycemia normalizes the glycemic thresholds and magnitude of most of neuroendocrine responses to, symptoms of, and cognitive function during hypoglycemia in intesively treated patients with shortterm IDDM. Diabetes 42: 1683–1689
Fanelli C., Pampanelli S., Epifano L. et al. (1994) Long-term recovery trom unawareness, deficient counterregulation and lack of cognitive dysfunction during hypoglycemia, following institution of a rationale, intensive insulin therapy in IDDM. Diabetologia 37: 1265–1276
Fanelli C., Pampanelli S., Calderone S. et al. (1995) Effects of recent, short-term hyperglycemia on responses to hypoglycemia in humans. Relevance to the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia unawareness and hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 44: 513–519
Fukuda M., Tanaka A., Tahara Y., Ikegami H., Yamamoto Y., Kumahara Y., Shima K. (1988) Correlation between minimal secretory capacity of pancreatic β-cells and stability of diabetic control. Diabetes 37: 81–88
Gold A.E., MacLeod K.M., Frier B.M. (1994) Frequency of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes with impaired awareness ofhypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 17: 697–703
Pramming S., Thorsteinsson B., Bendtson I., Binder C. (1991) Symptomatic hypoglycemia in 411 type 1 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 8: 217–222
Hepburn D.A., Patrick A.W., Eadington D.W., Ewing D.J., Frier B.M. (1990) Unawareness of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetic patients: prevalence and relationship to autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med 7: 711–717
Kalimo H., Olsson Y. (1980) Effects of severe hypoglycemia on the human brain. Acta Neurol Scand 62: 345–348
Lingenfelser T., Overkamp D., Renn W., Buettner U., Kimmerle K., Schmalfuss A., Jakober B. (1996) Insulin-associated modulation of neuroendocrine counterregulation, hypoglycemia perception, and cerebral function in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for an intrinsic effect of insulin on the central nervous system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 1197–1205
Liu D., McManus R.M., Ryan E.A. (1996) Improved counter-regulatory hormonal and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after 3 months of less striet glycemic controL. Clin Invest Med 19: 71–82
Mokan M., Mitrakou A., Veneman T., Ryan C., Korytowski M., Cryer P., Gerich J. (1994) Hypoglycemia unawareness in IDDM. Diabetes Care 17: 1397–1403
Service F.J. (1995) Hypoglycemic disorders. N Engl J Med 332: 1144–1152
Tattersall R.B., Gill G.V. (1991) Unexplained deaths of type 1 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 8: 49–58
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (I993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329: 977–986
Turnbridge W.M.G. (1981) Factors contributing to deaths of diabetics under fifty years of age. Lancet 569–572
Veneman T.F., Van Haeften T.W. (1994) Hypoglycemia unawareness in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Europ J Clin luvest 24: 785–793
White N.H., Skor D.A., Cryer P.E., Levandoski L., Bier D.M., Santiago J.V. (1983) Identification of type 1 diabetic patients at increased risk for hypoglycemia during intensive therapy. New Engl J Med 308: 485–491
Literatur zu Abschn. 16.17
Aydin S., Odabas O., Ercan M., Kara H., Agargun M.Y. (1996) Efficacy of testosterone, trazodone and hypnotic suggestion in the treatment of non-organic male sexual dysfunction. Br J Urol 77: 256–260
Buvat I., Lemaire A., Buvat-Herbaut M. (1985) Comparative investigations in 26 impotent and 26 nonimpotent diabetic patients. J Urol 133: 34–38
Chen R.N., Lakin M.M., Montague D.K., Ausmundson S. (1996) Penile scarring with intracavernous injection therapy using prostagiandin El: a risk factor analysis. J Urol 155: 138–140
Hirshkowitz M., Karaean I., Rando K.C., Williams R.L., Howell J.W. (1990) Diabetes, erectile dysfunction, and sleep-related erections. Sleep 13(1): 53–68
Jensen S.B. (1986) Sexual dysfunction in insulin-treated diabetics: a six-year follow-up study of 101 patients. Arch Sex Behav 15(4): 271–283
Kerfoot W.W., Carson C.C., Donaldson J.T., Kliewer M.A. (1994) Investigation of vascular changes following penile vein ligation. J Urol 152: 884–887
Klein R., Klein B.E., Lee K.E., Moss S.E., Cruickshanks K.J. (1995) Prevalence of self-reported erectile dysfunction in people with long-term IDDM. Diabetes Care 19: 135–141
Knoll L.D., Benson R.C. Jr, Bilhartz D.L., Minich P.I., Furlow W.L. (1996) A randomized crossover study using yohimbine and isoxsuprine versus pentoxifylline in the management of vasculogenic impotence. J Urol 155: 144–146
Korenman L.G., Lue T.F. (1994) Erectile Dysfunction. Current concepts. Pharmaeia & Upjohn
Lineoln I., Crowe R., Blacklay P.F., Pryor J.P., Lumley J.S., Burnstock G. (1987) Changes in the vipergic, cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of human penile tissue in diabetic and non-diabetic impotent males. J Urol 137: 1053–1059
Linet O., Ogrine F.G. (1996) Efficacy and safety of intraeavernosal alprostadil in men with erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 334: 873–877
McCulloch, Campbell I.W, Wu F.C., Prescott R.J., Clarke B.F. (1980) The prevalence of diabetie impotence. Diabetologia 18: 279–283
Melman A., Henry D. (1979) The possible role of the catecholamines of the corpora in penile erection. J Urol 121(4): 419–421
Robinson A.M., Ryder R.E.J. (1991) Impotence in diabetes. Trends Endoerinol Metab 8: 98–101
Ryder R.E., Close C.F., Moriarty K.T., Moore K.T., Hardisty C.A. (1992) Impotence in diabetes: aetiology, implications for treatment and preferred vaeuum device. Diabet Med 9: 893–898
Saenz de Tejada I., Goldstein I., Azadzoi K., Krane R.J., Cohen R.A. (1989) Impaired neurogenic and endothelium-mediated relaxation of penile smooth muscle from diabetic men with impotence. N Engl J Med 320: 1025–1030
Treiber U., Gilbert P. (1989) Venous surgery in erectile dysfunction: a critical report on 116 patients. Urology 34(1): 22–27
Turner L.A., Althof S.E., Levine S.B., Tobias I.R., Kursh E.D., Bodner D., Resnick M.L. (1990) Treating erectile dysfunction with extern al vacuum devices: impact upon sexual, psychological and mari tal functions. J Urol 144: 79–82
Vale J.A., Feneley M.R., Lees W.R., Kirba R.S. (1995) Venous leak surgery: long-term follow-up of patients undergoing excision and Iigation of the deep dorsal vein of the penis. Br J Urol 76: 192–195
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brado, M. et al. (2001). Glukose. In: Nawroth, P.P., Ziegler, R. (eds) Klinische Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56784-1_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56784-1_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62970-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56784-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive