Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Clinical Acupuncture pp 1–28Cite as

Acupuncture Analgesia — Basic Research

  • Chapter

Abstract

In recent years, acupuncture analgesia (AA) in the west has been restricted mainly to the treatment of chronic pain and not used for surgical procedures, except for demonstration purposes. In some Western countries, however, AA is used in combination with nitrous oxide, sufficient N2O being given to render the patient unconscious but not for analgesia [80], or with fentanyl [89]. How could a needle inserted in the hand possibly relieve a toothache? Because such phenomena do not conform to accepted physiological concepts, scientists were puzzled and skeptical. Many explained it by the well-known placebo effect, which works through suggestion, distraction, or even hypnosis [201, 202]. In 1945, Beecher [9] showed that morphine relieved pain in 70% of patients, while sugar injections (placebo) reduced pain in 35% of patients who believed they were receiving morphine. Thus, many medical scientists in the early 1970s assumed that AA worked by this placebo (psychological) effect. However, there were several problems with this idea. How does one explain the use of AA in veterinary medicine over the past 1000 years in China and approximately 100 years in Europe and its growing use on animals in America? Animals are not suggestible and only a very few species are capable of the still reaction (so-called animal hypnosis). Similarly, small children also respond to AA. Moreover, several studies in which patients were given psychological tests for suggestibility did not show a good correlation between AA and suggestibility [101]. Hypnosis has also been ruled out as an explanation, as two studies [6, 58] have shown that hypnosis and AA respond to naloxone differently, AA being blocked and hypnosis being unaffected by this endorphin antagonist.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Abrams SE, Reynolds AC, Cusick JF (1981) Failure of naloxone to reverse analgesia from TENS in patients with chronic pain. Anesth Analg 60:81–84

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andersson SA (1979) Pain control by sensory stimulation. In: Bonica JJ (ed) Advances in pain research and therapy. Vol 3. Raven, New York, pp 561–585

    Google Scholar 

  3. Andersson S, Lundeberg T (1995) Acupuncture — from empiricism to science: Functional background to acupuncture effects in pain and disease. Med Hypotheses 45:271–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Anonymous (Shanghai Institute of Physiology) (1973) Electromyographic activity produced locally by acupuncture manipulation [Chinese]. Chin Med J 53:532–535

    Google Scholar 

  5. Asamoto S, Takeshige C (1992) Activation of the satiety center by auricular acupuncture point stimulation. Brain Res Bull 29:157–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Barber J, Mayer DJ (1977) Evaluation of the efficacy and neural mechanism of a hypnotic analgesia procedure in experimental and clinical dental pain. Pain 4:41–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Basbaum AI, Fields HL (1984) Endogenous pain control systems: Brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Annu Rev Neurosci 7:309–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Becker RO, Reichmanis M et al (1976) Electrophysiological correlates of acupuncture points and meridians. Psychoenergetic Systems 1:195–212

    Google Scholar 

  9. Beecher HK (1955) Placebo analgesia in human volunteers. J Am Med Assoc 159:1602–1606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bensoussan A (1994) Acupuncture meridians — myth or reality? Part 1. Comp Ther Med 2:21–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bensoussan A (1994) Acupuncture meridians — myth or reality? Part 2. Comp Ther Med 2:80–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Berger D, Nolte D (1975) Acupuncture — has it a demonstrable bronchospasmolytic effect in bronchial asthma? Med Klin 70:1827–1830

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bergland RM, Page RB (1979) Pituitary-brain vascular relations. Science 204:18–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bing Z, Villaneuva L, Le Bars D (1990) Acupuncture and diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: Naloxone-reversible depression of activities of trigeminal convergent neurons. Neuroscience 37:809–818

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bing Z, Le Bars D et al (1991) Acupuncture-like stimulation induces a heterosegmental release of met-enkephalin-like material in the rat spinal cord. Pain 47:71–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bloom F, Guillemin R et al (1978) Neurons containing b-endorphin in rat brain exist separately from those containing enkephalin: Immunocytochemical studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:1591–1595

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Borgens RB, Vanable JW, Jaffe LF (1979) Small artificial current enhances Xenopus limb regeneration. J Exp Zool 207:217–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bossut DF, Leshin LB, Stomberg MW (1983) Plasma Cortisol and ß-endorphin in horses subjected to electroacupuncture for cutaneous analgesia. Peptides 4:501–507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bossut DF, et al (1986) Electroacupuncture-induced analgesia in sheep: Measurement of cutaneous pain thresholds and plasma concentrations of prolactin and beta-endorphin immunorevactivity. Am J Vet Res 47:669–676

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bossut DF, Mayer DJ (1991) Electroacupuncture analgesia in naive rats: Effects of brain stem and spinal cord lesions and role of pituitary-andrenal axis. Brain Res 549:52–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bossut DF, Mayer DJ (1991) Electroacupuncture analgesia in rats: Naltrexone antagonism is dependent on previous exposure. Brain Res 549:47–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bossut DF, Mayer DJ et al (1991) Electroacupuncture in rats: Evidence for naloxone and naltrexone potentiation of analgesia. Brain Res 549:36–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brockhaus A, Elger CE (1990) Hypalgesic efficacy of acupuncture on experimental pain in men. Comparison of laser acupuncture and needle acupuncture. Pain 43:181–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bossy J (1984) Morphological data concerning the acupuncture points and channel network. Acup Electrother Res 9:79–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Boureau F, Wilier JC, Yamaguchi Y (1979) Abolition par la naloxone de ľeffect inhibiteur ďune stimulation électrique péripherique sur la composante tardive du reflex clignement. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 47:322–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chan SHH (1984) What is being stimulated in acupuncture: Evaluation of existence of a specific substrate. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8:25–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chan SHH, Fung SJ (1975) Suppression of polysynaptic reflex by electroacupuncture and a possible underlying presynaptic mechanism in the spinal cord of the cat. Exp Neurol 48:336–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chapman CR, Benedetti C (1977) Analgesia following TENS and its partial reversal by a narcotic antagonist. Life Sci 21:1645–1648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chapman CR, Chen AC, Bonica JJ (1977) Effects of intrasegmental electrical acupuncture on dental pain: Evaluation by threshold estimation and sensory decision theory. Pain 3:213–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chapman CR, Colpitts YM et al (1980) Evoked potential assessment of acupuncture analgesia: Attempted reversal with naloxone. Pain 9:183–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Chapman R, Benedetti C et al (1983) Naloxone fails to reverse pain thresholds elevated by acupuncture: Acupuncture analgesia reconsidered. Pain 16:13–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Charlton G (1982) Naloxone reverses electroacupuncture analgesia in experimental dental pain. South Afr J Sci 78:80–81

    Google Scholar 

  33. Chen XH, Han JS (1992) All three types of opioid receptors in the spinal cord are important for 2/15 Hg electroacupuncture analgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 211:203–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chen XH, Han JS (1992) Analgesia induced by electroacupuncture of different frequencies is mediated by different types of opioid receptors: Another cross-tolerance study. Behav Brain Res 47:143–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chen XH, Geller EB et al (1996) Electrical stimulation at traditional acupuncture sites in periphery produces brain opioid receptor-mediated antinociceptin in rats. J Pharm Exper Ther 277:654–660

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Cheng R, Pomeranz B (1979) Correlation of genetic differences in endorphin systems with analgesic effects of jd-amino acids in mice. Brain Res 177:583–5870

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cheng R, Pomeranz B (1979) Electroacupuncture analgesia is mediated by stereospecific opiate receptors and is reversed by antagonists of type 1 receptors. Life Sci 26:631–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Cheng R, Pomeranz B (1980) Electroacupuncture analgesia could be mediated by at least two pain-relieving mechanisms: Endorphin and nonendorphin systems. Life Sci 25:1957–1962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Cheng R, Pomeranz B (1980) A combined treatment with jd-amino acids and electroacupuncture produces a greater anesthesia than either treatment alone: Naloxone reverses these effects. Pain 8:231–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Cheng R, Pomeranz B (1981) Monoaminergic mechanisms of electroacupuncture analgesia. Brain Res 215:77–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cheng R, Pomeranz B (1987) Electrotherapy of chronic musculoskeletal pain: Comparison of electroacupuncture and acupuncture-like TENS. Clin J Pain 2:143–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Cheng RS, Pomeranz B, Yu G (1979) Dexamethasone partially reduces and 2% saline treatment abolishes electroacupuncture analgesia: These findings implicate pituitary endorphins. Life Sci 24:1481–1486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cheng R, Pomeranz B et al (1980) Electroacupuncture elevates blood Cortisol levels in naive horses: Sham treatment has no effect. Int J Neurosci 10:95–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chiang CY, Chang CT et al (1973) Peripheral afferent pathway for acupuncture analgesia. Sci Sin 16:210–217

    Google Scholar 

  45. Chou J, Tang J, Yang HY, Costa E (1984) Action of peptidase inhibitors on methionine 5-enkephalin-arginine 6-phenylalanine 7 (YGGFMRF) and methionine 5-enkephalin (YGGFM) metabolism and on electroacupuncture antinociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230:349–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chung JM, Willis WD et al (1983) Prolonged naloxone-reversible inhibition of the flexion reflex in the cat. Pain 15:35–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Chung JM, Willis WD et al (1984) Factors influencing peripheral nerve stimulation produced inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract cells. Pain 19:277–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Du H J, Zimmerman M et al (1984) Inhibition of nociceptive neuronal responses in the cat’s spinal dorsal horn by electrical stimulation and morphine microinjection in nucleus raphe magnus. Pain 19:249–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dundee JM, Ghaly RG (1991) Local anesthesia blocks the antiemetic action of P6 acupuncture. Clin Pharmacol Ther 50:78–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dung HC (1984) Anatomical features contributing to the formation of acupuncture points. Am J Acupunct 12:139–143

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ehrenpreis S (1985) Analgesic properties of enkephalinase inhibitors: Animal and human studies. Prog Clin Biol Res 192:363–370

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Facchinetti F, Nappi G et al (1981) Primary headaches: Reduced circulating beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin levels with impaired reactivity to acupuncture. Cephalalgia 1:195–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fu TC, Halenda SP, Dewey WL (1980) The effect of hypophysectomy on acupuncture analgesia in the mouse. Brain Res 202:33–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fujishita M, Hisamtsu M, Takeshige (1986) Difference between nonacupuncture point stimulation and AA after D-phenylalanine treatment [Japanese with English abstract.] In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia-based animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 638

    Google Scholar 

  55. Fung DTH, Chan SHH et al (1975) Electroacupuncture suppression of jaw depression reflex elicited by dentalgia in rabbits. Exp Neurol 47:367–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fung SJ, Chan SHH (1976) Primary afferent depolarization evoked by electroacupuncture in the lumbar cord of the cat. Exp Neurol 52:168–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Goldstein A (1979) Endorphins and pain: A critical review. In: Beers RF (ed) Mechanisms of pain and analgesic compounds. Raven, New York, pp 249–262

    Google Scholar 

  58. Goldstein A, Hilgard EF (1975) Failure of the opiate antagonist naloxone to modify hypnotic analgesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:2041–2043

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Guo HF, Cui X et al (1996) C-Fos proteins are not involved in the activation of preproenkephalin gene expression in rat brain by peripheral electric stimulation (electroacupuncture). Neurosci Lett 207:163–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Guo HF, Tian J et al (1996) Brain substrates activated by electroacupuncture (EA) of different frequencies (II): Role of Fos/Jun proteins in EA-induced transcription of preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin genes. Brain Res. Molecular Brain Res 43:167–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gunn CC, Milbrandt WE et al (1980) Dry needling of muscle motor points for chronic low-back pain. Spine 5:279–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ha H, Tan EC, Fukunaga H, Aochi O (1981) Naloxone reversal of acupuncture analgesia in the monkey. Exp Neurol 73:298–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hachisu M, Takeshige C et al (1986) Abolishment of individual variation in effectiveness of acupuncture analgesia [Japanese with English abstract]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p549

    Google Scholar 

  64. Hammond DL (1985) Pharmacology of central pain modulating networks (biogenic amines and nonopioid analgesics). In: Fields H et al (eds) Advances in pain research and therapy. Raven, New York, pp 499–511

    Google Scholar 

  65. Han CS, Chou PH, Lu CC, Lu LH et al (1979) The role of central 5-HT in acupuncture analgesia. Sci Sin 22:91–104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Han JS, Terenius L (1982) Neurochemical basis of acupuncture analgesia. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 22:193–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Han JS, Xie GX (1984) Dynorphin: Important mediator for electroacupuncture analgesia in the spinal cord of the rabbit. Pain 18:367–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Han JS (1986) Physiology and neurochemical basis of acupuncture analgesia. In: Cheng TO (ed) The international textbook of cardiology. Pergamon, New York, pp 1124–1132

    Google Scholar 

  69. Han JS (1990) Differential release of enkephalin and dynorphin by low and high frequency electroacupuncture in the central nervous system. Acupuncture Sci Int J 1:19–27

    Google Scholar 

  70. Han JS, Terenius L et al (1991) Effect of low and high frequency TENS on met-enkephalin-arg-phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF. Pain 47:295–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Han JS, Li SJ, Tang J (1981) Tolerance to acupuncture and its cross-tolerance to morphine. Neuropharmacology 20:593–596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Han JS, Ding XZ, Fan SG (1985) Is cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) a candidate for endogenous antiopioid substrates? Neuropeptides 5:399–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Han JS, Xie GX, Terenius L et al (1982) Enkephalin and beta endorphin as mediators of electroacupuncture analgesia in rabbits: An antiserum microinjection study. In: Costa E (ed) Regulatory peptides: From molecular biology to function. Raven, New York, pp 369–377

    Google Scholar 

  74. Hardebo JE, Ekman R, Eriksson M (1989) Low CSF met-enkephalin levels in cluster headache are elevated by acupuncture. Headache 29:494–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hayes R, Price DD, Dubner R (1977) Naloxone antagonism as evidence for narcotic mechanisms. Science 196:600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. He L (1987) Involvement of endogenous opioid peptides in acupuncture analgesia. Pain 31:99–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. He L, Lu R, Zhuang S et al (1985) Possible involvement of opioid peptides of caudate nucleus in acupuncture analgesia. Pain 23:83–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. He LF, Doug WQ, Wang MZ (1991) Effects of iontophoretic etorphine, naloxone, and electroacupuncture on nociceptive responses from thalamic neurones in rabbits. Pain 44:89–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Heine H (1988) Akupunkturtherapie — Perforationen der oberflächlichen Körperfaszie durch kutane Gefäß-Nervenbündel. Therapeutikon 4:238–244

    Google Scholar 

  80. Herget HF, ĽAllemand H et al (1976) Combined acupuncture analgesia and controlled respiration. A new modified method of anesthesia in open heart surgery. Anaesthesist 25:223–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Hishida F, Takeshige C et al (1986) Differentiation of acupuncture point and nonacupuncture point explorated by evoked potential of the central nervous system and its correlation with analgesia inhibitory system [Japanese with English abstract]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 43

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hishida F, Takeshige C et al (1986) Effects of D-phenylalanine on individal variation of analgesia and on analgesia inhibitory system in their separated experimental procedures [Japanese with English abstract]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 51

    Google Scholar 

  83. Ho UK, Hen HL (1989) Opioid-like activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients treated by electroacupuncture. Neuropharmacology 28:961–966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Illingsworth CM, Barker CT (1980) Measurement of electrical currents emerging during the regeneration of amputated fingertips in children. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1:87–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Jaffe L, Barker AT et al (1982) The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery. Am J Physiol 242:R358–R366

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Janssens LA, Rogers PA, Schoen AM (1988) Acupuncture analgesia: A review. Vet Rec 122:355–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kaada B, Jorum E, Sagvolden T (1979) Analgesia induced by trigeminal nerve stimulation (electroacupuncture) abolished by nuclei raphe lesions in rats. Acupunct Electrother Res 4:221–234

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kenyon JM (1985) Modern techniques of acupuncture. Vol 3. Thorsons, Wellingsborough

    Google Scholar 

  89. Kho HG, Eijk RJ et al (1991) Acupuncture and transcutaneous stimulation analgesia in comparison with moderate-dose fentanyl anesthesia in major surgery. Clinical efficacy and influence on recovery and morbidity. Anesthesia 46:129–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kiser RS, Khatam MJ et al (1983) Acupuncture relief of chronic pain syndrome correlates with increased plasma met-enkephalin concentrations. Lancet II:1394–1396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Kishioka S, Miyamoto Y et al (1994) Effects of a mixture of peptidase inhibitors on met-enkephalin, β-endorphin, dynorphin (1–13), and electroacupuncture-induced antinociception in rats. Jap J Pharm 66:337–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kobori M, Mera H, Takeshige C (1986) Nature of acupuncture point and nonpoint stimulation produced analgesia after lesion of analgesia inhibitory system [Japanese with English abstract]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 598

    Google Scholar 

  93. Lagerweij E, Van Ree J et al (1984) The twitch in horses: A variant of acupuncture. Science 225:1172–1173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Lazorthes Y, Esquerre JP et al (1990) Acupuncture meridians and radiotracers. Pain 40:109–112

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Le Bars D, Besson JM et al (1979) Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). II. Lack of effect on nonconvergent neurones, supraspinal involvement, and theoretical implications. Pain 6:305–327

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Lee JH, Beitz AJ (1993) The distribution of brainstem and spinal nuclei associated with different frequencies of electroacupuncture analgesia. Pain 52:11–28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lee JH, Beitz AJ (1992) Electroacupuncture modifies the expression of c-fos in the spinal cord induced by noxious stimulation. Brain Res 577:80–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lee Peng CH, Yang MMP et al (1978) Endorphin release: A possible mechanism of AA. Comp Med East West 6:57–60

    Google Scholar 

  99. Lee SC, Yin SJ, Lee ML, Tsai WJ (1982) Effects of acupuncture on serum Cortisol level and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in normal Chinese. Am J Chin Med 10:62–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Leong RJ, Chernow B (1988) The effects of acupuncture on operative pain and the hormonal responses to stress. Int Anesthesiol Clin 26:213–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Liao SJ (1978) Recent advances in the understanding of acupuncture. Yale J Biol Med 51:55–65

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Liao YY, Seto K, Saito H et al (1979) Effect of acupuncture on adrenocortical hormone production: Variation in the ability for adrenocortical hormone production in relation to the duration of acupuncture stimulation. Am J Chin Med 7:362–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lim TW, Loh T, Kranz H, Scott D (1977) Acupuncture effect on normal subjects. Med J Aust 26:440–442

    Google Scholar 

  104. Lu GW (1983) Characteristics of afferent fiber innervation on acupuncture point zusanli. Am J Physiol 245:R606–R612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Lung CH, Sun AC, Tsao CJ et al (1978) An observation of the humoral factor in acupuncture analgesia in rats. Am J Chin Med 2:203–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Lynn B, Perl ER (1977) Failure of acupuncture to produce localized analgesia. Pain 3:339–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Madden J, Akil H, Barchas JD et al (1977) Stress-induced parallel changes in central opioid levels and pain responsiveness in rat. Nature 265:358–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Malizia F, Paolucci D et al (1979) Electroacupuncture and peripheral beta-endorphin and ACTH levels. Lancet 11:535–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Martelete M, Fiori AM (1985) Comparative study of the analgesic effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TNS), electroacupuncture (EA), and meperidine in the treatment of postoperative pain. Acupunct Electrother Res 10:183–193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Marx JL (1977) Analgesia: How the body inhibits pain perception. Science 196:471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Masala A, Satta G, Alagna S et al (1983) Suppression of electroacupuncture (EA)-induced beta-endorphin and ACTH release by hydrocortisone in man. Absence of effects on EA-induced anaesthesia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 103:469–472

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Mayer DJ, Watkins LR (1984) Multiple endogenous opiate and nonopiate analgesia systems. In: Kruger L (ed) Advances in pain research and therapy. Vol 6. Raven, New York, pp 253–276

    Google Scholar 

  113. Mayer DJ, Price DD, Raffii A (1977) Antagonism of acupuncture analgesia in man by the narcotic antagonist naloxone. Brain Res 121:368–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. McCarroll GD, Rowley BA (1979) An investigation of the existence of electrically located acupuncture points. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 26:177–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. McDevitt L, Fortner P, Pomeranz B (1987) Application of weak electric field to the hindpaw enhances sciatic motor nerve regeneration in the adult rat. Brain Res 416:308–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. McLennan H, Gilfillan K, Heap Y (1977) Some pharmacological observations on the analgesia induced by acupuncture. Pain 3:229–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Melzack R (1984) Acupuncture and related forms of folk medicine. In: Wall R, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 691–701

    Google Scholar 

  118. Melzack R, Katz J (1984) Auriculotherapy fails to relieve chronic pain. JAMA 251:1041–1043

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Melzack R, Wall PD (1965) Pain mechanism: A new theory. Science 150:971–979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Melzack R, Stillwell DM, Fox EJ (1977) Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: Correlations and implications. Pain 3:3–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Mezey E, de Weid D et al (1978) Evidence for pituitary-brain transport of a behaviourally potent ACTH analogue. Life Sci 22:831–838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Mizuno T (1986) The nature of acupuncture point investigation by evoked potential from the dorsal periaqueductal central grey in acupuncture afferent pathway [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 425

    Google Scholar 

  123. Murai M, Takeshige C et al (1986) Correlation between individual variations in effectiveness of acupuncture analgesia and those in contents of brain endogenous morphine-like factors [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 542

    Google Scholar 

  124. Nakatani Y, Yamashita K (1977) Ryodoraku acupuncture. Ryodoraku Research Institute, Osaka

    Google Scholar 

  125. Nappi G, Faccinetti F et al (1982) Different releasing effects of traditional manual acupuncture and electroacupuncture on propiocortin-related peptides. Acupunct Electrother Res Int J 7:93–103

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Nogier PFM (1972) Treatise of auriculotherapy. Moulin-les-Metz, Maisonneuve, France

    Google Scholar 

  127. Noodergraaf, Silage D (1973) Electroacupuncture. IEEE Trans Biochem Eng 20:364–366

    Google Scholar 

  128. Nuccitelli R (ed) (1986) Ionic currents in development (39 papers by various authors). Liss, New York

    Google Scholar 

  129. Oleson TD, Kroenig RJ, Bresler DE (1980) An experimental evaluation of auricular diagnosis: The somatotopic mapping of musculoskeletal pain at acupuncture points. Pain 8:217–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Omura Y (1989) Basic electrical parameters for safe and effective electrotherapeutics (electroacupuncture, TES, TENMS, TEMS, TENS, and electromagnetic field stimulation) for pain, neuromuscular skeletal problems, and circulatory disturbances. Acup Electrother Res 12:201–225

    Google Scholar 

  131. Patel N, Poo MM (1982) Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields. J Neurosci 2:483–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Pan B, Castro-Lopes JM et al (1994) C-fos expression in the hypothalamic pituitary system induced by electroacupuncture or noxious stimulation. Neuroreport 5:1649–1652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Peets J, Pomeranz B (1985) Acupuncture-like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation analgesia is influenced by spinal cord endorphins but not serotonin: An intrathecal pharmacological study. In: Fields H et al (eds) Advances in pain research and therapy. Raven, New York, pp 519–525

    Google Scholar 

  134. Peets J, Pomeranz B (1987) Studies of suppression of nocifensor reflexes using tail flick electro-myograms and intrathecal drugs in barbiturate-anaesthetized rats. Brain Res 416:301–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Peets J, Pomeranz B (1978) CXBX mice deficient in opiate receptors show poor electroacupuncture analgesia. Nature 273:675–676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Pert A, Dionne R, Ng L, Pert C et al (1981) Alterations in rat central nervous system endorphins following transauricular electroacupuncture. Brain Res 224:83–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Pertovaara A, Kemppainen P et al (1982) Dental analgesia produced by nonpainful, low frequency stimulation is not influenced by stress or reversed by naloxone. Pain 13:379–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Pin Luo C, Takeshige C et al (1986) Inhibited region by analgesia inhibitory system in acupuncture nonpoint stimulation produced analgesia [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 613

    Google Scholar 

  139. Pomeranz B (1981) Neural mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia. In: Lipton S (ed) Persistent pain. Vol 3. Academic, New York, pp 241–257

    Google Scholar 

  140. Pomeranz B (1985) Relation of stress-induced analgesia to acupuncture analgesia. In: Kelly J (ed) Stress-induced analgesia. Ann NY Acad Sci:444–447

    Google Scholar 

  141. Pomeranz B (1986) Effects of applied DC fields on sensory nerve sprouting and motor nerve regeneration in adult rats. In: Nuccitelli R (ed) Ionic currents in development. Liss, New York, pp 251–258

    Google Scholar 

  142. Pomeranz B (1994) Acupuncture in America. APS Journal 3:96–100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Pomeranz B (1996) Scientific research into acupuncture for the relief of pain. J Alt Compl Med 2:53–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Pomeranz B, Bibic L (1988) Naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, prevents but does not reverse the analgesia produced by electroacupuncture. Brain Res 452:227–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Pomeranz B, Campbell JJ (1993) Weak electric field accelerates motoneuron regeneration in the sciatic nerve of 10-month-old rats. Brain Res 603:271–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Pomeranz B, Cheng R (1979) Suppression of noxious responses in single neurons of cat spinal cord by electroacupuncture and its reversal by the opiate antagonist naloxone. Exp Neurol 64:327–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Pomeranz B, Chiu D (1976) Naloxone blocks acupuncture analgesia and causes hyperalgesia: Endorphin is implicated. Life Sci 19:1757–1762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Pomeranz B, Nyguyen P (1986) Intrathecal diazepam suppresses nociceptive reflexes and potentiates electroacupuncture effects in pentobarbital rats. Neurosci Lett 77:316–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. Pomeranz B, Paley D (1979) Electroacupuncture hypoalgesia is mediated by afferent nerve impulses: An electrophysiological study in mice. Exp Neurol 66:398–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Pomeranz B, Stux G (1989) Scientific bases of acupuncture. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  151. Pomeranz B, Warma N (1988) Potentiation of analgesia by two repeated electroacupuncture treatments: The first opioid analgesia potentiates a second, nonopioid analgesia response. Brain Res 452:232–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Pomeranz B, Cheng R, Law P (1977) Acupuncture reduces electrophysiological and behavioural responses to noxious stimuli: Pituitary is implicated. Exp Neurol 54:172–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Pomeranz B, Mullen M, Markus H (1984) Effect of applied electrical fields on sprouting of intact saphenous nerve in adult rat. Brain Res 303:331–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Price DD, Rafii A et al (1984) A psychophysical analysis of acupuncture analgesia. Pain 19:27–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO (1975) Electrical correlates of acupuncture points. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 22:533–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO (1979) Laplace plane analysis of impedence on the H meridian. Am J Chin Med 7:188–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Research Group of Peking Medical College (1974) The role of some neurotransmitters of brain in finger acupuncture analgesia. Sci Sin 17:112–130

    Google Scholar 

  158. Rossier J, Guillemin R, Bloom FE (1977) Foot shock-induced stress increases b-endorphin levels in blood but not brain. Nature 270:618–620

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Roy BP, Cheng R, Pomeranz B et al (1980) Pain threshold and brain endorphin levels in genetically obese ob/ob and opiate receptor-deficient CXBK mice. In: Way EL (ed) Exogenous and endogenous opiate agonists and antagonists. Pergamon, Elmsford, p 297

    Google Scholar 

  160. Sato T, Takeshige C (1986) Morphine analgesia caused by activation of spinal acupuncture afferent pathway in the anterolateral tract [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo p 673

    Google Scholar 

  161. Sato T, Usami S, Takeshige C (1986) Role of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus as the descending pain-inhibitory system in acupuncture point and nonpoint produced analgesia [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 627

    Google Scholar 

  162. Sawynok J, Pinsky C, Labella FS (1979) Minireview on the specificity of naloxone as an opiate antagonist. Life Sci 25:1621–1632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Shen E, Ma WH, Lan C (1978) Involvement of descending inhibition in the effect of acupuncture on the splanchnically evoked potentials in the orbital cortex of cat. Sci Sin 21:677–685

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Shimizu S, Takeshige C et al (1986) Relationship between endogenous morphine-like factor and serotonergic system in analgesia of acupuncture anesthesia [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 700

    Google Scholar 

  165. Shimizu T, Koja T et al (1981) Effects of methysergide and naloxone on analgesia produced by peripheral electrical stimulation in mice. Brain Res 208:463–467

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Shu R, Pomeranz B et al (1997) Electrical impedance measurements of human skin at acupuncture points and changes produced by needling. (In press.)

    Google Scholar 

  167. Simon J, Giraud G et al (1988) Acupuncture meridians demystified. Contributions of radiotracer methodology. Presse Med 17:1341–1344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Sims J (1997) The mechanism of acupuncture analgesia: A review. Compl Therap Med 5:102–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Sjolund B, Terenius L, Eriksson M (1977) Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of endorphins after electroacupuncture. Acta Physiol Scand 100:382–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Sjolund BH, Erikson BE (1979) The influence of naloxone on analgesia produced by peripheral conditioning stimulation. Brain Res 173:295–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Sodipo JO, Gilly H, Pauser G (1981) Endorphins: Mechanism of acupuncture analgesia. Am J Chin Med 9:249–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Stacher G, Wancura I et al (1975) Effect of acupuncture on pain threshold and pain tolerance determined by electrical stimulation of the skin: A controlled study. Am J Chin Med 3:143–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Stux G, Pomeranz B (1987) Acupuncture: Textbook and Atlas. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  174. Takagi J, Sawada T et al (1996) A possible involvement of monoaminergic and opioidergic systems in the analgesia induced by electroacupuncture in rabbits. Jap J Pharm 70:73–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Takahashi G, Mera H, Kobori M (1986) Inhibitory action on analgesic inhibitory system and augmenting action on naloxone reversal analgesia of jd-phenylalanine [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 608

    Google Scholar 

  176. Takeshige C (1985) Differentiation between acupuncture and nonacupuncture points by association with an analgesia inhibitory system. Acupunct Electrother Res 10:195–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Takeshige C, Tsuchiya M et al (1991) Dopaminergic transmission in the arcuate nucleus to produce acupuncture analgesia in correlation with the pituitary gland. Brain Res Bull 26:113–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Takeshige C, Zhao WH, Guo S Y (1991) Convergence from the preoptic area and arcuate nucleus to the median eminence in acupuncture and nonacupuncture stimulation analgesia. Brain Res Bull 26:771–778

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Takeshige C, Oka K et al (1993) The acupuncture point and its connecting central pathway for producing acupuncture analgesia. Brain Res Bull 30:53–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Takeshige C, Nakamura A et al (1992) Positive feedback action of pituitary beta-endorphin on acupuncture analgesia afferent pathway. Brain Res Bull 29:37–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Takeshige C, Kobori M et al (1992) Analgesia inhibitory system involvement in nonacupuncture point stimulation produced analgesia. Brain Res Bull 28:379–391

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Takishima T, Mue S, Tamura G et al (1982) The bronchodilating effect of acupuncture in patients with acute asthma. Ann Allergy 48:44–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Tanaka M (1986) Studies on analgesic enhancement by D-phenylalanine [Japanese with English summary]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 440

    Google Scholar 

  184. Tashkin D, Kroenig R et al (1977) Comparison of real and simulated acupuncture and isoproteranol in comparison to methacholine-induced asthma. Ann Allergy 39:379–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Tay AA, Tseng CK, Pace NL et al (1982) Failure of narcotic antagonist to alter electroacupuncture modification of halothane anaesthesia in the dog. Can Anaesth Soc J 29:231–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Toda K, Ichioka M (1978) Electroacupuncture: Relations between forelimb afferent impulses and suppression of jaw opening reflex in the rat. Exp Neurol 61:465–470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Thoren P, Floras JS et al (1989) Endorphins and exercise: Physiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Med Sci Sports Exerc 22:417–428

    Google Scholar 

  188. Travell J, Rinzler SH (1952) Myofascial genesis of pain. Postgrad Med J 11:425–434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Travell J, Simmons D (1983) Myofascial pain and dysfunction. The trigger point manual. William and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  190. Tsai HY, Lin JG, Inoki R (1989) Further evidence for possible analgesic mechanism of electroacupuncture: Effects of neuropeptides and serotonergic neurons in rat spinal cord. Jpn J Pharmacol 49:181–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Tseng HL, Chang LT et al (1958) Electrical conductance and temperature of the cutaneous acupuncture points: A study of normal readings and bodily distributions [Chinese]. J Trad Chin Med 12:559–563

    Google Scholar 

  192. Tseng LF, Loh HH, Li CH (1976) Effects of systemic administration of endorphins. Nature 263:239–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Tsunoda Y, Ikezono E et al (1980) Antagonism of acupuncture analgesia by naloxone in unconscious man. Bull Tokyo Med Dent 27:89–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Usami S, Takeshige C (1986) The difference in analgesia producing central pathway of stress-induced analgesia and that of acupuncture point- and nonpoint-produced analgesia [Japanese with English abstract]. In: Takeshige C (ed) Studies on the mechanism of acupuncture analgesia based on animal experiments. Showa University Press, Tokyo, p 638

    Google Scholar 

  195. Vacca-Galloway LL et al (1985) Alterations of immunoreactive substance P and enkephalins in rat spinal cord after electroacupuncture. Peptides 6 [Suppl 1]: 177–188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Vernejoul P de, Darras JC et al (1985) Etude des méridiens d’acupuncture par les traceurs radioactifs. Bull Acad Natl Med (Paris) 169:1071–1075

    Google Scholar 

  197. Vincent CA, Richardson PH (1986) The evaluation of therapeutic acupuncture: Concepts and methods. Pain 24:1–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Vincent CA, Richardson PH et al (1989) The significance of needle placement site in acupuncture. J Psychosom Res 33:489–496

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Vincent C, Lewith G (1995) Placebo controls for acupuncture studies. J R Soc Med 88:199–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Walker JB, Katz RL (1981) Nonopioid pathways suppress pain in humans. Pain 11:347–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Wall PD (1972) An eye on the needle. New Sci July 20, pp 129–131

    Google Scholar 

  202. Wall PD (1974) Acupuncture revisited. New Sci Oct 3, pp 31–34

    Google Scholar 

  203. Wang K, Yao S, Xian Y, Hou Z (1985) A study on the receptive field of acupoints and the relationship between characteristics of needle sensation and groups of afferent fibres. Sci Sin 28:963–971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Wang Q, Mao L, Han J (1990) The arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus mediates low but not high frequency electroacupuncture in rats. Brain Res 513:60–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Wang Q, Mao L, Han J (1990) The role of periaqueductal grey in mediation of analgesia produced by different frequencies electroacupuncture stimulation in rats. Int J Neurosci 53:167–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Watkins LR, Mayer DJ (1982) Organization of endogenous opiate and nonopiate pain control systems. Science 216:1185–1192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Watson SJ, Barchas JD (1979) Anatomy of the endogenous opioid peptides and related substances. In: Beers RF (ed) Mechanisms of pain and analgesic compounds. Raven, New York, pp 227–237

    Google Scholar 

  208. Wilier JC, Boureau F et al (1982) Comparative effects of EA and TENS on the human blink reflex. Pain 14:267–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  209. Woolf CJ (1984) Transcutaneous and implanted nerve stimulation. In: Wall PD, Melzack R (eds) Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 679–690

    Google Scholar 

  210. Woolf CJ, Barrett G et al (1977) Naloxone reversible peripheral electroanalgesia in intact and spinal rats. Eur J Pharmacol 451:311–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Woolf CJ, Mitchell D et al (1978) Failure of naloxone to reverse peripheral TENS analgesia in patients suffering from trauma. S Afr Med J 53:179–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Woolf CJ, Mitchell J, Barrett GD (1980) Antinociceptive effect of peripheral segmental electric stimulation in the rat. Pain 8:237–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Wu CC, Jong SB (1989) Radionuclide venography of lower limbs by subcutaneous injection: Comparison with venography by intravenous injection. Ann Nucl Med 3:125–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Wu C (1984) An experience on electroacupuncture therapy of facial palsy. (Abstract.) Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Acupuncture and Moxibustion. All China Society of Acupuncture, Beijing, p42

    Google Scholar 

  215. Wu DZ (1990) Acupuncture and neurophysiology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 92:13–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Xie GX, Han JS, Hollt V (1983) Electroacupuncture analgesia blocked by microinjection of anti-beta-endorphin antiserum into periaqueductal grey of the rabbit. Int J Neurosci 18:287–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Xue JI, Yu YX et al (1995) Changes in the content of immunoreactive dynorphin in dorsal and ventral spinal cord of the rat in three different conditions. Int J Neurosci 82:95–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Yang ZL, Cai TW, Wu JL (1989) Acupuncture and emotion; the influence of acupuncture anesthesia on the sensory and emotional components of pain. J Gen Psychol 116:247–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Yi CC, Lu TH, Wu SH, Tsou K (1977) A study on the release of tritiated 5-HT from brain during acupuncture and morphine analgesia. Sci Sinica 20:113–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Zheng M, Yang SG, Zou B (1988) Electroacupuncture markedly increases proenkephalin mRNA in rat striatun and pituitary. Sci Sin B 31:81–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Zao FY, Han JS et al (1987) Acupuncture analgesia in impacted last molar extraction. Effect of clomipramine and pargyline. In: Han JS (ed) The neurochemical basis of pain relief by acupuncture. A collection of papers 1973–1989. Beijing Medical Science, Beijing, pp 96–97

    Google Scholar 

  222. Zhang WH, Shen YC (1981) Change in levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and their main metabolites in rat brain after electroacupuncture treatment. Int J Neurosci 15:147–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Zhang AZ (1980) Endorphin and analgesia research in the People’s Republic of China (1975–1979). Acupunct Electrother Res Int J 5:131–146

    Google Scholar 

  224. Zhou ZF, Du MY, Han JS et al (1981) Effect of intracerebral microinjection of naloxone on acupuncture- and morphine-analgesia in the rabbit. Sci Sin 24:1166–1178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Zou K, Yi QC, Wu SX, Lu YX et al (1980) Enkephalin involvement in acupuncture analgesia. Sci Sin 23:1197–1207

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Zou K (1987) Neurochemical mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia. Pain Headache 9:266–282

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. B. Pomeranz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Akupunktur Centrum, Goltsteinstrasse 26, 40211, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Gabriel Stux M.D.

  2. Oregon College of Oriental Medicine, 10525 S. E. Cherry Blossom Drive, Portland, Oregon, 97216, USA

    Richard Hammerschlag Ph. D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pomeranz, B. (2001). Acupuncture Analgesia — Basic Research. In: Stux, G., Hammerschlag, R. (eds) Clinical Acupuncture. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56732-2_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56732-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-64054-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56732-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation