Abstract
Angiography, either conventional catheter angiography or non-invasive techniques such as CT and MR angiography and ultrasound, is used for the investigation of arterial and venous pathology in the neck. Its primary use is for the evaluation of the presence and severity of carotid stenosis. Other conditions such as vertebral artery stenosis and occlusion, carotid and vertebral artery dissection and fibromuscular dysplasia are less common but easily detectable with conventional angiography and, as will be discussed below, are becoming increasingly reliably evaluated by non-invasive imaging.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerman RH, Candia MR, May Z (1999) Editorial: Technical advances and clinical progress in carotid diagnosis. AJNR 20:187–189
Atlas SW (1994) MR angiography in neurologic disease. Radiology 193:1–16
Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M et al. (1991) Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 337:1521–1526
Bowen B. (1999) Editorial: The carotid artery through a keyhole. AJNR 20:186–187
Bradley WG, Waluch V (1985) Blood flow: magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology 154:443–450
Bradley WG, Waluch V, Lai K et al. (1984) Appearance of rapidly flowing blood on MRI. AJR 143:1167–1174
Brant-Zawadzki M (1997) The roles of MR angiography, CT angiography and sonography in vascular imaging of the head and neck. AJNR 18:1820–1825
Brown MM, Humphrey PRD (1992) Carotid endarterectomy, recommendations for management of transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke. BMJ 305:1071–1074
Caplan LR (1993) Brain embolism revisited. Neurology 43:1281–1287
Castaigne P, Lhermitte F, Gautier JC et al. (1973) Arterial occlusions in the vertebrobasilar system: a study of 44 patients with post mortem data. Brain 96:133–154
Clifton AG (1998) Results of CAVATAS study. Presented at WIN, Val d’Isere (January 1998) and BSNR, Cork (October 1998)
Clifton AG (1999) Imaging of the carotid bifurcation. Personal communication/presentation given to the Diagnostic Neuroradiology Forum, Atkinson Morley’s Hospital (February 1999)
Crawley F, Brown MM, Clifton AG (1998a) Angioplasty and stenting in the carotid and vertebral arteries. Postgrad Med J 74:7–10
Crawley F, Clifton A, Brown MM (1998b) Treatable lesions demonstrated on vertebral angiography for posterior circulation ischaemic events. Br J Radiol 71:1266–1270
Currie IC, Murphy KP, Jones AJ et al. (1994) Magnetic resonance angiography of IADSA for diagnosis of carotid pseudo-occlusion. Eur J Vasc Surg 8:562–566
De Marco JK, Schonfield S, Wesbey G (1996) Can non-invasive studies replace conventional angiography in the preoperative evaluation of carotid stenosis. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 6:911–929
Dennis M, Bamford J, Sandercock P et al. (1990) Prognosis of transient ischaemic attacks in the Oxfordshire stroke project. Stroke 21:848–853
Enzmann DR, Ross MR, Marks M et al. (1994) Blood flow in major cerebral arteries measured by phase contrast angiography. AJNR 15:123–129
European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group (1998) Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 351:1379–1387
Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (1995) Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. J Am Med Assoc 273:1421–14–8
Foo TKF, Saranathan M, Prince MK et al. (1997) Automated detection of bolus arrival and initiation of data acquisition in fast, three dimensional, Gadolinium-enhanced angiography. Radiology 203:275–280
Foo TKF, Ho VB, Choyke PL (1999) Contrast-enhanced carotid MR angiography (imaging principles and physics). Neuroimaging Clin North Am: Fast scan and echo planar MR imaging, 9:263–284
Foulkes MA, Wolf PA, Price TR et al. (1988) The stroke data bank, design, methods and baseline characteristics. Stroke 19:547–554
Heiserman JE, Drayer BP, Frake EK et al. (1992) MR angiography of cervical fibromuscular dysplasia. AJNR 13:1454–1451
Heiserman JE, Dean BL, Hodak JA et al. (1994) Neurological complications of cerebral angiography. Am J Neuroradiol 15:1401–1407
Holdsworth RJ, McCallum PT, Bryce JS et al. (1995) Symptoms, stenosis and carotid plaque morphology: is plaque morphology relevant? Eur J Vasc Surg 9:80–85
Ho VB, Foo TKF (1998) Optimisation of Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using an automated bolus detection algorithm (MR SMARTPREP). Invest Radiol 33:515–523
Keller PJ (1996) Magnetic resonance angiography of the neck: technical issues. Neuroimaging Clin North Am(Imaging of carotid artery disease) 6:853–861
Kent KC, Kuntz KM, Patel MR et al. (1995) Peri-operative imaging strategies for carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of morbidity and cost effectiveness in symptomatic patients. JAMA 274:888–893
Kim JK, Farb R, Wright GA (1998) Test bolus examination in the carotid artery at dynamic Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. Radiology 206:283–289
Korosec FR, Frague R, Grist TM et al. (1996) Time-resolved contrast enhanced 3D MR angiography. Magn Reson Med 36:345–351
Kuszyk BS, Fishman EK (1998) Technical aspects of CT angiography. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI 19:383–393
Link J, Brossman J, Penselin V et al. (1997) Common carotid artery bifurcation: preliminary results of CT angiography and color-coded duplex sonography compared with digital subtraction angiography. Am J Roentgenol 168:361–365
Marcus C, Ladam-Marcus VJ, Bigot J-L et al. (1999) Carotid arterial stenosis, evaluation at CT angiography with the volume-rendering technique. Radiology 211:775–780
Markus H, Loh A, Israel D et al. (1993) Microscopic air embolization during cerebral angiography and strategies for its removal. Lancet 341:784–787
Melhem ER, Caruthers SD, Faddoul SG et al. (1999) Use of 3D MR angiography for tracking a contrast bolus in the carotid artery. AJNR 20:263–266
Nicholas GG, Osborne AM, Jaffe JW et al. (1995) Carotid artery stenosis: pre-operative non-invasive evaluation in a community hospital. J Vasc Surg 22:9–16
North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators (1991) Beneficial effects of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high grade stenoses. N Eng J Med 325:445–453
Patel MR, Kuntz KM, Klufas RA et al. (1995) Pre-operative assessment of the carotid bifurcation. Can magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasonography replace contrast arteriography. Stroke 26:1753–1758
Pessin MS, Lathi ES, Cohen MB et al. (1987) Clinical features and mechanisms of occipital infarction. Ann Neurol 21:290–299
Provenzale JM (1995) Dissection of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries: imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 165:1099–1104
Pryor JC, Setton A, Nelson PK et al. (1996) Complications of diagnostic cerebral angiography and tips on its avoidance. Neuroimaging Clin North Am (Cerebral angiography) 6:751–758
Remonda L, Heed O, Silroth G (1998) Carotid artery stenosis, occlusion and pseudo-occlusion: first-pass Gadolinium-enhanced, three dimensional MR angiography-preliminary study. Radiology 209:95–102
Rofsky NM, Adelman MA (1998) Gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the carotid arteries: a small step, a giant leap. Radiology 209:31–34
Rosovsky MA, Litt AW, Krinsky MD (1996) Magnetic resonance carotid angiography of the neck (clinical implications). Neuroimaging Clin North Am (Imaging of carotid artery disease) 6:863–874
Russo CP, Smoker WRK (1996) Non-atheromatous carotid artery disease. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 6:811–830
Sidhu PS, Allan PL (1997) Review II: Ultrasound assessment of internal carotid artery stenosis. Clin Radiol 52:654–658
Vieco PT (1998) CT angiography of the carotid artery. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 8:593–605
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clifton, A.G. (2001). Role of Extracranial CT and MR Angiography. In: Demaerel, P. (eds) Recent Advances in Diagnostic Neuroradiology. Medical Radiology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56662-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56662-2_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63003-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56662-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive