Abstract
The concept of the atom, the fundamental particle of chemistry, was understood by some of the 4th century BC Greeks, who philosophized that all matter is reducible to indivisible particles. Experiments done 200 years ago convinced the chemists of that era that these atoms combine to form molecules, and that all molecules of a substance are identical. The development of powerful spectroscopic tools over the past three decades allows us to characterize individual atoms and molecules, and to test fundamental assumptions of chemistry, physics, and biology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
G. W. Greenlees, D. L. Clark, S. L. Kaufman, D. A. Lewis, J. F. Tonn, and J. H. Broadhurst, “High resolution laser spectroscopy with minute samples,” Opt. Commun. 23, 236–239 (1977)
C. L. Pan, J. V. Prodan, W. M. Fairbank Jr., and C. Y. She, “Detection of individual atoms in helium buffer gas and observation of their real-time motion,” Opt. Lett. 5, 459–461 (1980)
T. Hirschfeld, “Optical microscopic observation of single small molecules,” Appl. Opt. 15, 2965–2966 (1976)
N. J. Dovichi, J. C. Martin, J. H. Jett, and R. A. Keller, “Attogram detection limit for aqueous dye samples by laser-induced fluorescence,” Science 219, 845–847 (1983)
N. J. Dovichi, J. C. Martin, J. H. Jett, M. Trkula, and R. A. Keller, “Laserinduced fluorescence of flowing samples as an approach to single-molecule detection in liquids,” Anal. Chem. 56, 348–354 (1984)
D. C. Nguyen, R. A. Keller, J. H. Jett, and J. C. Martin, “Detection of single molecules of phycoerythrin in hydrodynamically focused flows by laser-induced fluorescence,” Anal. Chem. 59, 2158–2161 (1987)
N. J. Dovichi, “Attogram detection limits using laser-induced fluorescence,” Trends Anal. Chem. 3, 55–57 (1984)
Y. F. Cheng and N. J. Dovichi, “Subattomole amino acid analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence,” Science 242, 562–564 (1988)
H. Swerdlow, J. Z. Zhang, D. Y. Chen, H. R. Harke, R. Grey, S. Wu, C. Fuller, and N. J. Dovichi, “Three DNA sequencing methods using capillary gel electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence,” Anal. Chem. 63, 2835–2841 (1991)
Z. Zhang, S. Krylov, E. A. Arriaga, R. Polakowski, and N. J. Dovichi, “Onedimensional protein analysis of an HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell,” Anal. Chem. 72, 318–322 (2000)
J. Y. Zhao, N. J. Dovichi, O. Hindsgaul, S. Gosselin, and M. M. Palcic, “Detection of 100 molecules of product formed in a fucosyltransferase reaction,” Glycobiology 4, 239–242 (1994)
N. J. Dovichi, Development of DNA sequencer, Science 285, 1016 (1999)
J. Z. Zhang, K. O. Voss, D. F. Shaw, K. P. Roos, D. F. Lewis, J. Yan, R. Jiang, H. Ren, J. Y. Hou, Y. Fang, X. Puyang, H. Ahmadzadeh, and N. J. Dovichi, “A multiple-capillary electrophoresis system for small-scale DNA sequencing and analysis,” Nucleic Acids Res. 27, E36 (1999)
D. Y. Chen and N. J. Dovichi, “Single-molecule detection in capillary electrophoresis: Molecular shot noise as a fundamental limit to chemical analysis,” Anal. Chem. 68, 690–696 (1996)
W. E. Moerner and L. Kador, “Optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in a solid,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2535–2538 (1989)
B. Rotman, “Measurement of activities of single molecules of β-galactosidase,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 47, 1981–1986 (1961)
Q. Xue and E. S. Yeung, “Differences in the chemical reactivity of individual molecules of an enzyme,” Nature 373, 681–683 (1995)
W. Tan and E. S. Yeung, “Monitoring the reactions of single enzyme molecules and single metal ions,” Anal. Chem. 69, 4242–4248 (1997)
D. B. Craig, E. Arriaga, J. C. Y. Wong, H. Lu, and N. J. Dovichi, “Studies on single alkaline Phosphatase molecules: Reaction rate and activation energy of a reaction catalyzed by a single molecule and the effect of thermal denaturation — the death of an enzyme,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 5245–5253 (1996)
D. B. Craig, E. Arriaga, J. C. Y. Wong, H. Lu, and N. J. Dovichi, “The life and death of a single enzyme molecule,” Anal. Chem. 70, 39A–43A (1998)
S. Gladstone, K. J. Laidler, and H. Eyring, The Theory of Rate Processes, p. 108 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941)
L. Engström, “Studies on calf-intestinal alkaline Phosphatase. 1. Chromatographic purification, microheterogeneity and some other properties of the purified enzyme,” Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 52, p36–48 (1961)
A. Varki, “Biological roles of Oligosaccharides: All of the theories are correct,” Glycobiology 2, 97–130 (1993)
R. A. Bradshaw, F. Cancedda, L. H. Ericsson, P. A. Neumann, S. P. Piccoli, M. J. Schlesinger, K. Shriefer, and K. A. Walsh, “Amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli alkaline Phosphatase,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 3473–3477 (1981)
R. Polakowski, D. Craig, A. Skelley, and N. J. Dovichi, “Single molecules of highly purified bacterial alkaline Phosphatase,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 4853–4855 (2000)
H. P. Lu, L. Sun, and X. S. Xie, “Single-molecule enzymatic dynamics,” Science 282, 1877–1882 (1998)
Edman, Z. Foldes-Papp, S. Wennmalm, and R. Rigler, “The fluctuating enzyme: A single molecule approach,‘” Chem. Phys. 247, 11–22 (1999)
D. Heinova, J. Blahovec, and I. Rosival, “Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in bird, carp and mammalian sera,” Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 34, 91–95 (1996)
D. B. Craig and N. J. Dovichi, “E. coli β-galactosidase is heterogeneous with respect to the activity of individual molecules,” Can. J. Chem. 76, 623–626 (1998)
K. Fujiyama, H. Takemura, S. Shibayama, K. Kobayashi, J. K Choi, A. Shinmyo, M. Takano, Y. Yamada, and H. Okada, “Structure of the horseradish peroxidase isozyme C genes,” Eur. J. Biochem. 173, 681–687 (1988)
K. G. Welinder, “Amino acid sequence studies of horseradish peroxidase. Amino and carboxyl termini, cyanogen bromide and tryptic fragments, the complete sequence, and some structural characteristics of horseradish peroxidase C,” Eur. J. Biochem. 96, 483–502 (1979)
D. B. Craig and N. J. Dovichi, “Multiple labeling of proteins,” Anal. Chem. 70, 2493–2494 (1998)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dovichi, N.J., Polakowski, R., Skelley, A., Craig, D.B., Wong, J. (2001). Single-Molecule Enzymology. In: Single Molecule Spectroscopy. Springer Series in Chemical Physics, vol 67. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56544-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56544-1_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62702-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56544-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive