Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cometary Dust

  • Chapter
Interplanetary Dust

Part of the book series: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library ((AAL))

Abstract

This chapter reviews the history of cometary dust investigations. The individual sections describe the progress achieved in the understanding of the dynamical properties of cometary dust, its optical, thermal, and other physical properties, and its chemistry. The review emphasizes information that was obtained during the three recent major observing campaigns, focused on comets IP /Halley, Shoemaker-Levy 9 (1994X = D/1993 F2), and Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01). Where appropriate, the review relates the discussed topics to relevant issues of cometary nuclei and their physical and chemical properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • A’Hearn, M. F., Hoban, S., Birch, P. V., Bowers, C., Martin, R., and Klinglesmith, D. A. 1986. CN jets in comet P/Halley. Nature, 324, pp. 649–651.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A’Hearn, M. F., Millis, R. L., Schleicher, D. G., Osip, D. J., and Birch, P. V. 1995. The ensemble properties of comets: Results from narrowband photometry of 85 comets, 1976-1992. Icarus, 118, pp. 223–270.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A’Hearn, M. F., and Schleicher, D. G. 1988. Comet P/Encke’s nongravitational force. Ap. J., 331, pp. L47–L51.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A’Hearn M. F., Schleicher, D. G., Feldman, P. D., Millis, R. L., and Thompson, D. T. 1984. Comet Bowell 1980b. Astron. J., 89, pp. 579–591.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Akabane, T. 1983. The secondary tail of comet 1976 VI West. Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan, 35, pp. 565–578.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Anders, E., and Grevesse, N. 1989. Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, pp. 197–214.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Anders, E., and Zinner, E. 1993. Interstellar grains in primitive meteorites: diamond, silicon carbide, and graphite. Meteoritics, 28, pp. 490–514.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Arpigny, C. 1979. Relative abundances of the heavy elements in comet Ikeya-Seki (1965 VIII). In Les Ă©lĂ©ments et leurs isotopes dans l’univers, XXIIe ColI. Int. d’Astrophys. (Liège: UniversitĂ© de Liège), pp. 189-197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrhenius, S. A. 1900. Ueber die Ursache der Nordlichter. Phys. Zeitschr., 2, pp. 81–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asphaug, E., and Benz, W. 1996. Size, density, and structure of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 inferred from the physics of tidal breakup. Icarus, 121, pp. 225–248.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Baas, F., Geballe, T. R., and Walther, D. M. 1986. Spectroscopy of the 3.4 micron emission feature in comet Halley. Ap. J., 311, pp. L97–L101.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Becklin, E. E., and Westphal, J. A. 1966. Infrared observations of comet 1965f. Ap. J., 145, pp. 445–453.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Beisser, K., and Boehnhardt, H. 1987a. Evidence for the nucleus rotation in streamer patterns of comet Halley’s dust tail. Astrophys. Space Sci., 139, pp. 5–12.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Beisser, K., and Boehnhardt, H. 1987b. Dust tail streamers and Halley’s nucleus rotation. In Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP-278, eds. E. J. Rolfe and B. Battrick (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 665–670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessel, F. W. 1836. Beobachtungen ueber die physische Beschaffenheit des Halley’schen Kometen und dadurch veranlasste Bemerkungen. Astron. Nachr., 13, pp. 185–232.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobrovnikoff, N. T. 1951. Comets. In Astrophysics, ed. J. A. Hynek (New York: McGraw-Hill), pp. 302–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • BockelĂ©e-Morvan, D., Brooke, T. Y., and Crovisier, J. 1995. On the origin of the 3.2- to 3.6-ÎĽm emission features in comets. Icarus, 116, pp. 18–39.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • BockelĂ©e-Morvan, D., and GĂ©rard, E. 1984. Radio observations of the hydroxyl radical in comets with high spectral resolution. Kinematics and asymmetries of the OH coma in C/Meier (1978 XXI), C/Bradfield (1979 X), and C/ Austin (1982g). Astron. Astrophys., 131, pp. 111–122.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Boehnhardt, H. 1986. The charge of fluffy dust grains of silicate and carbon near P/Halley and P/Giacobini-Zinner. In Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, eds. B. Battrick, E. J. Rolfe, and R. Reinhard (Noordwijk: ESTEC), Vol. 2, pp. 207–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boehnhardt, H., and Fechtig, H. 1987. Electrostatic charging and fragmentation of dust near P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 824–828.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohren, C. F., and Huffman, D. R. 1983. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles. (New York: John Wiley & Sons.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond, G. P. 1862. Account of the great comet of 1858. Ann. Harvard Coll. Obs., 3, pp. 1–372.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, J. P. 1994. Chemically anomalous, preaccretionally irradiated grains in interplanetary dust from comets. Science, 265, pp. 925–929.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, J. P., Brownlee, D. E., and Veblen, D. R. 1983. Pyroxene whiskers and platelets in interplanetary dust: evidence of vapour phase growth. Nature, 301, pp. 473–477.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, J. P., Germani, M., and Brownlee, D. 1989. Automated thin-film analyses of anhydrous interplanetary dust particles in the analytical electron microscope. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 93, pp. 1–13.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bregman, J. D., Campins, H., Witteborn, F. C., Wooden, D. H., Rank, D. M., Allamandola, L. J., Cohen, M., and Tielens, A. G. G. M. 1987. Airborne and groundbased spectrophotometry of comet P/Halley from 5-13 micrometers. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 616–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooke, T. Y., Tokunaga, A. T., and Knacke, R. F. 1991. Detection of the 3.4 p,m emission feature in comets P/Brorsen-Metcalf and Okazaki-Levy-Rudenko (1989r) and an observational summary. Astron. J., 101, pp. 268–278.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brownlee, D., Wheelock, M., Temple, S., Bradley, J., and Kissel, J. 1987. A quantitative comparison of comet Halley and carbonaceous chondrites at the submicron level. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., 18, pp. 133–134.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Brucato, J. R., Colangeli, L., Mennella, V., Palumbo, P., and Bussoletti, E. 1999. Silicates in Hale-Bopp: hints from laboratory studies. Plan. Space Sci., 47, pp. 773–779.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J. A., Lamy, P. L., and Soter, S. 1979. Radiation forces on small particles in the solar system. Icarus, 40, pp. 1–48.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. B., Harmon, J. K., and Shapiro, I. I. 1989. Radar observations of comet Halley. Astrophys. J., 338, pp. 1094–1105.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Campins, H., Rieke, G. H., and Lebofsky, M. J. 1983. Ice in comet Bowell. Nature, 302, pp. 405–406.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Campins, H., and Ryan, E. V. 1989. The identification of crystalline olivine in cometary silicates. Astrophys. J., 341, pp. 1059–1066.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chernova, G. P., Kiselev, N. N., and Jockers, K. 1993. Polarimetric characteristics of dust particles as observed in 13 comets: Comparisons with asteroids. Icarus, 103, pp. 144–158.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B., Mason, L., and Kissel, J. 1987. Systematics of the “CHON” and other light-element particle populations in comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 779–784.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Combes, M., Moroz, V. I., Crovisier, J., Encrenaz, T., Bibring, J-.P., Grigoriev, A. V., Sanko, N. F., Coron, N., Crifo, J. F., Gispert, R., BockelĂ©e-Morvan, D., Nikolsky, Yu. V., Krasnopolsky, V. A., Owen, T., Emerich, C., Lamarre, J. M., and Rocard, F. 1988. The 2.5-12-ÎĽm spectrum of comet Halley from the IKS-VEGA experiment. Icarus, 76, pp. 404–436.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Combi, M. R. 1994. The fragmentation of dust in the innermost comae of comets: possible evidence from ground-based images. Astron. J., 108, pp. 304–312.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Combi, M. R., Kabin, K., DeZeeuw, D. L., Gombosi, T. I., and Powell, K. G. 1999. Dust-gas interrelations in comets: Observations and theory. Earth Moon Plan., 79, pp. 275–306.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cremonese, G., and Fulle, M. 1989. Photometrical analysis of the neck-line structure of comet Halley. Icarus, 80, pp. 267–279.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cremonese, G., and Fulle, M. 1990. The dust tail of comet Wilson 1987 VII. Astron. J., 100, pp. 1285–1292.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Crifo, J. F. 1991. Hydrodynamic models of the collisional coma. In Comets in the PostHalley Era, eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe (Dordrecht: Kluwer), pp. 937–989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, J., and Chang, S. 1993. Organic matter in meteorites: molecular and isotopic analysis of the Murchison meteorite. In The Chemistry of Life’s Origin, eds. J. M. Greenberg, C. X. Mendoza-Gomez, and V. Pirronello (Dordrecht: Kluwer), pp. 209–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crovisier, J., Brooke, T. Y., Hanner, M. S., Keller, H. U., Lamy, P. L., Altieri, B., BockelĂ©eMorvan, D., Jorda, L., Leech, K., and Lellouch, E. 1996. The infrared spectrum of comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) at 4.6 AU from the Sun. Astron. Astrophys., 315, pp. L385–L388.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Crovisier, J., Brooke, T. Y., Leech, K., BockelĂ©e-Morvan, D., Lellouch, E., Hanner, M. S., Altieri, B., Keller, H. U., Lim, T., Encrenaz, T., Salama, A., Griffin, M., de Graauw, T., van Dishoeck, E., and Knacke, R. F. 2000. The thermal infrared spectra of comets HaleBopp and 103P/Hartley 2 observed with the Infrared Space Observatory. In Thermal Emission Spectroscopy and Analysis of Dust Disks and Regoliths, Conf. Series, eds. M. L. Sitko, A. L. Sprague, and D. K. Lynch (San Francisco: Astron. Soc. Pacific Press), pp. 109–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crovisier, J., Leech, K., BockelĂ©e-Morvan, D., Brooke, T. Y., Hanner, M. S., Altieri, B., Keller, H. U., and Lellouch, E. 1997a. The spectrum of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) observed with the Infrared Space Observatory at 2.9 astronomical units from the sun. Science, 275, pp. 1904–1907.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Crovisier, J., Leech, K., BockelĂ©e-Morvan, D., Brooke, T. Y., Hanner, M. S., Altieri, B., Keller, H. U., and Lellouch, E. 1997b. The infrared spectrum of comet Hale-Bopp. In First ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy, ESA SP-419, eds. A. M. Heras, K. Leech, N. R. Trams, and M. Perry (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. K., Green, S. F., and Geballe, T. R. 1991. The detection of a strong 3.28 ÎĽm emission feature in comet Levy. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 251, pp. 148–151.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. K., Roush, T. L., Cruikshank, D. P., Bartholomew, M. J., Geballe, T. R., Owen, T., and de Bergh, C. 1997. The detection of water ice in comet Hale-Bopp. Icarus, 127, pp. 238–245.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, K. L. 1974. A possible identification of the 10-micron “silicate” feature. Ap. J., 192, pp. L15–L17.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, K. L. 1976. Further measurements of amorphous silicates. Ap. J., 210, pp. 614–617.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • de Pater, I., Palmer, P., Snyder, L. E., and Ip, W.-H. 1986. VLA observations of comet Halley: The brightness distribution of OH around the comet. In Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, eds. B. Battrick, E. J. Rolfe, and R. Reinhard (Noordwijk: ESTEC), Vol. 1, pp. 409–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiSanti, M. A., Mumma, M. J., Geballe, T. R., and Davies, J. K. 1995. Systematic observations of methanol and other organics in comet P/Swift-Tuttle: discovery of new spectral structure at 3.42 ÎĽm. Icarus, 116, pp. 1–17.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • DiSanti, M. A., Mumma, M. J., Delio Russo, N., Magee-Sauer, K., Novak, R., and Rettig, T. W. 1999. Identification of two sources of carbon monoxide in comet Hale-Bopp. Nature, 399, pp. 662–665.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dollfus, A., Bastien, P., Le Borgne, J.-F., Levasseur-Regourd, A. C., and Mukai, T. 1988. Optical polarimetry of P/Halley: synthesis of the measurements in the continuum. Astron. Astrophys., 206, pp. 348–356.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorschner, J., Begemann, B., Henning, Th., Jager, C., and Mutschke, H. 1995. Steps toward interstellar silicate mineralogy II. Study of Mg-Fe silicate glasses of variable composition. Astron. Astrophys., 300, pp. 503–520.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorschner, J., Friedemann, C., Gurtler, J., and Henning, T. 1988. Optical properties of glassy bronzite and the interstellar silicate bands. Astron. Astrophys., 198, pp. 223–232.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt, P., Krankowsky, D., Schulte, W., Dolder, U., Lammerzahl, P., Berthelier, J. J., Woweries, J., Stubbemann, U., Hodges, R. R., Hoffman, J. H., and Illiano, J. M. 1987. The CO and N2 abundance in comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 481–484.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Finson, M. L., and Probstein, R. F. 1968a. A theory of dust comets. I. Model and equations. Ap. J., 154, pp. 327–352.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Finson, M. L., and Probstein, R. F. 1968b. A theory of dust comets. II. Results for Comet Arend-Roland. Ap. J., 154, pp. 353–380.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomenkova, M. N., and Chang, S. 1994. Carbon in comet Halley dust particles. In Analysis of Interplanetary Dust, eds. M. E. Zolensky, T. L. Wilson, F. J. M. Rietmeijer, and G. J. Flynn (New York: Am. Inst. Phys.), pp. 193–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fomenkova, M. N., and Chang, S. 1996. The link between cometary and interstellar dust. In The Cosmic Dust Connection, ed. J. M. Greenberg (Dordrecht: Kluwer), pp. 459–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fomenkova, M., Larson, S., Jones, B., and Pina, R. 1994a. Albedo maps of comet SwiftTuttle. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 26, p. 1119. (Abstract.)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomenkova, M. N., Chang, S., and Mukhin, L. M. 1994b. Carbonaceous components in the comet Halley dust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, pp. 4503–4512.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomenkova, M. N., Evlanov, E. N., Mukhin, L. M., and Prilutskii, O. F. 1991. Determination of mass of comet Halley dust particles. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conj., 22, pp. 397–398.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomenkova, M. N., Jones, B., Pina, R. K., Puetter, R. C., McFadden, L. A., Abney, F., and Gehrz, R. D. 1993. Thermal-infrared high-resolution imaging of comet Austin. Icarus, 106, pp. 489–498.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fomenkova, M. N., Kerridge, J., Marti, K., and McFadden, L. 1992. Compositional trends in rock-forming elements of comet Halley dust. Science, 258, pp. 266–269.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fröhlich, H.-E., and Notni, P. 1988. Radiation pressure - a stabilizing agent of dust clouds in comets? Astron. Nachr., 309, pp. 147–155.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M. 1987a. A new approach to the Finson-Probstein method of interpreting cometary dust tails. Astron. Astrophys., 171, pp. 327–335.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M. 1987b. A possible neck-line structure in the dust tail of comet Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 181, pp. L13–L14.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M. 1987c. Meteoroids from comet Bennett 1970 II. Astron. Astrophys., 183, pp. 392–396.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M. 1988a. Meteoroids from comets Arend-Roland 1957 III and Seki-Lines 1962 III. Astron. Astrophys., 189, pp. 281–291.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M. 1988b. Meteoroids from comet Kohoutek 1973 XII. Astron. Astrophys., 201, pp. 161–168.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M. 1989. Evaluation of cometary dust parameters from numerical simulations: comparison with an analytical approach and the role of anisotropic emissions. Astron. Astrophys., 217, pp. 283–297.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M. 1992. A dust-tail model based on Maxwellian velocity distribution. Astron. Astrophys., 265, pp. 817–824.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M., Barbieri, C., and Cremonese, G. 1987. The dust tail of comet Halley. In Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP-278, eds. E. J. Rolfe and B. Battrick (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 639–644.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M., Barbieri, C., and Cremonese, G. 1988. The dust tail of comet P/Halley from ground-based CCD images. Astron. Astrophys., 201, pp. 362–372.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M., Bohm, C., Mengoli, G., Muzzi, F., Orlandi, S., and Sette, G. 1994. Current meteor population of comet P/Swift-Tuttle 1992t. Astron. Astrophys., 292, pp. 304–310.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M., Bosio, S., Cremonese, G., Cristaldi, S., Liller, W., and Pansecchi, L. 1993a. The dust environment of comet Austin 1990 V. Astron. Astrophys., 272, pp. 634–650.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M., Cremonese, G., Jockers, K., and Rauer, H. 1992. The dust tail of comet Liller 1988 V. Astron. Astrophys., 253, pp. 615–624.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M., Mennella, V., Rotundi, A., Colangeli, L., Bussoletti, E., and Pasian, F. 1993b. The dust environment of comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup as evidenced from ground-based observations. Astron. Astrophys., 276, pp. 582–588.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulle, M., and Sedmak, G. 1988. Photometrical analysis of the neck-line structure of comet Bennett 1970 II. Icarus, 74, pp. 383–398.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Furusho, R., Suzuki, B., Yamamoto, N., Kawakita, H., Sasaki, T., Shimizu, Y. and Kurakami, T. 1999. Imaging polarimetry and color of the inner coma of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Pub. Astron. Soc. Japan, 51, pp. 367–373.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesh, S., Joshi, U. C., Baliyan, K. S., and Deshpande, M. R. 1998. Polarimetric observations of the comet Hale-Bopp. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., 129, pp. 489–493.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehrz, R. D., and Ney, E. P. 1992. 0.7-23 ÎĽm photometric observations of P/Halley 1986 III and six recent bright comets. Icarus, 100, pp. 162–186.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Geiss, J. 1987. Composition measurements and the history of cometary matter. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 859–866.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Germani, M., Bradley, J. P., and Brownlee, D. 1990. Automated thin-film analyses of hydrated interplanetary dust particles in the analytical electron microscope. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 101, pp. 162–179.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Giese, R. H., Killinger, R. T., Kneissel, B., and Zerull, R. H. 1986. Albedo and color of dust grains: Laboratory versus cometary results. In Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, eds. B. Battrick, E. J. Rolfe, and R. Reinhard (Noordwijk: ESTEC), Vol. 2, pp. 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaccum, W., Moseley, S. H., Campins, H., and Lowenstein, R. F. 1987. Airborne spectrophotometry of P/Halley from 20 to 65 microns. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 635–638.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, R. M., Jurgens, R. F., and Sekanina, Z. 1984. A radar study of comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock 1983d. Astron. J., 89, pp. 1745–1754.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gombosi, T. I. 1986. A heuristic model of the comet Halley dust size distribution. In Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, eds. B. Battrick, E. J. Rolfe, and R. Reinhard (Noordwijk: ESTEC), Vol. 2, pp. 167–17l.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gombosi, T. I. 1991. Multidimensional dusty gasdynamical models of inner cometary atmospheres. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), pp. 991–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gombosi, T. I., Cravens, T. E., and Nagy, A. F. 1985. Time-dependent dusty gas dynamical flow near cometary nuclei. Ap. J., 293, pp. 328–341.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gombosi, T. I., Szego, K., Gribov, B. E., Sagdeev, R. Z., Shapiro, V. D., Shevchenko, V. I., and Cravens, T. E. 1983. Gas dynamic calculations of dust terminal velocities with realistic dust size distributions. In Cometary Exploration, ed. T. I. Gombosi (Budapest: Hung. Acad. Sci.), Vol. 2, pp. 99–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. M. 1982. What are comets made of? A model based on interstellar dust. In Comets, ed. L. L. Wilkening (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 131–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. M., and Gustafson, B. Ă…. S. 1981. A comet fragment model for zodiacal light particles. Astron. Astrophys., 93, pp. 35–42.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. M., and Hage, J. I. 1990. From interstellar dust to comets: a unification of observational constraints. Ap. J., 361, pp. 260–274.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. M., and Li, A. 1996. What are the true astronomical silicates? Astron. Astrophys., 309, pp. 258–266.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. M., and Li, A. 1998. From interstellar dust to comets: the extended CO source in comet Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 332, pp. 374–384.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. M., Mizutani, H., and Yamamoto, T. 1995. A new derivation of the tensile strength of cometary nuclei: application to comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Astron. Astrophys., 295, pp. L35–L38.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • GrĂĽn, E., and Jessberger, E. K. 1990. Dust. In Physics and Chemistry of Comets, ed. W. F. Huebner (Heidelberg: Springer), pp. 113–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • GrĂĽn, E., Hanner, M. S., Peschke, S. B., Miiller, T., Boehnhardt, H., Brooke, T. Y., Campins, H., Crovisier, J., Delahodde, C., Heinrichsen, I., Keller, H. U., Knacke, R. F., KrĂĽ;ger, H., Lamy, P., Leinert, Ch., Lemke, D., Lisse, C. M., Miiller, M., Osip, D. J., Solc, M., Stickel, M., Sykes, M., Vanysek, V., and Zarnecki, J. 2000. Broadband infrared photometry of comet Hale-Bopp with ISOPHOT. Astron. Astrophys., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, B. Ă…. S. 1989. Comet ejection and dynamics of nonspherical dust particles and meteoroids. Ap. J., 337, pp. 945–949.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, B. Ă…. S. and Kolokolova, L. 1999. A systematic study of the light scattering by aggregate particles using the microwave analog technique: Angular and wavelength dependence of intensity and polarization. J. Geophys. Res., 104, pp. 31,711–31,720.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadamcik, E. 1999. Contribution a une classification des cometes a partir d’observations et de simulations en laboratoire. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Paris 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadamcik, E., and Levasseur-Regourd, A. C. 1999. Lumiere diffusee par les particules solides ejectees du noyau de la comete 81P/Wild 2. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 2B, C2-316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadamcik, E., Levasseur-Regourd, A. C., and Renard, J. B. 1999. CCD polarimetric imaging of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 365–371.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hage, J. I., and Greenberg, J. M. 1990. A model for the optical properties of porous grains. Ap. J., 361, pp. 251–259.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, J. M., Rettig, T. W., and Mumma, M. J. 1996. Cornet Shoemaker-Levy 9 dust. Icarus, 121, pp. 291–304.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammel, H. B., Telesco, C. M., Campins, H., Decher, R., Storrs, A. D., and Cruikshank, D. P. 1987. Albedo maps of comets P/Halley and P/Giacobini-Zinner. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 665–668.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S. 1981. On the detect ability of icy grains in the comae of comets. Icarus, 47, pp. 342–350.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S. 1983. The nature of cometary dust from remote sensing. In Cometary Exploration, ed. T. I. Gombosi (Budapest: Hung. Acad. of Sci.), Vol. 2, pp. 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S. 1999. The silicate material in comets. Space Sci. Rev., 90, pp. 99–108.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., and Campins, H. 1986. Thermal emission from the dust coma of comet Bowell and a model for the grains. Icarus, 67, pp. 51–62.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Gehrz, R. D., Harker, D. E., Hayward, T. L., Lynch, D. K., Mason, C. C., Russell, R. W., Williams, D. M., Wooden, D. H., and Woodward, C. E. 1999. Thermal emission from the dust coma of comet Hale-Bopp and the composition of the silicate grains. Earth Moon Plan., 79, pp. 247–264.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Giese, R. H., Weiss, K., and Zerull, R. 1981. On the definition of albedo and application to irregular particles. Astron. Astrophys., 104, pp. 42–46.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Hackwell, J. A., Russell, R. W., and Lynch, D. K. 1994b. Silicate emission feature in the spectrum of comet Mueller 1993a. Icarus, 112, pp. 490–495.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Lynch, D. K., and Russell, R. W. 1994a. The 8-13 micron spectra of comets and the composition of the silicate grains. Ap. J., 425, pp. 274–285.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Lynch, D. K., Russell, R. W., Hackwell, J. A., and Kellogg, R. 1996. Midinfrared spectra of comets P/Borrelly, P/Faye, and P/Schaumasse. Icarus, 124, pp. 344–351.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., and Newburn, R. L. 1989. Infrared photometry of comet Wilson (19861) at two epochs. Astron. J., 97, pp. 254–261.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Newburn, R. L., Gehrz, R. D., Harrison, T., Ney, E. P., and Hayward, T. L. 1990. The infrared spectrum of comet Bradfield (1987s) and the silicate emission feature. Ap. J., 348, pp. 312–321.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Tedesco, E., Tokunaga, A. T., Veeder, G. J., Lester, D. F., Witteborn, F. C., Bregman, J. D., Gradie, J., and Lebofsky, L. 1985. The dust coma of periodic comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (1982 VIII). Icarus, 64, pp. 11–19.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner, M. S., Tokunaga, A. T., Golisch, W. F., Griep, D. M., and Kaminski, C. D. 1987. Infrared emission from P/Halley’s dust coma during March 1986. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 653–660.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, C. L. 1824. Astronomische Nachrichten, Beobachtungen des diesjiihrigen Kometen, etc. Berlin. Astron. Jahrbuch fĂĽ;r 1827, pp. 131–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, J. K., Campbell, D. B., Hine, A. A., Shapiro, I. I., and Marsden, B. G. 1989. Radar observations of comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock 1983d. Ap. J., 338, pp. 1071–1093.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon, J. K., Ostro, S. J., Benner, L. A. M., Rosema, K. D., Jurgens, R. F., Winkler, R., Yeomans, D. K., Choate, D., Cormier, R., Giorgini, J. D., Mitchell, D. L., Chodas, P. W., Rose, R., Kelley, D., Slade, M. A., and Thomas, M. L. 1997. Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2): Radar detection of nucleus and coma. Science, 278, pp. 1921–1924.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, W. K., and Cruikshank, D. P. 1984. Comet color changes with solar distance. Icarus, 57, pp. 55–62.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, W. K., Cruikshank, D. P., and Degewij, J. 1982. Remote comets and related bodies: VJHK colorimetry and surface materials. Icarus, 52, pp. 377–408.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa, H., Ichikawa, T., Abe, S., Hamamura, S., Ohnishi, K., and Watanabe, J. 1999. Near-infrared photometric and polarimetric observations of comet Hale-Bopp. Earth Moon Plan., bf 78, pp. 353–358.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, T. L., Hanner, M. S., and Sekanina, Z. 2000. Thermal infrared imaging and spectroscopy of comet Hale-Bopp. Ap. J., 538, pp. 428–455.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellmich, R. 1981. The influence of the radiation transfer in cometary dust halos on the production rates of gas and dust. Astron. Astrophys., 93, pp. 341–346.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellmich, R., and Keller, H. U. 1981. On the visibility of nuclei of dusty comets. Icarus, 47, pp. 325–332.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Herter, T., Campins, H., and Gull, G. E. 1987. Airborne spectrophotometry of P/Halley from 16 to 30 microns. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 629–631.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hevelius, J. 1682. Excerpta ex epistola. II. De comet a anno 1682 mense Augusto & Septimbri viso. Acta Erudit., Dec. 1682, pp. 389–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewins, R. H. 1988. Experimental studies of chondrules. In Meteorites and the Early Solar System, eds. J. F. Kerridge and M. S. Matthews (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 660–679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horányi, M., and Mendis, D. A. 1986. The effects of electrostatic charging on the dust distribution at Halley’s comet. Ap. J., 307, pp. 800–807.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung, K., and Kissel, J. 1994. On shock wave impact ionization of dust particles. Astron. Astrophys., 291, pp. 324–336.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. W. 1988. Origin of the Solar System. In Origins, ed. A. C. Fabian (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 26–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. W. 1991. Possible mechanisms for cometary outbursts. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), pp. 825–851.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogamov, N. A. 1987. Electrostatic screening by self-consistent space charge and the ion dynamics in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J. Eng. Phys., 52, pp. 396–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, W. M., and Knacke, R. F. 1989. The chemistry of interstellar gas and grains. In Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres, eds. S. K. Atreya et al. (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 3–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaegermann, R. 1903. Prof. Dr. Th. Bredichin’s Mechanische Untersuchungen ĂĽ;ber Cometenformen. (St. Petersburg: Voss.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jambor, B. J. 1973. The split tail of comet Seki-Lines. Ap. J., 185, pp. 727–734.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jessberger, E. K. 1993. Ăśber die Zusammensetzung des kometiiren Staubes. Mitt. Ă–sterreich. Mineralog. Ges., 138, pp. 19–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessberger, E. K., Christoforidis, A., and Kissel, J. 1988. Aspects of the major element composition of Halley’s dust. Nature, 332, pp. 691–695.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jessberger, E. K., and Kissel, J. 1991. Chemical properties of cometary dust and a note on carbon isotopes. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), pp. 1075–1092.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessberger, E. K., Kissel, J., Fechtig, H., and Krueger, F. R. 1986. On the average chemical composition of cometary dust. In Comet Nucleus Sample Return, ESA SP-249, ed. O. Melita (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessberger, E. K., Kissel, J., and Rahe, J. 1989. The composition of comets. In Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres, eds. S. K. Atreya, J. B. Pollack, and M. S. Matthews (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 167–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, D. 1990. The persistent coma of comet P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1. Ap. J., 351, pp. 277–286.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, D., and Luu, J. 1990. The submillimeter radio continuum of comet P/BrorsenMetcalf. Ap. J., 365, pp. 738–747.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, D., and Luu, J. 1992. Submillimeter continuum emission from comets. Icarus, 100, pp. 187–196.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, D. C., and Matthews, H. E. 1997. Submillimeter continuum observations of comet Hyakutake (1996 B2). Astron. J., 113, pp. 1145–1151.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, D., and Matthews, H. 1999. Particulate mass loss from comet Hale-Bopp. Astron. J., 117, pp. 1056–1062.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, D., and Meech, K. J. 1986. Cometary grain scattering versus wavelength, or, “what color is cometary dust?”. Ap. J., 310, pp. 937–952.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jewitt, D., Senay, M., and Matthews, H. 1996. Observations of carbon monoxide in comet Hale-Bopp. Science, 271, pp. 1110–1113.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jockers, K. 1999. Observations of scattered light from cometary dust and their interpretation. Earth Moon Plan., 79, pp. 221–245.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jockers, K., Rosenbush, V. K., Bonev, T., and Credner, T. 1999. Images of polarization and colour in the inner coma of comet Hale-Bopp. Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 373–379.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. J., and Gehrz, R. D. 2000. Infrared imaging polarimetry of comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). Icarus, 143, pp. 338–346.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorda, L., Lecacheux, J., and Colas, F. 1997. Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). IAU Circ. No. 6583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorda, L., Rembor, K., Lecacheux, J., Colom, P., Colas, F., Frappa, E., and Lara, L. M. 1999. The rotational parameters of Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) from observations of the dust jets at Pic du Midi Observatory. Earth Moon Plan., 77, pp. 167–180.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. U., Delamere, W. A., Huebner, W. F., Reitsema, H. J., Schmidt, H. U., Whipple, F. L., Wilhelm, K., Curdt, W., Kramm, R., Thomas, N., Arpigny, C., Barbieri, C., Bonnet, R. M., Cazes, S., Coradini, M., Cosmovici, C. B., Hughes, D. W., Jamar, C., Malaise, D., Schmidt, K., Schmidt, W. K. H., and Seige, P. 1987. Comet P/Halley’s nucleus and its activity. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 807–823.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. U., Knollenburg, J., and Markiewicz, J. 1994. Collimation of cometary dust jets and filaments. Planet. Space Sci., 42, pp. 367–382.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. U., Marconi, M. L., and Thomas, N. 1990. Hydrodynamic implications of particle fragmentation near cometary nuclei. Astron. Astrophys., 227, pp. L1–L4.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. U., and Thomas, N. 1989. Evidence for near-surface breezes on comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 226, pp. L9–L12.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Khare, B. N., Arakawa, E. T., Meisse, C., Thompson, W. R., Sagan, C., Gilmour, I., and Anders, E. 1990. Optical constants of kerogen from 0.15 to 40 ÎĽm. In First International Conference on Laboratory Research for Planetary Atmospheres, NASA CP-3077 (Washington D.C.: NASA), pp. 340–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi, S., Mikami, Y., Mukai, T., Mukai, S., and Hough, J. H. 1987. Polarimetry of comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 689–692.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, H., and Liu, C.-p. 1977. On the structure of cometary dust tails. Chinese Astron., 1, pp. 235–264.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirch, G. 1681. Neuen Himmelszeitung, darinn sonderlich und ausfĂĽ;hrlich von den zwey neuen gross en im Jahr 1680 erschienenen Cometen, etc. (NĂĽ;rnberg), p. 62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiselev, N. N., and Velichko, F. P. 1999. Aperture polarimetry and photometry of comet Hale-Bopp. Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 347–352.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, J. 1986a. The Giotto particulate impact analyser. In The Giotto Mission — Its Scientific Investigations, ESA SP-1077, eds. R. Reinhard and B. Battrick (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 67–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, J. 1986b. Mass spectrometric studies of Halley comet. Adv. Mass Spectr. 1985, pp. 175–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, J., Brownlee, D. E., Buchler, K., Clark, B. C., Fechtig, H., GrĂĽn, E., Hornung, K., Igenbergs, E. B., Jessberger, E. K., Krueger, F. R., Kuczera, H., McDonnell, J. A. M., Morfill, G. M., Rahe, J., Schwehm, G. H., Sekanina, Z., Utterback, N. G., Yolk, H. J., and Zook, H. A. 1986a. Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Giotto observations. Nature, 321, pp. 336–338.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, J., and Krueger, F. R. 1987a. The organic component in dust from comet Halley as measured by the PUMA mass spectrometer on board Vega 1. Nature, 326, pp. 755–760.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, J., and Krueger, F. R. 1987b. Ion formation by impact of fast dust particles and comparison with related techniques. Appl. Phys. A, 42, pp. 69–85.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, J., Sagdeev, R. Z., Bertaux, J. L., Angarov, V. N., Audouze, J., Blamont, J. E., Buchler, K., Evlanov, E. N., Fechtig, H., Fomenkova, M. N., von Hoerner, H., Inogamov, N. A., Khromov, V. N., Knabe, W., Krueger, F. R., Langevin, Y., Leonas, V. B., Levasseur-Regourd, A. C., Managadze, G. G., Podkolzin, S. N., Shapiro, V. D., Tabaldyev, S. R., and Zubkov, B. V. 1986b. Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Vega observations. Nature, 321, pp. 280–282.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura, Y. 1986. Axisymmetric dusty gas jet in the inner coma of a comet. Icarus, 66, pp. 241–257.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitamura, Y. 1987. Axisymmetric dusty gas jet in the inner coma of a comet. II. The case of isolated jets. Icarus, 72, pp. 555–567.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Koike, C., Shibai, H., and Tuchiyama, A. 1993. Extinction of olivine and pyroxene in mid-and far-infrared regions. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 264, pp. 654–658.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolokolova, L., Gustafson, B. Ă…. S., and Jockers, K. 2000. Evolution of cometary grains from studies of cometary images. Presented at Dust in the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems, IAU Colloq. 181 and COSPAR Colloq. 11, Canterbury UK, April 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komle, N. I. 1990. Jet and shell structures in the cometary coma: modelling and observations. In Comet Halley: Investigations, Results, Interpretations, ed. J. W. Mason (Chichester: Ellis Horwood), Vol. 1, pp.231–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komle, N. I., and Ip, W.-H. 1987a. Anisotropic non-stationary gas flow dynamics in the coma of comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 405–410.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Komle, N. I., and Ip, W.-H. 1987b. A model for the anisotropic structure of the neutral gas coma of a comet. In Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP-278, eds. E. J. Rolfe and B. Battrick (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 247–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korosmezey, A., and Gombosi, T. I. 1990. A time-dependent dusty gas dynamic model of axisymmetric cometary jets. Icarus, 84, pp. 118–153.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Krankowsky, D., and Eberhardt, P. 1990. Evidence for the composition of ices in the nucleus of comet Halley. In Comet Halley: Worldwide Investigations, Results, Interpretations, ed. J. Mason (Chichester: Ellis Horwood), pp. 273–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamy, P. 1986a. Ground-based observations of the dust emission from comet Halley. Adv. Space Res., 5, pp. (12)317–(12)323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamy, P. L. 1986b. Cometary dust: Observational evidences and properties. In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors II, eds. C.-I. Lagerkvist, B. A. Lindblad, H. Lundstedt, and H. Rickman (Uppsala: University of Uppsala Press), pp. 373–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamy, P. L., and Perrin, J.-M. 1986. Volume scattering function and space distribution of the interplanetary dust cloud. Astron. Astrophys., 163, pp. 269–286.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Langevin, Y., Kissel, J., Bertaux, J.L., and Chassefiere, E. 1987. First statistical analysis of 5000 mass spectra of cometary grains obtained by PUMA 1 (Vega 1) and PIA (Giotto) impact ionization mass spectrometers in the compressed modes. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 779–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson, S. M. 1978. A rotation model for the spiral structure in the coma of comet Bennett (1970 II). Bull. Am. Astr.on. Soc., 10, p. 589. (Abstract.)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, S. M., and Minton, R. B. 1972. Photographic observations of comet Bennett, 1970 II. In Comets: Scientific Data and Missions, eds. G. P. Kuiper and E. Roemer (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 183–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, M., and Brownlee, D. 1992. CHON as a component of dust from comet Halley. Nature, 359, pp. 810–812.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawler, M. E., Brownlee, D. E., Temple, S., and Wheelock, M. M. 1989. Iron, magnesium, and silicon in dust from Comet Halley. Icarus, 80, pp. 225–242.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lellouch, E., Crovisier, J., Lim, T., BockelĂ©e-Morvan, D., Leech, K., Hanner, M. S., Altieri, B., Schmitt, B., Trotta, F., and Keller, H. U. 1998. Evidence for water ice and estimate of dust production rate in comet Hale-Bopp at 2.9 AU from the Sun. Astron. Astrophys., 339, pp. L9–L12.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Levasseur-Regourd, A. C., Hadamcik, E., and Renard, J. B. 1996. Evidence for two classes of comets from their polarimetric properties at large phase angles. Astron. Astrophys., 313, pp. 327–333.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, A., and Greenberg, J. M. 1997. A unified model of interstellar dust. Astron. Astrophys., 323, pp. 566–584.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, A., and Greenberg, J. M. 1998. From interstellar dust to comets: infrared emission from Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Astrophys. J., 498, pp. L83–L87.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lien, D. J. 1991. Optical properties of cometary dust. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), pp. 1005–1041.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lisse, C. M., A’Hearn, M. F., Hauser, M. G., Kelsall, T., Lien, D. J., Moseley, S. H., Reach, W. T., and Silverberg, R. F. 1998. Infrared observations of comets by COBE. Astrophys. J., 496, pp. 971–991.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lisse, C. M., Freudenreich, H. T., Hauser, M. G., Kelsall, T., Moseley, S. H., Reach, W. T., and Silverberg, R. F. 1994. Infrared observations of comet Austin (1990 V) by the COBE: Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment. Astrophys. J., 432, pp. L71–L74.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, D. K., Hanner, M. S., and Russell, R. W. 1992a. 8-13 ÎĽm spectroscopy and IR photometry of comet P/Brorsen-Metcalf (19890) near perihelion. Icarus, 97, pp. 269–275.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, D. K., Russell, R. W., Campins, H., Witteborn, F. C., Bregman, J. D., Rank, D. W., and Cohen, M. C. 1989. 5-13 ÎĽm airborne observations of comet Wilson 19861. Icarus, 82, pp. 379–388.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, D. K., Russell, R. W., Hackwell, J. A., Hanner, M. S., and Hammel, H. B. 1992b. 8- to 13- ÎĽm spectroscopy of comet Levy 1990 XX. Icarus, 100, pp. 197–202.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, D., Krueger, F. R., and Kissel, J. 1989. Mass and density of silicate- and CHON-type dust particles released by comet P/Halley. In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors III, eds. C.I. Lagerkvist, H. Rickman, B. A. Lindblad, and M. Lindgren (Uppsala: Uppsala Univ. Press), pp. 389–392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manset, N., and Bastien, P. 2000. Polarimetric observations of comets C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp and C/1996 B2 Hyakutake. Icarus, 145, pp. 203–219.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marconi, M. L., and Mendis, D. A. 1983. The atmosphere of a dirty-clathrate cometary nucleus: a two-phase, multifluid model. Ap. J., 273, pp. 381–396.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marconi, M. L., and Mendis, D. A. 1984. The effects of the diffuse radiation fields due to multiple scattering and thermal reradiation by dust on the dynamics and thermodynamics of a dusty cometary atmosphere. Ap. J., 287, pp. 445–454.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, B. G. 1989. The sungrazing comet group. II. Astron. J., 98, pp. 2306–2321.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C. G., Gehrz, R. D., Jones, T. J., Hanner, M. S., Williams, D. M., and Woodward, C. E. 2000. Observations of unusually small dust grains in the coma of comet Hale-Bopp C/1995 O1. Ap. J., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C. G., Gehrz, R. D., Ney, E. P., Williams, D. M., and Woodward, C. E. 1998. The temporal development of the pre-perihelion infrared spectral energy distribution of comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2). Ap. J., 507, pp. 398–403.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, G. D., Whited, L. J., DeRuiter, C., Khare, B. N., Patnaik, A., and Sagan, C. 1996. Production and chemical analysis of cometary ice tholins. Icarus, 122, pp. 107–117.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell, J. A. M., ed. 1978. Cosmic Dust. (New York: Wiley.)

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell, J. A. M., Lamy, P. L., and Pankiewicz, G. S. 1991. Physical properties of cometary dust. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), pp. 1043–1073.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meech, K. J., and Jewitt, D. C. 1987. Observations of comet P/Halley at minimum phase angle. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 585–593.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, K. M. 1974. 8-13 ÎĽm spectrophotometry of comet Kohoutek. Icarus, 23, pp. 566–567.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Millis, R. L., A’Hearn, M. F., and Thompson, D. T. 1982. Narrowband photometry of comet P/Stephan-Oterma and the backscattering properties of cometary grains. Astron. J., 87, pp. 1310–1317.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Moiseyev, N. D. 1925. Ăśber den Schweif des Kometen 1901 I. Russ. Astron. J., 2, pp. 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, B. E. A., Samarasinha, N. H., and Belton, M. J. S. 1999. Imaging of the structure and evolution of the coma morphology of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Earth Moon Plan., 77, pp. 181–188.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhin, L. M., Dolnikov, G. A., Evlanov, E. N., Fomenkova, M. N., Prilutskii, O. F., and Sagdeev, R. Z. 1991. Re-evaluation of the chemistry of dust grains in the coma of comet Halley. Nature, 350, pp. 480–481.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J., Beer, A., and Ho, P.-Y. 1957. “Spiked” comets in ancient China. Observatory, 77, pp. 137–138.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ney, E. P. 1974. Multiband photometry of comets Kohoutek, Bennett, Bradfield, and Encke. Icarus, 23, pp. 551–560.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ney, E. P. 1982. Optical and infrared observations of bright comets in the range 0.5 ÎĽm to 20ÎĽm. In Comets, ed. L. L. Wilkening (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 323–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ney, E. P., and Merrill, K. M. 1976. Comet West and the scattering function of cometary dust. Science, 194, pp. 1051–1053.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka, K., Saito, K., Watanabe, J.-i., and Ozeki, T. 1992. Photographic observations of the synchronic band in the tail of comet West 1976 VI. Publ. Nat. Astron. Obs. Japan, 2, pp. 601–621.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka, K., and Watanabe, J.-i. 1990. Finite lifetime fragment model for synchronic band formation in dust tails of comets. Icarus, 87, pp. 403–411.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, W. A. 1844. On the mode of formation of the tails of comets. Am. J. Sci. Arts, 46, pp. 104–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton, W. A. 1861. Theoretical determination of the dimensions of Donati’s comet. Am. J. Sci. Arts, (Ser. 2) 32, pp. 54–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Notni, P. 1964. Eigenschaften und Bewegung der Staubteilchen in Koma und Schweif von Kometen. Veröff. Sternw. Babelsberg, 15, No. 1, pp. 1–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Notni, P. 1966. On the forces acting on charged dust particles in cometary atmospheres. MĂ©m. Soc. R. Sci. Liège, (Ser. 5), 12, pp. 379–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Notni, P., and Thiinert, W. 1988. The striae in the dust tails of great comets — a comparison to various theories. Astron. Nachr., 309, pp. 133–146.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Notni, P., and Tiersch, H. 1987. Charging of dust particles in comets and in interplanetary space. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 796–800.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Olbers, H. W. M. 1825. (Extract from a letter.) Astron. Nachr. 3, pp. 5–10.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Olbers, H. W. M. 1831. Ueber anomale Cometenschweife. Astron. Nachr., 8, pp. 469–472.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlov, S. V. 1928. The mechanical theory of cometary forms. Publ. Inst. Astrophys. Russ. 3, No. 4, pp. 1–77. (In Russian.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlov, S. V. 1929. The mechanical theory of cometary forms. Russ. Astron. J., 6, pp. 180–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlov, S. V. 1960. On the Nature of Comets. (Moscow: Akad. Nauk.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Pansecchi, L., and Fulle, M. 1990. A neck-line structure in the dust tail of the Great January Comet 1910 I. Astron. Astrophys., 239, pp. 369–374.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Pansecchi, L., Fulle, M., and Sedmak, G. 1987. The nature of two anomalous structures observed in the dust tail of comet Bennett 1970 II: a possible neck-line structure. Astron. Astrophys., 176, pp. 358–366. [Erratum: 1988, Astron. Astrophys., 205, p. 367.]

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N. 1958. Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields. Ap. J., 128, pp. 664–676.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E. N. 1963. Interplanetary Dynamical Processes. (New York: Interscience.) 272 pp.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Pittichová, J., Sekanina, Z., Birkle, K., Boehnhardt, H., Engels, D., and Keller, P. 1999. An early investigation of the striated tail of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 329–338.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Prinn, R., and Fegley, B. 1989. Solar nebula chemistry: origin of planetary satellite, and cometary volatiles. In Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres, eds. S. K. Atreya, J. B. Pollack, and M. S. Matthews (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 78–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Probstein, R. F. 1969. The dusty gasdynamics of comet heads. In Pmblems of Hydmdynamics and Continuum Mechanics, eds. F. Bisshopp et al. (Philadelphia: Soc. Ind. Appl. Math.), pp. 568–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahe, J., Donn, B., and Wurm, K. 1969. Atlas of Cometary Forms. NASA SP-198. (Washington, D.C.: NASA.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Renard, J.-B., Hadamcik, E., and Levasseur-Regourd, A.-C. 1996. Polarimetric CCD imaging of comet 47P/Ashbrook-Jackson and variability of polarization in the inner coma of comets. Astmn. Astmphys., 316, pp. 263–269.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Renard, J.-B., Levasseur-Regourd, A.-C., and Dollfus, A. 1992. Polarimetric imaging of comet Levy (1990c). Ann. Geophys., 10, pp. 288–292.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rettig, T. W., and Hahn, J. M. 1997. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9: an active comet. Planet. Space Sci., 45, pp. 1271–1277.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rettig, T. W., Tegler, S. C., Pasto, D. J., and Mumma, M. J. 1992. Comet outbursts and polymers of HCN. Astmphys. J., 398, pp. 293–298.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuter, D. C. 1992. The contribution of methanol to the 3.4 ÎĽm emission feature in comets. Ap. J., 386, pp. 330–335.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, K., and Keller, H. U. 1987. Density and brightness distribution of cometary dust tails. Astmn. Astmphys., 171, pp. 317–326.

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, K., and Keller, H. U. 1988. The anomalous dust tail of comet Kohoutek (1973 XII) near perihelion. Astmn. Astmphys., 206, pp. 136–142.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieke, G. H., and Lee, T. A. 1974. Photometry of comet Kohoutek (1973f). Nature, 248, pp. 737–740.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rietmeijer, F., Mukhin, L. M., Fomenkova, M. N., and Evlanov, E. N. 1989. Layer silicate chemistry in P/comet Halley from PUMA-2 data. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., 20, pp. 904–905.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, L. A. 1979. Laboratory simulation of infrared astrophysical features. Astmphys. Space Sci., 65, pp. 47–67.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, E. V., and Campins, H. 1991. Comet Halley spatial and temporal variability of the silicate emission feature. Astmn. J., 101, pp. 695–705.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sagdeev, R. Z., Evlanov, E. N., Fomenkova, M. N., Mukhin, L. M., Prilutskii, O. F., and Zubkov, B. V. 1987. Composition of comet Halley dust particles based on PUMA instruments measurements in zero mode. Space Res., 25, pp. 849–855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sagdeev, R. Z., Evlanov, E. N., Fomenkova, M. N., Prilutskii, O. F., and Zubkov, B. V. 1989. Small-size dust particles near Halley’s comet. Adv. Space Res., 9, pp. (3)263–(3)267.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Samarasinha, N. H., Mueller, B. E. A., and Belton, M. J. S. 1999. Coma morphology and constraints on the rotation of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Earth Moon Plan., 77, pp. 189–198.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandford, S. A., and Walker, R. M. 1985. Laboratory infrared transmission spectra of individual interplanetary dust particles from 2.5 to 25 microns. Ap. J., 291, pp. 838–851.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, H., Kissel, J., and Jessberger, E. 1997. Chemistry and mineralogy of comet Halley’s dust. In Prom Stardust to Planetesimals, Conf. Series Vol. 122, eds. Y. Pendleton and A. Tielens (San Francisco: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific Press), pp. 397–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzschild, K. 1901. Der Druck des Lichtes auf kleine Kugeln und die Arrhenius’sche Theorie des Cometenschweife. Sitz. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. MĂĽ;nchen 1901, pp. 293–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwehm, G. 1976. Radiation pressure on interplanetary dust particles. In Interplanetary Dust and Zodiacal Light, eds. H. Elsasser and H. Fechtig (Berlin: Springer Verlag), pp. 459–463.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwehm, G., and Rohde, M. 1977. Dynamical effects on circumsolar dust grains. J. Geophys., 42, pp. 727–735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1973. Comet Kohoutek (1973f). IAU Circ. No. 2580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1976. Progress in our understanding of cometary dust tails. In The Study of Comets, NASA SP-393, eds. B. Donn, M. Mumma, W. Jackson, M. A’Hearn, and R. Harrington (Washington, D.C.: NASA), pp. 893–939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1979. Fan-shaped coma, orientation of rotation axis, and surface structure of a cometary nucleus. Icarus, 37, pp. 420–442.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1980. Physical characteristics of cometary dust from dynamical studies: a review. In Solid Particles in the Solar System, eds. I. Halliday and B. A. Mcintosh (Dordrecht: Reidel), pp. 237–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1981a. Distribution and activity of discrete emission areas on the nucleus of periodic comet Swift-Tuttle. Astron. J., 86, pp. 1741–1773.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1981b. Properties of dust particles in comet Halley from observations made in 1910 during its encounter with the Earth. In The Comet Halley Dust & Gas Environment, ESA SP-174, eds. B. Battrick and E. Swallow (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1981c. Rotation and precession of cometary nuclei. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 9, pp. 113–145.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1982a. The problem of split comets in review. In Comets, ed. L. L. Wilkening (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press), pp. 251–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1982b. The path and surviving tail of a comet that fell into the Sun. Astron. J., 87, pp. 1059–1072.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1986. Periodic comet Halley (1982i). IA U Circ. No. 4187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1987a. Anisotropic emission from comets: Fans versus jets. I. Concept and modeling. In Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP-278, eds. E. J. Rolfe and B. Battrick (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 315–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1987b. Anisotropic emission from comets: Fans versus jets. II. Periodic comet Tempel 2. In Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP-278, eds. E. J. Rolfe and B. Battrick (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 323–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1991a. Cometary activity, discrete outgassing areas, and dust-jet formation. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, eds. R. L. Newburn, Jr., M. Neugebauer, and J. Rahe (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), pp. 769–823.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1991b. Randomization of dust-ejecta motions and the observed morphology of cometary heads. Astron. J., 102, pp. 1870–1878.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1993. Computer simulation of the evolution of dust coma morphology in an outburst: P/Schwassmann-Wachmann I. In On the Activity of Distant Comets, eds. W. F. Huebner, H. U. Keller, D. Jewitt, J. Klinger, and R. M. West (San Antonio: Southwest Research Institute), pp. 166–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1995. Evidence on sizes and fragmentation of the nuclei of comet ShoemakerLevy 9 from Hubble Space Telescope images. Astron. Astrophys., 304, pp. 296–316.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1996a. Tidal breakup of the nucleus of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. In The Collision of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter, eds. K. S. Noll, H. A. Weaver, and P. D. Feldman (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), pp. 55–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1996b. Morphology of cometary dust coma and tail. In Physics, Chemistry, and Dynamics of Interplanetary Dust, Conf. Series Vol. 104, eds. B. Ă…. S. Gustafson and M. S. Hanner (San Francisco: Astron. Soc. of the Pacific Press), pp. 377–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1996c. Activity of comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1) beyond 6 AU from the Sun. Ashtron. Astrophys., 314, pp. 957–965.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 1998. Modeling the diurnal evolution of a dust feature in comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1). Ap. J., 494, pp. L121–L124.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z. 2000. SOHO sungrazing comets with prominent tails: Evidence on dust production peculiarities. Ap. J. (Letters), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Boehnhardt, H. 1999. Dust morphology of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01). II. Introduction of a working model. Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 313–319.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., Boehnhardt, H., Ryan, O., and Birkle, K. 2000. A new scenario for the formation of striations in the dust tail of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Presented at Dust in the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems, IAU Colloq. 181 and COSPAR Colloq. 11, Canterbury, UK, April 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., Chodas, P. W., and Yeomans, D. K. 1994. Tidal disruption and the appearance of periodic comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Astron. Astrophys., 289, pp. 607–636.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., Chodas, P. W., and Yeomans, D. K. 1998. Secondary fragmentation of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and the ramifications for the progenitor’s breakup in July 1992. Planet. Space Sci., 46, pp. 21–45.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Farrell, J. A. 1978. Comet West 1976 VI: discrete bursts of dust, split nucleus, flare-ups, and particle evaporation. Astron. J., 83, pp. 1675–1680.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Farrell, J. A. 1980. The striated dust tail of comet West 1976 VI as a particle fragmentation phenomenon. Astron. J., 85, pp. 1538–1554.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Farrell, J. A. 1982. Two dust populations of particle fragments in the striated tail of comet Mrkos 1957 V. Astron. J., 87, pp. 1836–1853.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Farrell, J. A. 1986. The striated dust tail of comet 1910 I. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 18, p. 818. (Abstract.)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Larson, S. M. 1984. Coma morphology and dust-emission pattern of periodic comet Halley. II. Nucleus spin vector and modeling of major dust features in 1910. Astron. J., 89, pp. 1408–1425.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Larson, S. M. 1986a. Coma morphology and dust-emission pattern of periodic comet Halley. IV. Spin vector refinement and map of discrete dust sources for 1910. Astron. J., 92, pp. 462–482.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Larson, S. M. 1986b. Dust jets in comet Halley observed by Giotto and from the ground. Nature, 321, pp. 357–361.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., Larson, S. M., Hainaut, O., Smette, A., and West, R. M. 1992. Major outburst of periodic comet Halley at a heliocentric distance of 14 AU. Astron. Astrophys., 263, pp. 367–386.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Miller, F. D. 1973. Comet Bennett (1970 II). Science, 179, pp. 565–567.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Pittichova, J. 1999. Distribution law for particle fragmentation times in a theory for striated tails of dust comets: application to comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 339–346.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sekanina, Z., and Schuster, H. E. 1978. Meteoroids from periodic comet d’Arrest. Astron. Astrophys., 65, pp. 29–35.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J. A., Rabinowitz, D., Tuzzolino, A. J., Ksanfomality, L. V., and Sagdeev, R. Z. 1986. Halley’s comet coma dust particle mass spectra, flux distributions, and jet structures derived from measurements on the Vega-1 and Vega-2 spacecraft. In Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, eds. B. Battrick, E. J. Rolfe, and R. Reinhard (Noordwijk: ESTEC), Vol. 2, pp. 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J. A., Rabinowitz, D., Tuzzolino, A. J., Ksanfomality, L. V., and Sagdeev, R. Z. 1987. The dust coma of comet P/Halley: measurements on the Vega-1 and Vega-2 spacecraft. Astron. Astrophys., 187, pp. 742–752.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J. A., Tuzzolino, A. J., Ksanfomality, L. V., Sagdeev, R. Z., and Vaisberg, O. L. 1989. Confirmation of dust clusters in the coma of comet Halley. Adv. Space Res., 9, pp. (3)259–(3)262.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, L. E., Webber, J. C., Cruthcher, R. M., and Swenson, G. W., Jr. 1976. Radio observationss of OH in comet West 1975n. Astrophys. J., 209, pp. L49–L52.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ĺ olc, M., Jessberger, E. K., Hsiung, P., and Kissel, J. 1987. Halley dust composition. Publ. Astron. Inst. Czech. Acad. Sci., 67, pp. 47–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ĺ olc, M., VanĂ˝sek, V., and Kissel, J. 1986. Carbon stable isotopes in comets after encounters with P/Halley. In Exploration of Halley’s Comet, ESA SP-250, eds. B. Battrick, E. J. Rolfe, and R. Reinhard (Noordwijk: ESTEC), Vol. 1, pp. 373–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solem, J. C. 1995. Cometary breakup calculations based on a gravitationally-bound agglomeration model: the density and size of Shoemaker-Levy 9. Astr.on. Astrophys., 302, pp. 596–608.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Southworth, R. B. 1963. Dust in comet Arend-Roland. Astron. J., 68, pp. 293–294.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Southworth, R. B. 1964. The size distribution of the zodiacal particles. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 119, pp. 54–67.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, J. R., and Russell, R. W. 1979. Emission and extinction of ground and vapor-condensed silicates from 4 to 14 microns and the 10 micron silicate feature. Ap. J., 228, pp. 780–786.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, M. V., Lebofsky, L. A., Hunten, D. M., and Low, F. J. 1986. The discovery of dust trails in the orbits of periodic comets. Science, 232, pp. 1115–1117.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, M. V., Lien, D. J., and Walker, R. G. 1990. The Tempel 2 dust trail. Icarus, 86, pp. 236–247.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanigawa, T., Kawakita, H., and Watanabe, J.-i. 1997. The activity of the fragmented nucleus of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Planet. Space Sci., 45, pp. 1417–1422.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Telesco, C. M., Decher, R., Baugher, C., Campins, H., Mozurkewich, D., Thronson, H. A., Cruikshank, D. P., Hammel, H. B., Larson, S., and Sekanina, Z. 1986. Thermal-infrared and visual imaging of comet Giacobini-Zinner. Ap. J., 310, pp. L61–L65.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, N., and Keller, H. U. 1987. Comet P/Halley’s near-nucleus jet activity. In Diversity and Similarity of Comets, ESA SP-278, eds. E. J. Rolfe and B. Battrick (Noordwijk: ESTEC), pp. 337–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tielens, A. G. G. M., and Allamandola, L. 1987. Composition, structure and chemistry of interstellar dust. In Interstellar Processes, eds. D. Hollenbach and H. Thronson (Dordrecht: Reidel), pp. 397–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiersch, H., and Notni, P. 1989. The electric potential on dust particles in comets and in interplanetary space. Astron. Nachr., 310, pp. 67–78.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga, A. T., Golisch, W. F., Griep, D. M., Kaminski, C. D., and Hanner, M. S. 1986. The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility comet Halley monitoring program I. Preperihelion results. Astron. J., 92, pp. 1183–1190.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga, A. T., Golisch, W. F., Griep, D. M., Kaminski, C. D., and Hanner, M. S. 1988. The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility comet Halley monitoring program II. Post perihelion results. Astron. J., 96, pp. 1971–1976.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga, A. T., Hanner, M. S., Golisch, W. F., Griep, D. M., Kaminski, C. D., and Chen, H. 1992. Infrared monitoring of comet P/Tempel 2. Astron. J., 104, pp. 1611–1617.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Utterback, N. G., and Kissel, J. 1990. Attogram dust cloud a million kilometers from comet Halley. Astron. J., 100, pp. 1315–1322.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasundhara, R., and Chakraborty, P. 1999. Modeling of jets from comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01): Observations from the Vaine Bappu Observatory. Icarus, 140, pp. 221–230.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasundhara, R., Chakraborty, P., Hänel, A., and Heiser, E. 1999. Modeling dust jets and shells from comet Hale-Bopp. Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 321–328.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. G., and Aumann, H. H. 1984. IRAS observations of cometary dust. Adv. Space Res., 4, pp. (9)197–(9)201.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Warell, J., Lagerkvist, C.-I., and Lagerros, J. S. V. 1999. Dust morphology of the inner coma of C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp). Earth Moon Plan., 78, pp. 197–203.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, J.-i., and Nishioka, K. 1991. Synchronic band and its implication in the cometary dust. In Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Dust, eds. A. C. Levasseur-Regourd and H. Hasegawa (Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.), pp. 253–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, H. A., A’Hearn, M. F., Arpigny, C., Boice, D. C., Feldman, P. D., Larson, S. M., Lamy, P., Levy, D. H., Marsden, B. G., Meech, K. J., Noll, K. S., Scotti, J. V., Sekanina, Z., Shoemaker, C. S., Shoemaker, E. M., Smith, T. E., Stern, S. A., Storrs, A. D., Trauger, J. T., Yeomans, D. K., and Zellner, B. 1995. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observing campaign on comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Science, 267, pp. 1282–1288.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, H. A., Feldman, P. D., A’Hearn, M. F., Arpigny, C., Brandt, J. C., Festou, M. C., Haken, M., McPhate, J. B., Stern, S. A., and Tozzi, G. P. 1997. The activity and size of the nucleus of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01). Science, 275, pp. 1900–1904.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • West, R. A. 1991. Optical properties of aggregate particles whose outer diameter is comparable to the wavelength. Appl. Optics, 30, pp. 5316–5324.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple, F. L. 1950. A comet model. I. The acceleration of comet Encke. Ap. J., 111, pp. 375–394.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple, F. L. 1951. A comet model. II. Physical relations for comets and meteors. Astrophys. J., 113, pp. 464–474.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple, F. L. 1978. Rotation period of comet Donati. Nature, 273, pp. 134–135.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Whipple, F. L., and Sekanina, Z. 1979. Comet Encke: Precession of the spin axis, nongravitational motion, and sublimation. Astron. J., 84, pp. 1894–1909.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. M., Mason, C. G., Gehrz, R. D., Jones, T. J., Woodward, C. E., Harker, D. E., Hanner, M. S., Wooden, D. H., Witteborn, F. C., and Butner, H. M. 1997. Measurement of sub micron grains in the coma of comet Hale-Bopp C/1995 01 during 1997 February 15-20 UT. Astrophys. J., 489, pp. L91–L94.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooden, D. H., Butner, H. M., Harker, D. E., and Woodward, C. E. 2000. Mg-rich silicate crystals in comet Hale-Bopp: ISM relics or solar nebula condensates? Icarus, 143, pp. 126–137.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wooden, D. H., Harker, D. E., Woodward, C. E., Butner, H. M., Koike, C., Witteborn, F. C., and McMurtry, C. W. 1999. Silicate mineralogy of the dust in the inner coma of comet C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp) pre- and post-perihelion. Ap. J., 517, pp. 1034–1058.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Worms, J. C., Renard, J. B., Hadamcik, E., Levasseur-Regourd, A.-C., and Gayet, J. F. 1999. Results of the PROGRA2 experiment: an experimental study in microgravity of scattered polarized light by dust particles with large size parameter. Icarus, 142, pp. 281–297.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Xing, Z., and Hanner, M. S. 1997. Light scattering by aggregate particles. Astron. Astrophys., 324, pp. 805–820.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanamandra-Fisher, P., and Hanner, M. S. 1999. Optical properties of non-spherical particles of size comparable to the wavelength of light: application to comet dust. Icarus, 138, pp. 107–128.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yavnel, A. A. 1977. Chemical composition of meteors and meteoritic matter. In Comets, Asteroids, Meteorites, ed. A. H. Delsemme (Toledo: Univ. of Toledo Press), pp. 133–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerull, R. H., Gustafson, B. Ă…. S., Schultz, K., and Thiele-Corbach, E. 1993. Scattering by aggregates with and without an absorbing mantle: Microwave analog experiments. Appl. Optics, 32, pp. 4088–4100.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinner, E., Wopenka, B., Amari, S., and Anders, E. 1990. Interstellar graphite and other carbonaceous grains from the Murchison meteorite: structure, composition and isotopes of C, N, and Ne. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conj., 21, pp. 1379–1380.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 91109, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Zdenek Sekanina & Martha S. Hanner

  2. California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 91109, Pasadena, CA, USA

    Elmar K. Jessberger

  3. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Organizational Name, Street, 48149, Mü;nster, Germany

    Marina N. Fomenkova

Authors
  1. Zdenek Sekanina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Martha S. Hanner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elmar K. Jessberger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marina N. Fomenkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Saupfercheckweg 1, Max-Planck-Institut fĂĽr Kernphysik, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany

    Eberhard Grün  & Hugo Fechtig  & 

  2. University of Florida, Department of Astronomy, 32611-2055, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Bo Å. S. Gustafson  & Stan Dermott  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sekanina, Z., Hanner, M.S., Jessberger, E.K., Fomenkova, M.N. (2001). Cometary Dust. In: GrĂĽn, E., Gustafson, B.Ă….S., Dermott, S., Fechtig, H. (eds) Interplanetary Dust. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56428-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56428-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62647-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56428-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation