Skip to main content

Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer

  • Chapter
Prostate Cancer

Abstract

It has been known for more than two centuries that the growth of the normal prostate and its malignancies is dependent upon hormonal function [9, 26, 68]. More recently, the application of this knowledge to the management of advanced prostate cancer has been rationalized, building upon the Nobel prize winning observation that castration or the administration of estrogens causes regression of advanced prostate cancer in dogs [25]. The physiology of prostatic growth is summarized in Fig. 26.1 [50].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aragona C, Friesen H (1975) Specific prolactin binding sites in the prostate and testis of rats. Endocrinology 97:677–684

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Beer T, Raghavan D (2000) Chemotherapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer: beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Prostate 45:184–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bichel P, Frederiksen P, Kjaer T, et al (1977) Flow microfluorometry and transrectal fine needle biopsy in the classification of human prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 40:1206–1211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Boccardo F, Pace M, Rubagotti A, et al (1993) Goserelin acetate with or without flutamide in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 29A:1088–1093

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bolla M, Gonzalez D, Warde P, et al (1996) Immediate hormonal therapy improves locoregional control and survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. Results of a randomized phase III clinical trial of the EORTC Radiotherapy and Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Groups. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 15:238

    Google Scholar 

  6. Brooks JD, Bova GS, Isaacs WB. (1995) Allelic loss of the retinoblastoma gene in primary human prostatic adenocarcinomas. Prostate 26:35–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Byar DP. (1973) The Veterans’Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group’s studies of cancer of the prostate. Cancer 32:1126–1130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Byar DP. (1980) VACURG studies of conservative treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol [Suppl 55]:99–102

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cabot AT. (1896) The question of castration for enlarged prostate. Ann Surg 24:265–309

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Carter BS, Epstein JI, Isaacs WB. (1990) Ras gene mutations in human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 50:6830–6832

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cher ML, Shinohara K, Breslin S, Vapnek J, Carroll PR. (1995) High failure rate associated with long-term follow-up of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation followed by radical prostatectomy for stage C prostatic cancer. Br J Urol 75:771–777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Citrin DL, Hogan TF, Davis TE. (1983) Chemohormonal therapy of metastatic prostate cancer: a pilot study. Cancer 52:410–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DG, et al (1989) A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 321:419–424

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Davis NS, diSant’Agnese PA, Ewing JF, Mooney RA. (1989) The neuroendocrine prostate: characterization and quantitation of calcitonin in the human prostate gland. J Urol 142:884–888

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Denis L, Murphy GP. (1993) Overview of phase III trials in combined androgenic treatment in patients treated with metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer [Suppl 12]:3888–3895

    Google Scholar 

  16. Denis L, Carneiro de Moura JL, Bono A, et al (1992) Goserelin acetate and flutamide versus bilateral orchiectomy: a phase III EORTC trial (30853). Urology 42:119–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. DiPaola RS, Zhang H, Lambert GH, et al (1998) Clinical and biologic activity of an estrogenic herbal combination (PC-SPES) in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 339:785–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Eisenberger MA, Crawford ED, McLeod D, et al (1997) A comparison of bilateral orchiectomy (orch) with or without flutamide in stage D2 prostate cancer (PC) (NCI INT-0105). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 16:2a

    Google Scholar 

  19. Eisenkraft S, Huben RP, Pontes JE. (1984) Orchiectomy and chemotherapy with estramustine, cis-platinum, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil in newly diagnosed prostate cancer with bone metastases. Urology [Suppl 23]:51–53

    Google Scholar 

  20. Farnsworth WE, Slaunwhite WR. Jr, Sharma M, et al (1981) Interaction of prolactin and testosterone in the human prostate. Urol Res 9:79–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Fellowes GJ, Clark PB, Beynon LL, et al (1992) Treatment of advanced localised prostate cancer by orchiectomy, radiotherapy, or combined treatment. Br J Urol 70:304–309

    Google Scholar 

  22. Goldenberg SL, Bruchovsky N (1997) Hormonal manipulation for advanced prostate cancer-conventional approaches. In: Raghavan D, Scher HI, Leibel S, Lange PH. (eds) Principles and practice of genitourinary oncology. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 591–597

    Google Scholar 

  23. Grayhack JT, Bunce PL, Kearns JW, Scott WW. (1955) Influence of the pituitary on prostatic response to androgen in the rat. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 96:154–163

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Harper ME, Goddard L, Glynne-Jones E, et al (1993) An immunocytochemical analysis of TGF-a expression in benign and malignant prostatic tumors. Prostate 23:9–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Kawinski E, et al (1977) LNCaP model of human prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 43:4049–4058

    Google Scholar 

  26. Huggins C, Hodges CV. (1941) Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1:293–297

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hunter J (1786) Observations on certain parts of the animal oeconomy. Bibliotheca osteriana, London

    Google Scholar 

  28. Iversen P, Christensen MG, Friis E, et al (1990) A phase III trial of zoladex and flutamide versus orchiectomy in the treatment of patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 66: 1058–1066

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Jelbart ME, Russell PJ, Russell P, Raghavan D (1988) The biology and management of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate. In: Williams CJ, Krikorian J, Raghavan D (eds) Textbook of uncommon cancer, Wiley-Liss, London, pp 249–262

    Google Scholar 

  30. Jones TM, Fang VS, Landau RL, Rosenfield R (1978) Direct inhibition of Leydig cell function byestradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:1368–1373

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Keuppens F, Denis L, Smith P, et al (1990) Zoladex and flutamide versus bilateral orchiectomy. A randomized phase III EORTC 30853 study. Cancer 66:1045–1057

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kubota Y, Nakada T, Imai K, et al (1995) Chemo-endocrine therapy in patients with stage D2 prostate cancer. Prostate 26:50–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kyprianou N, English HF, Isaacs JT. (1990) Programmed cell death during regression of PC-82 human prostate cancer following androgen ablation. Cancer Res 50:3748–3752

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Labrie F, Dupont A, Belanger A, et al (1982) New hormonal therapy in prostatic carcinoma: combined therapy with LHRH agonist and antiandrogen. Clin Invest Med, 5:267–275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Labrie F, Dupont A, Belanger A, et al (1985) Combination therapy with flutamide and castration (LHRH agonist or orchiectomy) in advanced prostate cancer: a marked improvement in response and survival. J Steroid Biochem 23:833–841

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Leuprolide Study Group (1984) Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 311:1281-1286

    Google Scholar 

  37. Linja MJ, Savinainen KJ, Saramaki OR, et al (2001) Amplification and overexpression of androgen receptor gene in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res 61:3550–3555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lundgren R, Nordle O, Josefsson K (1995) Immediate estrogen or estramustine phosphate therapy versus deferred endocrine treatment in nonmetastatic prostate cancer: a randomized multicenter study with 15 years of followup. The South Sweden Prostate Cancer Study Group. J Urol 153:1580–1586

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Makrdakis N, Ross RK, Pike MC, et al (1997) A prevalent missense substitution that modulates activity of prostatic steroid 5a-reductase. Cancer Res 57:1020–1022

    Google Scholar 

  40. McLeod DG, Moul JW. (1995) Controversies in the treatment of prostate cancer with maximal androgen deprivation. Surg Clin North Am 4:345–359

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Mellon K, Thompson S, Charlton RG, et al (1992) p53, c-erbB-2 and the epidermal growth factor receptor in the benign and malignant prostate. J Urol 147:496–499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Messing EM, Manola J, Sarosdy M, et al (1999) Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 341:1781–1788

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Montie JE, Wood DP. Jr, Venderburg S, et al (1990) The significance and management of transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. Semin Urol 7:262–268

    Google Scholar 

  44. Myers C, Cooper M, Stein C, et al (1992) Suramin: a novel growth factor antagonist with activity in hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 10:881–889

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Myers RB, Oelschlager D, Srivastava S, Grizzle WE. (1994) Accumulation of the p53 protein occurs more frequently in metastatic than in localized prostatic adenocarcinomas. Prostate 25:243–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Osborne CK, Blumenstein B, Crawford ED, et al (1990) Combined versus sequential chemoendocrine therapy in advanced prostate cancer: final results of a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 8:1675–1682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pilepich MV, Sause WT, Shipley WU, et al (1995) Androgen deprivation with radiation therapy compared with radiation therapy alone for locally advanced prostatic carcinoma: a randomized comparative trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Urology 45:616–623

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Pilepich MV, Caplan R, Byhardt RW, et al (1997) Phase III trial of androgen suppression using goserelin in unfavorable-prognosis carcinoma of the prostate treated with definitive radiotherapy: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 85–31. J Clin Oncol 15:1013–1021

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Prostate Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (1995) Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of 22 randomised trials with 3283 deaths in 5710 patients. Lancet 346:265–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Prostate Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (2000) Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 355:1491–1498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Raghavan D (1988) Non-hormone chemotherapy for prostate cancer: principles of treatment and application to the testing of new drugs. Semin Oncol 15:371–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Raghavan D (1996) Adjuvant systemic therapy of prostate cancer. Semin Oncol 22:633–640

    Google Scholar 

  53. Raghavan D, Lange PH. (1985) Endocrine aspects of genito-urinary neoplasia. In: Shearman RP. (ed) Clinical reproductive endocrinology. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 727–752

    Google Scholar 

  54. Raghavan D, Tannock IF. (1989) Clinical trials in genitourinary oncology: what have they achieved? In: Smith PH. (ed) Combination therapy in urological malignancy. Springer, London Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 225–253

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  55. Raghavan D, Russell P (1999) Small cell undifferentiated (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the prostate. In: Raghavan D, Brecher M, Johnson D, et al (eds) Textbook of uncommon cancer, Wiley-Liss, New York pp 63–73

    Google Scholar 

  56. Raghavan D, Pearson B, Coorey G, et al (1989) Management of hormone-resistant prostate cancer: experience at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. In: Johnson DE, Logothetis CJ, von Eschenbach AC. (eds) Systemic therapy for genitourinary cancers. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, pp 245–250

    Google Scholar 

  57. Raghavan D, Cox K, Pearson B, et al (1993) Oral cyclophosphamide for the management of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Br J Urol 72:625–628

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Partin AW, Isaacs WB, Coffey DS, Isaacs JT. (1994) Prostate 25:249–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ronstrom L, Tribukait B, Esposti PL. (1981) DNA pattern and cytological findings in fine-needle aspirates of untreated prostatic tumors. A flow-cytofluorometric study. Prostate 2:79–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Scher HI, Logothetis CJ. (1997) Chemotherapy of advanced prostate cancer. In: Raghavan D, Scher HI, Leibel S, Lange PH. (eds) Principles and practice of genitourinary oncology. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 599–612

    Google Scholar 

  61. Scott WW, Menon M, Walsh PC. (1980) Hormonal therapy of prostatic cancer. Cancer 45:1929–1936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Seifter EJ, Bunn PA, Cohen MH, et al (1986) A trial of combination chemotherapy followed by hormonal therapy for previously untreated metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. J Clin Oncol 4:1365–1373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Shearer RJ, Hendry WF, Sommerville IF, Fergusson JD. (1973) Plasma testosterone: an accurate monitor of hormone treatment in prostate cancer. Br J Urol 45:668–677

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sinibaldi V, Laufer M, Eisenberger M, Raghavan D (2001) Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20

    Google Scholar 

  65. Tannock IF. (1985) Is there evidence that chemotherapy is of benefit to patients with carcinoma of the prostate? J Clin Oncol 3:1013–1021

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Taplin M-E, Bubley GJ, Shuster TD, et al (1995) Mutation of the androgen-receptor gene in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 332:1393–1398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Thigpen AE, Davis DL, Milatovitch A, et al (1992) Molecular genetics of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. J Clin Invest 90:799–809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Tyrell C, Altwein J, Klippel F, et al (1991) A multicenter randomized trial comparing the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue goserelin acetate alone and with flutamide in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 146:1321–1326

    Google Scholar 

  69. Vermeulen A, Reubens R, Verdonck L (1972) Testosterone secretion and metabolism in male senescence. J Clin Endocrinol 34:7340–735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Visakorpi T, Hyytinen E, Koivisto P, et al (1995) In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nat Genet 9:401–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. White JW. (1895) The results of double castration in hypertrophy of the prostate. Ann Surg 22:1–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Zalcberg J, Raghavan D, Marshall V, Thompson P (1996) Bilateral orchiectomy and flutamide versus orchiectomy alone in newly diagnosed patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate-an Australian multicentre trial. Br J Urol 77:865–869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raghavan, D. (2003). Hormone Therapy for Prostate Cancer. In: Hofmann, R., Heidenreich, A., Moul, J.W. (eds) Prostate Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56321-8_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56321-8_26

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62643-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56321-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics