Abstract
Prostate cancer now outnumbers lung cancer as the most common cancer in American men. Nearly 200,000 new cases are seen yearly, and prostate cancer is the cause of 31,000 deaths each year. A significant migration to prostate-confined disease has taken place in recent years, but 40%–60% of those with this cancer are still found to have extracapsular disease after radical prostatectomy [74]. Although the intent and hope of such surgery has been cure, overall survival of roughly half of them may be limited. Prostate cancer can vary widely in its aggressiveness. Some men die of prostate cancer, but most still die with rather than of their cancer.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aarnink RG, Beerlage HP, de la Rosette J.J.M.C.H, et al (1998) Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate: innovations and future applications. J Urol 159:1568–1579
Altman AL, Resnick MD. (2001) Ultrasonographically guided biopsy of the prostate. J Ultrasound Med 20:159–167
American Urological Association (AUA) (2000) Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) best practice policy. Oncology (Huntingt) 14:267–286
Babaian RJ, Sayer J, Podoloff DA, et al (1994) Radioimmunoscintigraphy of pelvic lymph nodes with 111-indium-labeled monoclonal antibody CYT-356. J Urol 152:1952–1955
Bezzi M, Kressel HY, Allen KS, et al (1998) Prostatic carcinoma: staging with MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 169:339–346
Biondetti PR, Lee J.K.T, Ling D, et al (1987) Clinical stage B prostate carcinoma: staging with MR imaging. Radiology 162:325–329
Bryant LH. Jr, Brechbiel MW, Wu C, Bulte JW, Herynek V, Frank JA. (1999) Synthesis and relaxometry of high-generation (G=5,7,9 and 10) PAMAM dendrimer-DOTA-gadolinium chelates. J Magn Reson Imaging 9:348–352
Catalona WJ (1995) Surgical management of prostate cancer. Cancer 75:1903-1906
Chelsky MJ, Schnall MD, Seidmon EJ, et al (1993) Use of endorectal surface coil magnetic resonance imaging for local staging of prostate cancer. J Urol 150:391–395
Cher ML, Bianco FJ, Lam JS, et al (1998) Limited role of radionucleotide bone scintigraphy in patients with prostate specific antigen elevations after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 160:1387–1391
Chodak GW, Keller P, Schoenberg HW. (1989) Assessment of screening for prostate cancer using the digital rectal examination. J Urol 141:1136–1138
Chybowski FM, Keller JJ, Bergstrahl EJ, et al (1991) Predicting radionuclide bone scan findings in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer: prostate specific antigen is superior to all other clinical parameters. J Urol 145:313
Conrad S, Graefen M, Pichlmeier U, et al (1998) Systematic sextant biopsies improve preoperative prediction of pelvic lymph node metastases in patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 159:2023–2029
Cooner WH. (1992) Rectal examination and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Prostate Suppl 4:3–10
Cooner WH, Mosley BR, Rutherford CL. Jr, et al (1990) Prostate cancer detection in a clinical urological practice by ultrasonography, digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen. J Urol 143:1146–1152
Costello LC, Franklin RB, Narayan P (1999) Citrate in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Prostate 38:237–245
Crawford ED, Batuello JT, Snow P, et al (2000) The use of artificial intelligence technology to predict lymph node spread in men with clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 88: 2105–2109
D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al (1994) A multivariable analysis of clinical factors predicting for pathological features associated with local failure after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biophys 30:293–302
D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al (1998) Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy of interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 280:969–974
D’Amico AV, Schnall M, Whittington R, et al (1998) Endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging identifies locally advanced prostate cancer in select patients with clinically localized disease. Urology 51:449-454
Djavan B, Waldert M, Zlotta A, Dobronski P, Seitz C, Remzi M, Borkowski A, Schulman C, Marberger M (2001) Safety and morbidity of first and repeat transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsies: results of a prospective European prostate cancer detection study. J Urol 166:856–860
Dresner MA, Rose GH, Rossmann PJ, et al (1998) Magnetic resonance elastography of the prostate [abstract]. Radiology 209:181
Eastham JA, Scardino PT. (2000) Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage Ti and T2 prostate cancer. In: Vogelzang NJ, Scardino PT, Shipley WU., et al (eds) Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology, 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 722–728
Flanigan RC, McKay TC, Olson M, et al (1996) Limited efficacy of preoperative computed tomography scanning for the evaluation of lymph node metastasis in patients before radical prostatectomy. Urology 48:428–432
Forsberg F, Merton DA, Liu JB, et al (1998) Clinical applications of ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasonics 36:695–701
Frazier HA, Robertson JE, Paulson DF. (1994) Does radical prostatectomy in the presence of positive pelvic lymph nodes enhance survival? World J Urol 12:308–312
Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. (1995) A prospective evaluation of plasma prostatespecific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA 273:289–294
Golimbu M, Morales P, Al-Askari S, et al (1979) Extended lymphadenectomy for prostatic cancer. J Urol 121:617–620 Another copyeditor has arranged the list alphabetically
Goto Y, Ohori M, Arakawa A, et al (1996) Distinguishing clinically important from unimportant prostate cancers before treatment: value of systematic biopsies. J Urol 156:1059–1063
Hahn P, Smith I.C.P, Leboldus L, et al (1997) The classification of benign and malignant human prostate tissue by multivariate analysis of H-I magnetic resonance spectra. Cancer Res 57: 3398–3401
Halpern D.J, Verkh I, Fosberg F, et al (2000) Initial experience with contrast enhanced sonography of the prostate. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:1575–1580
Hara T, Kosaka N, Kishi H (1998) PET imaging of prostate cancer using carbon-11 choline. J Nucl Med 39:990–995
Harisinghani MG, Saini S, Weissleder R, et al (1999) MR lymphangiography using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide in patients with primary abdominal and pelvic malignancies: radiographic-pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:1347–1351
Hebden JC, Arridge SR, Delpy DT. (1997) Optical imaging in medicine. I. Experimental techniques. Phys Med Biol 42:825–840
Hofmann R, Heidenreich A, Engelmann U (2000) Radical pelvic lymphadenectomy in clinically localized prostate cancer: high frequency of atypical metastases. J Urol 163:294
Hricak H, Doms GC, Jeffrey RB, et al (1987) Prostate carcinoma: staging by clinical assessment, CT, and MRI. Radiology 162:331–336
Huncharek M, Muscat J (1996) Serum prostate specific antigen as a predictor of staging abdominal/ pelvic computed tomography in newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Abdom Imaging 21:364–367
Husband JE, Padhani AR, Mac Vicar DA, et al (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging of prostate cancer: comparison of image quality using endorectal and pelvic phased array coils. Clin Radiol 53:673–681
Jacobsen SJ, Katusic SK, Bergstralh EJ, et al (1995) Incidence of prostate cancer diagnosis in the eras before and after serum prostate-specific antigen testing. JAMA 274:1445–1449
Jager GJ, Ruijter E.T.G, vander Kaa CA, et al (1997) Dynamic turboFLASH subtraction technique for contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the prostate: correlation with histopathologic results. Radiology 204:645–652
Jager GJ, Severns JL, Thornbury JR, et al (2000) Prostate cancer staging: should MR imaging be used? A decision analytic approach. Radiology 215:445–451
Johnstone P.A.S, Tarman G, Riffenburgh R, et al (1997) Yield of imaging and scintigraphy assessing bNED failure in prostate cancer patients. Urol Oncol 3:108–112
Kahn D, Williams RD, Manyak MJ, et al (1998) 111-Indium capromab pendetide in the evaluation of patients with residual or recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. The ProstaScint Study Group. J Urol 159:2041; discussion 2046-2047
Kahn D, Williams RD, Haseman MK,et al (1998) Radioimmunoscintigraphy with In-111 labeled capromab pendetide predicts prostate cancer response to salvage radiotherapy after failed radical prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol 16:284–289
Kane DJ, Amling CL, Johnstone P.A.S, et al (1999) Limited value of bone scintigraphy and computed tomography in assessing biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy [abstract no. 667]. J Urol 161 [Suppl]:176
Kane RD, Paulson DF. (1977) Radioisotope bone scanning characteristics of metastatic skeletal deposits of prostate adenocarcinoma. J Urol 117:618–621
Kattan MW, Cowen ME, Miles BJ. (1997) A decision analysis for treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. J Gen Intern Med 12:299–305
Kattan MW, Beck JR, Miles BJ. (2000) Quantitative approaches to diagnostic testing and decision making in genitourinary oncology. In: Vogelzang NJ, Scardino PT, Shipley WU, et al (eds) Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology, 2nd edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 22–30
Kramer S, Gorich J, Gottfried HW, et al (1997) Sensitivity of computed tomography in detecting local recurrence of prostate carcinoma following radical prostatectomy. Br J Radiol 70:995–999
Kuppusamy P, Chzan M, Vij K, et al (1994) Three-dimensional spectral spatial EPR imaging of free radicals in the heart: a technique for imaging tissue metabolims and oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:3388–3392
Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, et al (1999) Cancer statistics. Cancer J Clin 49:8–31
Lee F, Gray JM, McLeary RD, et al (1985) Transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: location, echogenicity, histopathology and staging. Prostate 7:117–129
Lee N, Newhouse JH, Olsson CA, et al (1999) Which patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer need a computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis? An analysis based on 599 patients. Urology 54:490–494
Manyak MJ, Javitt MC. (1998) The role of computerized tomography magnetic resonance imaging, bone scan and monoclonal antibody nuclear scan for prognosis prediction in prostate cancer. Semin Urol Oncol 16:145–152
May P, Truemann T, Dettmar P, et al (2001) Limited value of endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasonography in a staging of clinically localized prostatic cancer. BJU Int 1:66–69
Messing E, Manola J, Sarosdy M, et al (1999) Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node positive prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 341:1781–1788
Moul JW, Kane J, Malkowicz S (2001) The role of imaging studies and molecular markers for selecting candidates for radical prostatectomy. Urol Clin North Am 28:459–472
Nakashima J, Imai Y, Tachibana M, et al (1997) Effects of endocrine therapy on the primary lesion in patients with prostate carcinoma as evaluated by endorectal magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer 80:237–241
Noldus J, Graefen M, Huland E, et al (1998) The value of the ratio of free-to-total prostate specific antigen for staging purposes in previously untreated prostate cancer. J Urol 159:2004–2007
Oesterling JE. (1995) Using prostate specific antigen to eliminate unnecessary diagnostic tests: significant worldwide economic implications. Urology 46 [Suppl 3A]:26–33
Oesterling JE, Martin SK, Bergstrahl EJ, et al (1993) The use of prostate specific antigen in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. JAMA 269:57–60
Ohori M, Egawa S, Shinohara K, et al (1994) Detection of microscopic extracapsular extension prior to radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Br J Urol 74:72–79
Ophir J, Garni B, Kallel F, et al (2000) Elastography imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 26 [Suppl]:23–29
Padbani AR, Gapinski CJ, MacVicar DA, et al (2000) Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI of prostate cancer: correlation with morphology and tumour stage, histological grade and PSA. Clin Radiol 55:99–109
Pannek J, Subong EN, Jones KA, et al (1996) The role of free/total prostate-specific antigen ratio in the prediction of final pathologic stage for men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Urology 48:51–54
Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN, et al (1997) Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer. A multiinstitutional update [see comments] (published erratum appears in JAMA (1997) 278:118). JAMA 277:1445–1451
Partin AW, Yoo J, Carter HB, et al (1999) The use of prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer. J Urol 150: 110–114
Perotti M, Kaufman RP, Jennings TA, et al (1996) Endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging in clinically localized prostate cancer: is it accurate? J Urol 156:106–109
Piatt JF, Bree RI, Schwab RE. (1987) accuracy of CT in the staging of carcinoma of the prostate. AJR Am J Roentgenol 149:315–318
Pollack HM, Banner MP. (1994) Diagnostic uroradiology. In: Hanno PM, Wein AJ. (eds) Clinical manual of urology, 2nd edn. McGraw Hill, New York, pp 89–136
Pound CR, Partin AW, Epstein JI, et al (1997) Prostate-specific antigen after anatomic retropubic prostatectomy. Patterns of recurrence and cancer control. Urol Clin North Am 24:395–406
Pound CR, Partin AW, Eisenberger MA, et al (1999) Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA 281:1591–1597
Reitbergen J.B.W, Hoedemaeker RF, Boeken Kruger AE, et al (1999) The changing pattern of prostate cancer at the time of diagnosis: characteristics of screen detected prostate cancer in a population based screening study. J Urol 161:1192–1198
PT, Weaver R, Hudson MA (1992) Early detection of prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 23:211–222
Scheidler J, Hricak H, Vigneron DB, et al (1999) Prostate cancer: localization with three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging: clinicopathologic study. Radiology 213:473–480
Scher HI, Heller (2000) Clinical states in prostate cancer: toward a dynamic model of disease progression. Urology 55:323–327
Scher HI, Isaacs JT, Zelefsky MJ, et al (2000) Prostate cancer. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Lichter AS,et al (eds) Clinical oncology, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp 1823–1835
Schiebler ML, Schnall MD, Pollack HM, et al (1993) Current role of MR imaging in the staging of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Radiology 189:339–352
Schnall MD, Imai Y, Tomaszewski JE, et al (1991) Prostate cancer: local staging with endorectal surface coil MR imaging. Radiology 178:797–802
Schnall MD, Connick T, Hayes CE, et al (1992) MR imaging of the pelvis with an endorectal-external multicoil array. J Magn Reson Imaging 2:229–232
Seltzer MA, Barbaric Z, Belldegrun A, et al (1999) Comparison of helical computed tomography, positron emission tomography and monoclonal antibody scans for evaluation of lymph node metastases in patients with prostate specific antigen relapse after treatment for localized prostate cancer. J Urol 162:1322–1328
Shinohara K, Wheeler TM, Scardino PT. (1989) The appearance of prostate cancer on transrectal ultrasonography: correlation of imaging and pathological examinations. J Urol 142:76–82
Soloway MS, Obek C (2000) Periprostatic local anaesthetic before ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy. J Urol 163:172–173
Southwick PC, Catalona WJ, Partin AW, et al (1999) Prediction of post-radical prostatectomy pathological outcome for stage Tic prostate cancer with percent free prostate specific antigen: A prospective multicenter clinical trial. J Urol 162:1346–1351
Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, et al (1987) Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med 317:909–916
Stanford JL, Stephenson RA, Coyle LM, et al (1999) Prostate Cancer trends 1973-1995, NIH Pub. No. 99-4543 edn. SEER Program. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
Svatec D, Thompson IM. (1998) PSA screening-current controversy. Ann Oncol 9:1283–1288
Tarkan T, Turkeri L, Biren T, et al (1996) The effectiveness of imaging modalities in clinical staging of localized prostate carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol 28:773–779
Terris MK, McNeal JE, Freiha PS, et al (1993) Efficacy of transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesicle biopsies in the detection of seminal vesicle invasion by prostate cancer. J Urol 149:1035–1039
Thompson IM, Middleton RG, Optenberg SA, et al (1999) Have complication rates decreased after treatment for localized prostate cancer? J Urol 162:107–112
Vijayakumar VVijayakumar S, Quadri SF, et al (1994) Can prostate-specific antigen levels predict bone scan evidence of metastases in newly diagnosed prostate cancer? Am J Clin Oncol 17:432–436
Walsh PC. (1980) Radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localized prostate carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am 7:583–589
Wawroschek F, Vogt H, Weckermann D, Wagner T, Harzmann R (1999) The sentinel lymph node concept in prostate cancer-first results of gamma probe-guided sentinel lymph node identification. Eur Urol 36:595–600
Zincke H, Utz DC, Myers RP, et al (1982) Bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate with regional lymph node involvement. Urology 19:238–247
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hofmann, R., Heidenreich, A., Wille, S., Varga, Z., Knobloch, R.V. (2003). Preoperative Imaging Techniques in Prostate Cancer. In: Hofmann, R., Heidenreich, A., Moul, J.W. (eds) Prostate Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56321-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56321-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62643-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56321-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive