Skip to main content

Coronary Artery Imaging Using EBT

  • Chapter
Pan Vascular Medicine
  • 16 Accesses

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in western nations and the majority of acute events occur unexpectedly in patients unaware of any underlying risk. Unfortunately, a large number of these asymptomatic patients fall outside of the known categories of risk as defined by the current clinical guidelines. Therefore, investigators have turned their attention to novel noninvasive methodologies to detect CHD in its preclinical stages. Electron beam tomography (EBT) is a radiological technology that permits noninvasive acquisition of high-resolution images of the coronary arteries without injection of contrast. Coronary atherosclerosis is vicariously identified via the presence of calcific deposits in the vessel wall. Although the relevance of the information collected with EBT imaging has been the source of considerable debate for several years, the medical community has recently shown an increasing interest in its potential applications. This chapter reviews the current state of the art of the technology, its clinical applications, current limitations, and future directions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Radon J (1917) Über die Bestimmung von Funktionen durch ihre Integralwerte längs gewisser Manningfaltigkeiten. Ber Saechs Akad Wiss Leipzig Math Phys K 69:262–277

    Google Scholar 

  2. Stanford W, Rumberger JA (eds) (1992) Ultrafast computed tomography in cardiac imaging: principle and practice. Futura, Mt Kisco, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R (1990) Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 15:827–832

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kaufman RB, Sheedy PF, Maher JE, Bielak LF, Breen JF, Schwartz RS, Peyser PA (1995) Quantity of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam computed tomography in asymptomatic subjects and angiographically studied patients. Mayo Clin Proc 70:223–232

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kajinami K, Seki H, Takekoshi N, Mabuchi H (1995) Noninvasive prediction of coronary atherosclerosis by quantification of coronary artery calcification using electron beam computed tomography: comparison with electrocardiographic and thallium stress results. J Am Coll Cadiol 26:1209–1221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Tang W, Detrano RC, Brezden OS, Georgiou D, French WJ, Wong ND, Doherty TM, Brundage BH (1995) Racial differences in coronary calcium prevalence among high-risk adults. Am J Cardiol 75:1088–1091

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Doherty TM, Tang W, Detrano RC (1999) Racial differences in the significance of coronary calcium in asymptomatic black and white subjects with coronary risk factors. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:787–794

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Janowitz WR, Agatston AS, Kaplan G, Viamonte M Jr (1993) Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women. Am J Cardiol 72:247–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF III, Breen JF, Schwartz RS (1995) Coronary calcium, as determined by electron beam computed tomography, and coronary disease on arteriogram. Effect of patient’s sex on diagnosis. Circulation 91:1363–1367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Castelli WP (1988) Cardiovascular disease in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:1553–1560, 1566–1567

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rumberger JA, Brundage BH, Rader DJ, Kondos G (1999) Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium scanning: a review of guidelines on use in asymptomatic persons. Mayo Clin Proc 74:243–252

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1999) Coronary artery calcium scores on electron beam computed tomography: a nomogram for 1,628 patients (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 33:415A

    Google Scholar 

  13. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Cooil B, He ZX, Russo DJ, Lippolis NJ, Zelinger A, Mahmarian JJ (2000) Identification of patients at increased risk of first unheralded acute myocardial infarction by electron beam computed tomography. Circulation 101:850–855

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Simons DB, Schwartz RS, Edwards WD, Sheedy PF, Breen JF, Rumberger JA (1992) Noninvasive definition of anatomic coronary artery disease by ultrafast computed tomographic scanning: a quantitative pathologic comparison study. J Am Coll Cardiol 20: 1118–1126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A et al (1998) Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using non-decalcifying methodology. Electron beam computed tomography and coronary artery disease: scanning for coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:126–133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Detrano R, Tang W Kang X, Mahaisavariya P, McCrae M, Garner D, Peng SK, Measham C, Molloi S, Gutfinger D (1995) Accurate coronary calcium phosphate mass measurements from electron beam computed tomograms. Am J Card Imaging 9:167–173

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF, Breen JF, Fitzpatrick LA, Schwartz RS (1996) Electron beam computed tomography and coronary artery disease: scanning for coronary artery calcium. Mayo Clin Proc 71: 369–377

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Mautner SL, Mautner GC, Froehlich J, Feuerstein IM, Proschan MA, Roberts WC, Doppman JL (1994) Coronary artery disease: prediction with in vitro electron beam CT. Radiology 192:625–630

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Budoff MJ, Georgiou D, Brody A, Agatston AS, Kennedy J, Wolfkiel C, Stanford W, Shields P, Lewis RJ, Janowitz WR, Rich S, Brundage BH (1996) Ultrafast computed tomography as a diagnostic modality in the detection of coronary artery disease: a multicenter study. Circulation 93:898–904

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Rumberger JA, Sheedy PF, Breen JF, Schwartz RS (1997) Electron beam computed tomography calcium score cutpoints and severity of associated angiographic luminal stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1542–1548

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kajinami K, Seki H, Takekoshi N, Mabuchi H (1997) Coronary calcium and coronary atherosclerosis: site by site comparative morphologic study of electron beam computed tomography and coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1549–1556

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Yamamoto H, Imazu M, Hattori Y, Tadehara F, Yamakido M, Nakan-ishi T, Ito K (1998) Predicting angiographic narrowing = 50 % in diameter in each of the three major arteries by amounts of calcium detected by electron beam computed tomographic scanning in patients with chest pain. Am J Cardiol 81:778–780

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schmermund A, Denktas AE, Rumberger JA, Christian TF, Sheedy PF, Bailey KR, Schwartz RS (1999) Independent and incremental value of coronary artery calcium for predicting the extent of angiographic coronary artery disease: comparison with cardiac risk factors and radionuclide perfusion imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 34:777–786

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. He ZX, Hedricks TD, Pratt CM, Verani MS, Aquino V, Roberts R, Mahmarian JJ (2000) Severity of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computed tomography predicts silent myocardial ischemia. Circulation 101:244–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Fallavollita J, Brody A, Bunnell I, Kumar K, Canty J (1994) Fast computed tomography detection of coronary calcification in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 89:285–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rumberger JA, Behrenbeck T, Breen JF, Sheedy PF (1999) Coronary calcification by electron beam computed tomography and obstructive coronary artery disease: a model for cost and effectiveness of diagnosis as compared with conventional cardiac testing methods. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:453–462

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Patterson RE (2000) Evaluation of chest pain in patients with low to intermediate pre-test probability of coronary artery disease by electron beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 85:283–288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kennedy J, Shavelle R, Wang S, Budoff M, Detrano RC (1998) Coronary calcium and standard risk factors in symptomatic patients referred for coronary angiography. Am Heart J 135:696–702

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Schmermund A, Baumgart D, Gorge G et al (1998) Measuring the effect of risk factors on coronary atherosclerosis: coronary calcium score versus angiographic disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol 31: 1267–1273

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Guerci AD, Spadaro LA, Goodman KJ, lledo-Perez A, Newstein D, Lerner G, Arad Y (1998) Comparison of electron beam tomography scanning and conventional risk factor assessment for the prediction of angiographic coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:673–679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wong ND, Kuowabunpat D, Vo AN, Detrano RC, Eisenberg H, Goel M, Tobis JM (1994) Coronary calcium and atherosclerosis by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women: relation to age and risk factors. Am Heart J 127:422–430

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP III, Tracy RE, Wattigney WAN (1998) Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 338:1650–1656

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schmermund A, Baumgart D, Gorge G, Seibel R, Gronemeyer D, Ge J, Haude M, Rumberger J, Erbel R (1997) Coronary artery calcium in acute coronary syndromes. A comparative study of electron-beam computed tomography, coronary angiography, and intracoronary ultrasound in survivors of acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Circulation 96:1461–1469

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Secci A, Wong N, Tang W, Wang S, Doherty T, Detrano R (1997) Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events. Comparison of two protocols. Circulation 96:1122–1129

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, Liang Y, Smialek J, Virmani R (1998) Effect of risk factors on the mechanism of acute thrombosis and sudden coronary death in women. Circulation 97:2110–2116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1998) Assessing the effects of smoking on coronary arteriosclerosis by electron beam computed tomography (abstract). Chest 114:310S

    Google Scholar 

  37. Newby DE, Wright RA, Labinjoh C, Ludlam CA, Fox KA, Boon NA, Webb DJ (1999) Endothelial dysfunction, impaired endogenous fibrinolysis, and cigarette smoking: a mechanism for arterial thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Circulation 99:1411–1415

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Pepine CJ, Schlaifer JD, Mancini GBJ, Pitt B, O’Neill BJ, Haber HE (1998) Influence of smoking status on progression of endothelial dysfunction. Clin Cardiol 21:331–334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Berliner JA, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Frank JS, Demer LL, Edwards PA, Watson AD, Lusis AJ (1995) Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation and genetics. Circulation 91:2488–2496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rewers M, Ehrlich J, Jensen L, Seigel R, Barriga K, Garg S, Janowitz W, Eckel R (1998) High prevalence of asymptomatic coronary atherosclerosis detected by electron beam computed tomography in young adults with IDDM (abstract). Diabetes 47:A12

    Google Scholar 

  41. Peters SR, Khaleeli E, Ko JY, Budoff MJ (1999) The use of electron beam computed tomography to predict clinical significance of coronary calcification in diabetics (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 33:415A

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yamaghishi S, Fujimori H, Yonekura H, Tanaka N, Yamamoto H (1999) Advanced glycation endproducts accelerate calcification in microvascular pericytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 258:353–357

    Google Scholar 

  43. Canfield AE, Doherty MJ, Wood AC, Farrington C, Ashton B, Begun N, Harvey B, Poole A, Grant ME, Boot-Handford RP (2000) Role of pericytes in vascular calcification: a review. Z Kardiol 89: II20–II27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Takemoto M, Yokote K, Yamazaki M, Ridall AL, Butler WT, Matsumoto T, Tamura K, Saito Y, Mori S (1999) Enhanced expression of osteopontin by high glucose in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 258:722–726

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bostrom KI (2000) Cell differentiation in vascular calcification. Z Kardiol 89:1169–1174

    Google Scholar 

  46. Braun J, Oldendorf M, Moshage W, Heidler R, Zeitler E, Luft FC (1996) Electron beam computed tomography in the evaluation of cardiac calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 27:394–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, Yoon C, Gales B, Sider D, Wang Y, Chung J, Emerick A, Greaser L, Elashoff RM, Salusky IB (2000) Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 342: 1478–1483

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gidding SS, Bookstein LC, Chomka EV (1998) Usefulness of electron beam computed tomography in young adults and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 98: 2580–2583

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Jensen JM, Gerdes LU, Jensen JK, Christiansen TM, Brorholt-Petersen, JU, Faergeman O (2000) Association of coronary heart disease with age-adjusted aortocoronary calcification in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Intern Med 247:479–484

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kardia SL, Haviland MB, Ferrell RE, Sing CF (1999) The relationship between risk factor levels and presence of coronary calcification is dependent on apolipoprotein E genotype. Axterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:427–435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gerdes LU, Gerdes C, Kervinen K, Savolanene M, Klausen IC, Hansen PS, Kesaniemi YA, Faergeman O (2000) The apolipoprotein epsilon4 allele determines prognosis and the effect on prognosis of simvastatin in survival of myocardial infarction: a substudy of the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study. Circulation 101:1366–1371

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Iribarren C, Sidney S, Bild DE, Liu K, Markovitz JH, Roseman JM, Matthews K (2000) Association of hostility with coronary artery calcification in young adults: the CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. JAMA 283:2546–2551

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Starý HC (1990) The sequence of cell and matrix changes in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries in the first forty years of life. Eur Heart J 11 [Suppl E]:3–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Berenson GS; Srinivasan SR, Nicklas TA (1998) Atherosclerosis: a nutritional disease of childhood. Am J Cardiol 82:22T–29T

    Google Scholar 

  55. Mahoney LT, Burns TL, Stanford W, Thompson BH, Witt JD, Rost CA, Lauer RM (1996) Coronary risk factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcifications in young adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:277–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA, Tracy RE, Newman WP III, Herderick EE, Cornhill JF (1999) Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA 281:727–735

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Blankenhorn DH (1961) Coronary arterial calcification: a review. Am J Med Sci 42:1–49

    Google Scholar 

  58. Wexler L, Brundage B, Crouse J, Detrano R, Fuster V, Maddahi J, Rumberger J, Stanford W, White R, Taubert K (1996) Coronary artery calcification: pathophysiology, epidemiology, imaging methods, and clinical implications. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 94:1175–1192

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bostrom K, Watson KE, Horn S et al (1993) Bone morphogenetic protein expression in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest 91:1800–1809

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fitzpatrick LA, Severson A, Edwards WD et al (1994) Diffuse calcification in human coronary arteries: association of osteopontin with atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 94:1597–1604

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Shanahan CM, Cary NR, Metcalfe JC et al (1994) High expression of genes for calcification-regulating proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. J Clin Invest 93:2393–2402

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Parhami F, Bostrom K, Watson K, Demer LL (1996) Role of molecular regulation in vascular calcification. J Atheroscler Thromb 3: 90–94

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Shanahan CM, Proudfoot D, Tyson KL, Cary NR, Edmonds M, Weissberg PL (2000) Expression of mineralisation-regulating proteins in association with human vascular calcification. Z Kardiol 89:1163–1168

    Google Scholar 

  64. Campbell GR, Campbell JH (2000) Vascular smooth muscle and arterial calcification. Z Kardiol 89:1154–1162

    Google Scholar 

  65. Bini A, Mann KG, Kudryk BJ, Schen FJ (1999) Noncollagenous bone matrix proteins, calcification and thrombosis in carotid artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 19:1852–1861

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sarig S, Weiss TA, Katz I, Kahana F, Azoury R, Okon E, Kruth HS (1994) Detection of cholesterol associated with calcium mineral using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Lab Invest 71:782–787

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sarig S, Utian WH, Sheean LA, Gorodeski GI (1995) Distribution of unesterified cholesterol-containing particles in human atherosclerotic lesions Am J Pathol 146:139–147

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Stary HC (2000) Natural history of calcium deposits in atherosclerosis progression and regression. Z Kardiol 89:1128–1135

    Google Scholar 

  69. Parhami F, Morrow AD, Balucan J, Leitinger N, Watson AD, Tintut Y, Berliner JA, Demer LL (1997) Lipid oxidation products have opposite effects on calcifying vascular cell and bone cell differentiation. A possible explanation for the paradox of arterial calcification in osteoporotic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 680–687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Tulenko TN, Laury-Kleintop L, Walter MF, Mason RP (1997) Cholesterol, calcium and atherosclerosis: is there a role for calcium channel blockers in atheroprotection? Int J Cardiol 62 [Suppl 2]: S55–S66

    Google Scholar 

  71. Demer LL (1997) Lipid hypothesis on cardiovascular calcifications. Circulation 95:297–298

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Baumgart D, Schmermund A, Goerge G, Haude M, Ge J, Adamzik M, Sehnert C, Altmaier K, Groenemeyer D, Seibel R, Erbel R (1997) Comparison of electron beam computed tomography with intra-coronary ultrasound and coronary angiography for detection of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:57–64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Schmermund A, Baumgart D, Gorge G, Seibel R, Gronemeyer D, Ge J, Haude M, Rumberger J, Erbel R (1997) Coronary artery calcium in acute coronary syndromes: a comparative study of electron-beam computed tomography, coronary angiography, and intracoronary ultrasound in survivors of acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Circulation 96:1461–1469

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, Kafonek S (2000) The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med 160:459–467

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Smith SC, Greenland P, Grundy SM (2000) Prevention conference V: beyond secondary prevention: identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: executive summary. Circulation 101:111–116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Margolis JR, Chen JT, Kong Y, Peter RH, Behar VS, Kisslo JA (1980) The diagnostic and prognostic significance of coronary artery calcification. A report of 800 cases. Radiology 137:609–616

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Loecker TH, Schwartz RS, Cotta CW, Hickman JR Jr (1992) Fluoroscopic coronary artery calcification and associated coronary disease in asymptomatic young men. J Am Coll Cardiol 19:1167–1172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Detrano RC, Wong ND, Doherty TM, Shavelle R (1997) Prognostic significance of coronary calcific deposits in asymptomatic high-risk subjects. Am J Med 102:344–349

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K, Lledo-Perez A, Sherman S, Lerner G, Guerci AD (1996) Predictive value of electron beam computed tomography of the coronary arteries. 19-month follow-up of 1173 asymptomatic subjects. Circulation 93:1951–1953

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Kaplan GS, Lee D, Prashad R, Viamonte M, Lamas GA (1996) Electron beam CT coronary calcium predicts future coronary events (abstract). Circulation 94:1360

    Google Scholar 

  81. Detrano RC, Wong ND, Doherty TM, Shavelle RM, Tang W, Ginzton LE, Budoff MJ, Narahara KA (1999) Coronary calcium does not accurately predict near-term future coronary events in high-risk adults (published errata appear in Circulation 2000,101:697 and 101:1355). Circulation 99:2633–2638

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wong ND, Detrano RC, Diamond G, Rezayat C, Mahmoudi R, Chong EC, Tang W, Puentes G, Kang X, Abrahamson D (1996) Does coronary artery screening by electron beam computed tomography motivate potentially beneficial lifestyle behaviors? Am J Cardiol 78:1220–1223

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Russo DJ, Reynolds BQ, Lippolis NJ (1999) Presence of coronary artery calcification on electron beam computed tomography enhances physicians’ ability to promote smoking cessation (abstract). J Invest Med 47:206A

    Google Scholar 

  84. Callister TQ, Janowitz W, Raggi P (2000) Sensitivity of two electron beam tomography protocols for the detection and quantification of coronary artery calcium. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:1743–1746

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Grundy SM (1999) Age as a risk factor: you are as old as your arteries. Am J Cardiol 83:1455–1457

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Grundy SM (2000) Cholesterol management in the era of managed care. Am J Cardiol 85:3A–9A

    Google Scholar 

  87. Mascola A, Ko J, Bakhsheshi H, Budoff MJ (2000) Electron beam tomography comparison of culprit and non-culprit coronary arteries in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 85:1357–1359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Demer LL (1991) Effect of calcification on in vivo mechanical response of rabbit arteries to balloon dilation. Circulation 83: 2083–2093

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Veress AI, Cornhill JF, Herderick EE, Thomas JD (1998) Age-related development of atherosclerotic plaque stress: a population-based finite-element analysis. Coron Art Dis 9:13–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1999) Screening with electron beam computed tomography to predict hard coronary events: choosing the appropriate age range (abstract). Eur Heart J 20:676

    Google Scholar 

  91. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Kramsch DM et al (1993) Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy: the Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). Ann Intern Med 119:969–976

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Maasinvestigators (1994) Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: the Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study. Lancet 344: 633–638

    Google Scholar 

  93. Brown BG, Hillger L, Zhao XQ, Poulin D, Albers JJ (1995) Types of change in coronary stenosis severity and their relative importance in overall progression and regression of coronary disease. Observations from the FATS Trial. Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 748:407–417

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Pitt B, Mancini BJ, Ellis SG et al (1995) Pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:1133–1139

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Herd JA, Ballantyne CM, Farmer JA et al (1997) Effects of fluvastatin on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild to moderate cholesterol elevations (Lipoprotein and Coronary Atherosclerosis Study [LCAS]). Am J Cardiol 80:278–286

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Levine GN, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA (1995) Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease: clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med 332:512–521

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ (1987) Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 316:1371–1375

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Clarkson TB, Prichard RW, Morgan TM, Petrick GS, Klein KP (1994) Remodeling of coronary arteries in human and nonhuman primates. JAMA 271:289–294

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Kajinami K, Seki H, Takekoshi N, Mabuchi H (1993) Quantification of coronary artery calcification using ultrafast computed tomography: reproducibility of measurements. Coron Art Dis 4:1103–1108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. DeVries S, Wolfkiel C, Shah V, Chomka E, Rich S (1995) Reproducibility of coronary artery calcium scoring with ultrafast CT. Am J Cardiol 75:973–975

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hernigou A, Challande P, Boudeville JC, Sene V, Grataloup C, Plainfosse MC (1996) Reproducibility of coronary calcification detection with electron beam computed tomography. Eur Radiol 6:210–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Wang S, Detrano RC, Secci A et al (1996) Detection of coronary calcification with electron-beam computed tomography: evaluation of interexamination reproducibility and comparison of three image-acquisition protocols. Am Heart J 132:550–558

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Janowitz WR, Agatston AS, Viamonte M Jr (1991) Comparison of serial evaluation of calcified coronary artery plaque by ultrafast computed tomography in persons with and without obstructive coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 68:1–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya S, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Raggi P (1998) Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron beam-CT volumetric method. Radiology 208:807–814

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1998) Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 339:1972–1978

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Raggi P (2000) Regression of calcified coronary artery plaque assessed by electron beam computed tomography. Z Kardiol 89: II/135–II/139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Budoff MJ, Lane KL, Bakhsheshi H, Mao S, Grassmann BO, Friedman BC, Brundage BH (2000) Rates of progression of coronary calcium by electron beam tomography. Am J Cardiol 86:8–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Rath M, Niedzwiecki A (1996) Nutritional supplement program halts progression of early coronary atherosclerosis documented by ultrafast computed tomography. J Appl Nut 48:67–78

    Google Scholar 

  109. Stary HC (ed) (1999) Atlas of atherosclerosis progression and regression. Parthenon, New York

    Google Scholar 

  110. Hajjar DP, Haberland ME (1997) Lipoprotein trafficking in vascular cells. Molecular Trojan horses and cellular saboteurs. J Biol Chem 272:22975–22978

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Schmitz G, Kaminski WE, Porsch-Ozcurumez M, Klucken J, Orso E, Bodzioch M, Buchler C, Drobnik W (1999) ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in macrophages: a dual function in inflammation and lipid metabolism? Pathobiology 67:236–240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Detrano R, Hsiai T, Wang S, Puentes G, Fallavollita J, Shields P, Stanford W, Wolfkiel C, Georgiou D, Budoff M, Reed J (1996) Prognostic value of coronary calcification and angiographic stenoses in patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:285–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Laudon DA, Vukov LF, Breen JF, Rumberger JA, Wollan PC, Sheedy PF Jr (1999) Use of electron-beam computed tomography in the evaluation of chest pain patients in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 33:15–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Raggi P, Callister TQ, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1999) Cardiac events in patients with progression of coronary calcification on electron beam computed tomography (abstract). Radiology 213:351

    Google Scholar 

  115. Feiring AJ, Rumberger JA, Reiter SJ, Collins SM, Skorton DJ, Rees M, Marcus ML (1988) Sectional and segmental variability of left ventricular function: experimental and clinical studies using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:415–425

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Budoff MJ, Oudiz RJ, Zalace CP, Bakhsheshi H, Goldberg SL, French WJ, Rami TG, Brundage BH (1999) Intravenous three-dimensional coronary angiography using contrast-enhanced electron beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 83:840–845

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Achenbach S, Moshage W, Ropers D, Bachmann K (1998) Curved multiplanar reconstructions for the evaluation of contrast-enhanced electron beam CT of the coronary arteries. AJR Am J Roentgenol 170:895–899

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Achenbach S, Moshage W, Ropers D, Nossen J, Daniel WG (1998) Value of electron-beam computed tomography for the noninvasive detection of high-grade coronary-artery stenoses and occlusions. N Engl J Med 339:964–971

    Google Scholar 

  119. Rensing BJ, Bongaerts A, van Geuns RJ, van Ooijen P, Oudkerk M, de Feyter PJ (1998) Intravenous coronary angiography by electron beam computed tomography. A clinical evaluation. Circulation 98:2509–2512

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Achenbach S, Moshage W, Bachmann K (1998) Noninvasive coronary angiography by contrast-enhanced electron beam computed tomography. Clin Cardiol 212:323–330

    Google Scholar 

  121. Schmermund A, Rensing BJ, Sheedy PF, Bell MR, Rumberger JA (1998) Intravenous electron-beam computed tomographic coronary angiography for segmental analysis of coronary artery stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1547–1554

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1998) Reliability of electron beam computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (abstract). Circulation 98:1656

    Google Scholar 

  123. Rosamond WD, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Cooper LS, Conwill DE, Clegg L, Wang CH, Heiss G (1998) Trends in the incidence of myocardial infarction and in mortality due to coronary heart disease, 1987 to 1994. N Engl J Med 339:861–867

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr (1999) Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med 340:14–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hecht H (2000) Practice guidelines for electron beam tomography: a report of the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging. Am J Cardiol 86:705–706

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ (1999) The use of a universal attenuation threshold to perform coronary artery calcium scoring by electron beam-CT may be inappropriate (abstract). Radiology 213:352

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Raggi, P. (2002). Coronary Artery Imaging Using EBT. In: Lanzer, P., Topol, E.J. (eds) Pan Vascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56225-9_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56225-9_33

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62565-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56225-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics