Abstract
The intimal lining of all blood vessels is composed of a single continuous layer of simple squamous epithelial cells of mesenchymal origin, which are called endothelial cells. In the past, vascular endothelium was mainly credited for being part of the semi-permeable barrier that separates blood from the surrounding tissues and, in the lungs, blood from air. However, extensive research performed during the last twenty-five years proved that the aforementioned ‘static’ endothelial feature was false, and that vascular endothelium is instead a ‘dynamic’ organ possessing numerous physiologic, immunologic, and metabolic functions. In the human lung, endothelial cells occupy an area with a surface of approximately 130 m2 [1]. The strategic location of the lungs, and the tremendous surface area of the pulmonary capillary endothelium allows the latter to filter the entire circulating blood volume before it enters the systemic circulation. Thus, pulmonary endothelial functional and structural integrity are essential for adequate pulmonary and systemic cardiovascular homeostasis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Simionescu M (1991) Lung endothelium: Structure-function correlates. In: Crystal RG, West JB (eds) The Lung: Scientific Foundations. Raven Press, New York, pp 301–312
Hassoun PM, Fanburg BL, Junod AF (1991) Metabolic functions. In: Crystal RG, West JB (eds) The Lung: Scientific Foundations Raven Press, New York, pp 313–327
West JB (2001) Pulmonary embolism. In: West JB (ed) Pulmonary Physiology and Pathophysiology: An Integrated, Case-Based Approach. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, pp 84–99
Orfanos SE, Catravas JD (1993) Metabolic functions of the pulmonary endothelium. In: Yacoub M, Pepper J (eds) Annual Review of Cardiac Surgery, 6th edn. Current Science, London, pp 52–59
Ryan JW, Ryan US (1982) Processing of endogenous polypeptides by the lung. Annu Rev Physiol 44:241–255
Catravas JD, Orfanos SE (1997) Pathophysiologic functions of endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme. In: Born GVR, Schwartz CJ (eds) Vascular Endothelium: Physiology, Pathology and Therapeutic Opportunities. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 193–204
Ryan US, Ryan JW, Whitaker C, Chiu A (1976) Localization of angiotensin-converting enzyme (kinase II). Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Tissue Cell 8:125–146
Pitt BR, Lister G, Gillis CN (1987) Hemodynamic effects on lung metabolic function. In: Ryan US (ed) Pulmonary Endothelium in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 65–87
Ryan JW, Catravas JD (1991) Angiotensin converting-enzyme as an indicator of pulmonary microvascular function In: Hollinger MA (ed) Focus on Pulmonary Pharmacology & Toxicology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 183–210
Ryan JW (1987) Assay of pulmonary endothelial surface enzymes in vivo. In: Ryan US (ed) Pulmonary Endothelium in Health and Disease. Marcel Dekker, New York USA, pp 161–188
Segel IH (1975) Enzyme Kinetics. Wiley, New York
Cziraki A, Ryan JW, Horvarth I, Fisher LE, Parkerson JB, Catravas JD (1995) Comparison of the hydrolyses of 2 synthetic ACE substrates by rabbit lung in vivo. FASEB J 9:A719 (Abst)
Catravas JD, White RE (1984) Kinetics of pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme and 5’-nucleotidase in vivo. J Appl Physiol 57:1173–1181
Orfanos SE, Langleben D, Khoury J, et al (1999) Pulmonary capillary endothelium-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in humans. Circulation 99:1593–1599
Orfanos SE, Armaganidis A, Glynos C, et al (2000) Pulmonary capillary endothelium-bound angiotensin converting enzyme activity in acute lung injury. Circulation 102:2011–2018
Murray JF, Matthay MA, Luce JM, Flick MR (1988) An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:720–723
Orfanos SE, Chen XL, Ryan JW, Chung AYK, Burch SE, Catravas JD (1994). Assay of pulmonary microvascular endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme in vivo: comparison of three probes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 124:99–111
Toivonen HJ, Catravas JD (1991) Effects of blood flow on lung ACE kinetics: Evidence for microvascular recruitment. J Appl Physiol 71:2244–2254
Orfanos SE, Ehrhart 1C, Barman S, Hofman WF, Catravas JD (1997) Endothelial ectoen-zyme assays estimate perfused capillary surface area in the dog lung. Microvasc Res 54:145–155
Dupuis J, Goresky CA, Ryan JW, Rouleau JL, Bach GG (1992) Pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme substrate hydrolysis during exercise. J Appl Physiol 72:1868–1886
Dupuis J, Goresky CA, Junear C (1990) Use of norepinephrine uptake to measure lung capillary recruitment with exercise. J Appl Physiol 68:700–713
Dupuis J, Goresky CA, Rouleau JL, Simard A, Schwab AJ (1996) Kinetics of pulmonary uptake of serotonin during exercise in the dog. J Appl Physiol 80:30–46
Lazo JS, Catravas JD, Gillis CN (1981) Reduction in rabbit serum and pulmonary angiotensin converting enzyme after subacute bleomycin treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 30:2577–2584
Dobuler KJ, Catravas JD, Gillis CN (1982) Early detection of oxygen-induced lung injury in conscious rabbits: reduced in vivo activity of angiotensin converting enzyme and removal of 5-hydoxytryptamine. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:534–539
Chen XL, Orfanos SE, Catravas JD (1992) Effects of indomethacin on PMA-induced pulmonary endothelial enzyme dysfunction, in vivo. Am J Physiol 262:L153–L162
Ehrhart 1C, Orfanos SE, McCloud LL, Sickles DW, Hoffman WF, Catravas JD (1999) Vascular recruitment increases evidence of lung injury. Crit Care Med 27:120–129
Orfanos SE, Chen XL, Burch SE, Ryan JW, Chunk AYK, Catravas JD (1994) Radiation-induced early pulmonary endothelial ectoenzyme dysfunction in vivo: effect of indomethacin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 124:112–122
Catravas JD, Burch SE, Sprulock BO, Mills LR (1988) Early effects of ionising radiation on pulmonary endothelial angiotensin converting enzyme and 5’-nucleotidase, in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharamacol 94:342–355
Orfanos SE, Parkerson JB, Chen XL, et al (2000) Reduced lung endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in Watanabe hyperlipidemic rabbits in vivo. Am J Physiol 278: L1280–L1288
Toivonen H J, Catravas JD (1987) Effects of acid-base imbalance on pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme, in vivo. J Appl Physiol 63:1629–1637
Toivonen HJ, Catravas JD (1986) Effects of alveolar pressure on lung angiotensin-converting enzyme, in vivo. J Appl Physiol 61:1041–1050
Orfanos SE, Langleben D, Armaganidis A, et al (1998) Patterns of an angiotensin-converting enzyme substrate hydrolysis by PCEB-ACE in critically-ill patients. In: Catravas JD, Callow AD, Ryan US (eds) Vascular Endothelium Pharmacologic and Genetic Manipulations. Plenum Press, New York, pp 269–271
Pittet JF, Mackersie RC, Martin TR, Matthay MA (1997) Biological markers of acute lung injury: prognostic and pathogenic significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:1187–1205
Orfanos SE, Psevdi E, Stratigis N, et al (2001) Pulmonary capillary endothelial dysfunction in early systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 44:902–911
Harisson NK, Myers AR, Corrin B, et al (1991) Structural features of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:706–713
Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al, and the Consensus Committee (1994) The American-European consensus conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 49:818–824
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
Orfanos, S.E., Kotanidou, A., Roussos, C. (2002). Pulmonary Endothelial Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activity in Lung Injury. In: Vincent, JL. (eds) Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2002. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2002, vol 2002. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56011-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56011-8_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-43149-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56011-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive