Skip to main content

Pathology of Colorectal Cancer

  • Chapter
Colorectal Cancer
  • 359 Accesses

Abstract

Colorectal carcinoma represents one of the leading causes of mortality in all Western countries, and there is evidence indicating a progressive rise of its incidence in countries — such as Japan — in which the disease was relatively uncommon until a few decades ago [1,2]. Dealing with these tumors requires new and rapidly accumulating knowledge of epidemiology, risk factors, molecular genetics, chemoprevention and novel treatments. In addition, researchers should be aware that colorectal tumors encompass a large variety of precancerous and preneoplastic lesions whose importance, in colorectal tumorigenesis, has been partially clarified very recently [3]. These will be the subject of the present chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Weisburger JH, Wynder EL Etiology of colorectal cancer with emphasis on mechanisms of action and prevention. In “Important Advances in Oncology”. Edited by Devita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1987; 197–200.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Levi F, Lucchini F, La Vecchia C Worldwide patterns of cancer mortality, 1985-89. Eur J Cancer Prev 1994; 3:109–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ponz de Leon M, Percesepe A Pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Dig Liv Dis 2000; 32: 807–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Morson BC, Bussey HJR, Day DW Adenomas of large bowel. Cancer Surveys 1983; 3:451–477.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Waddell WR, Miesfeld RL Adenomatous polyposis coli, protein kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatase: the effect of Sulindac. J Surg Oncol 1995; 58:252–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lipkin M Phase 1 and phase 2 proliferative lesions of colonic epithelial cells in diseases leading to colonic cancer. Cancer 1974; 34:878–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Siu IM, Robinson DR, Schwartz S et al. The identification of monoclonality. Cancer Res 1999; 59:63–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Elson CO, Kagnoff MF, Fiocchi C et al. Intestinal immunity and inflammation: recent progress. Gastroenterology 1986; 91:746–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Lipkin M, Bell B, Sherlock P Cell proliferation kinetics in the gastrointestinal tract of man. I. Cell renewal in colon and rectum. J Clin Invest 1963; 42:767–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lipkin M, Winawer SJ, Sherlock P Early identification of individuals at increased risk for cancer of the large intestine. Part II: development of risk factor profile. Clin Bullet 1981; 11:66–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Deschner EE Cell proliferation as a biological marker in human colorectal neoplasia. In Colorectal Cancer: prevention, epidemiology and screening. Edited by Winawer S, Schottenfeld D, Sherlock P. New York: Raven Press, 1980; 133–42.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Deschner EE, Lipkin M Proliferative pattern in colonic mucosa in familial polyposis. Cancer 1975; 35:413–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ponz de Leon M, Roncucci L, Di Donato P et al. Pattern of epithelial cell proliferation in colorectal mucosa of normal subjects and of patients with adenomatous polyps or cancer of the large bowel. Cancer Res 1988; 48:4121–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Deschner EE, Winawer SJ, Katz S et al. Proliferative defects in ulcerative colitis patients. Cancer Invest 1983; 1:41–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Roncucci L, Ponz de Leon M, Scalmati A et al. The influence of age on colonic epithelial cell proliferation. Cancer 1988; 62:2373–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Scalmati A, Roncucci L, Ghedini G et al. Epithelial cell kinetics in the remaining colorectal mucosa after surgery for cancer of the large bowel. Cancer Res 1990; 50:7937–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Roncucci L, Medline A, Bruce RW Classification of aberrant crypt foci and microadenomas in human colon. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1991; 1:57–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bird RP, McLellan EA, Bruce WR Aberrant crypts, putative precancerous lesions, in the study of the role of diet in the aetiology of colon cancer. Cancer Surv 1989; 8:189–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Roncucci L, Stamp D, Medline A et al. Identification and quantification of aberrant crypt foci and microadenomas in the human colon. Hum Pathol 1991; 22:287–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Jen J, Powell SM, Papadopoulos N et al. Molecular determinants of dysplasia in colorectal lesions. Cancer Res 1994; 54:5523–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Losi L, Roncucci L, Di Gregorio C et al. K-ras and p53 mutations in human colorectal aberrant crypt foci. J Pathol 1996; 178:748–55.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Heinen CD, Shivapurkar N, Tang Z et al. Microsatellite instability in aberrant crypt foci from human colons. Cancer Res 1996; 56:5339–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Shpitz B, Hay K, Medline A et al. Natural history of aberrant crypt foci. A surgical approach. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39:763–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Di Gregorio C, Losi L, Fante R et al. Histology of aberrant crypt foci in the human colon. Histopathol 1997; 30:328–34.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cajucom CC, Barrios GG, Cruz L et al. Prevalence of colorectal polyps in Filipinos. An autopsy study. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35:676–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Williams AO, Chung EB, Agbatra A et al. Intestinal polyps in American negros and Nigerian Africans. Br J Cancer 1975; 31:485–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Correa P, Strong JP, Reif A et al. The epidemiology of colorectal polyps. Prevalence in New Orleans and international comparison. Cancer 1977; 39:2258–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cannon-Albright LA, Bishop DT, Samowitz W et al. Colonic polyps in an unselected population: prevalence, characteristics and associations. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89:827–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ponz de Leon M, Benatti P, Percesepe A et al. Epidemiology of cancer of the large bowel — The 12-year experience of a specialized Registry in Northern Italy. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 31:10–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ponz de Leon M, Antonioli A, Ascari A et al. Incidence and familial occurrence of colorectal cancer and polyps in a health-care district of Northern Italy. Cancer 1987; 60:2848–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY et al. Risk of advanced proximal neoplasms in asymptomatic adults according to the distal colorectal findings. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:169–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Anwar S, White J, Hall C et al. Sporadic colorectal polyps: management options and guidelines. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34:4–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Muto T, Bussey HJRB, Morson BC The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1975; 36:2251–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ponz de Leon M, Sassatelli R, Zanghieri G et al. Hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum: clinical features of eight families from Northern Italy. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84:906–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Morson BC, Dowson IM Gastrointestinal pathology, 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Weston AP, Campbell DR Diminutive colonic polyps: histopathology. Spatial distribution, concomitant significant lesions, and treatment complications. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:24–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fenoglio GM, Lane N The anatomical precursor of colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1974; 34:819–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Decosse JJ Malignant colorectal polyp. Gut 1984; 25:433–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schlemper RJ, Riddell RH, Kato Y et al. The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia. Gut 2000; 47:251–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Naylor EW, Lebenthal E Gardner’s syndrome; recent development in research and management. Dig Dis Sci 1980; 25:945–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lynch HT, Smyrk T Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome). An updated review. Cancer 1996; 78:1149–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Jass JR Colorectal adenomas in surgical specimens from subjects with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Histopathol 1995; 27:263–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ponz de Leon M, Delia Casa G, Benatti P et al. Frequency and type of colorectal tumors in asymptomatic high-risk individuals in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998; 7:639–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Peltomaki P Microsatellite instability as an indicator of hereditary susceptibility to colon cancer. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:2031–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Iimo H, Jass JR, Simms LA et al. DNA microsatellite instability in hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, and mixed polyps: a mild mutator pathway for colorectal cancer? J Clin Pathol 1999; 52:5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kyzer S, Begin LR, Gordon PH et al. The care of patients with colorectal polyps that contain invasive adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic polypectomy or colectomy? Cancer 1992; 70(8): 2044–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Pollard CW, Nivatvongs S, Rojanasakul A et al. The fate of patients following polypectomy alone for polyps containing invasive carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35:933–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O’Brien MJ et al. Randomized comparison of surveillance intervals after colonoscopic removal of newly diagnosed adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:901–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Stryker SJ, Wolff BG, Culp CE et al. Natural history of untreated colonic polyps. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:1009–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ponz de Leon M, Sassatelli R, Sacchetti C et al. Familial aggregation of tumors in the three-year experience of a population-based colorectal cancer Registry. Cancer Res 1989;49:4344–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ahsan H, Neugut Al, Garbowski GC et al. Family history of colorectal adenomatous polyps and increased risk for colorectal cancer. Ann Inter Med 1998; 128:900–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Benito E, Obrador A, Stiggelbout A et al. A population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca. I. Dietary factors. Int J Cancer 1990; 45:69–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kampman E, Giovannucci E, van’t Veer P et al. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy foods, and the occurrence of colorectal adenomas among men and women in two prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139:16–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:525–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Boland CR, Sato J, Appelman HD et al. Microallelotyping defines the sequence and tempo of allelic losses at tumour suppressor gene loci during colorectal cancer progression. Nature Med 1995; 1:902–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Potter JD Colorectal cancer: molecules and populations. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:916–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ponz de Leon M, Roncucci L The cause of colorectal cancer. Digest Liver Dis 2000; 32:426–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lairmore TC, Norton JA Advances in molecular genetics. Am J Surg 1997; 173:37–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Rex DK, Smith JJ, Ulbright TM et al. Distal colonic hyperplastic polyps do not predict proximal adenomas in asymptomatic average-risk subjects. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:317–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hayashi T, Yatani R, Apostol J et al. Pathogenesis of hyperplastic polyps of the colon: a hypothesis based on ultrastructure and in vitro cell kinetics. Gastroenterology 1974; 66:347–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Bengoechea O, Martinez-Penuela JM, Larrinaga B et al. Hyperplastic polyposis of the colorectum and adenocarcinoma in a 24 year old man. Am J Surg Pathol 1987; 11:323–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Heng Teoh H, Delahunt B, Isbister WH Dysplastic and malignant areas in hyperplastic polyps of the large intestine. Pathol 1989; 21:138–42.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Jass JR, Ruskiewicz A, Painter D et al. Neoplastic progression occurs through mutator pathways in hyperplastic polyposis of the colorectum. Gut 2000; 47:43–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Longacre TA, Fenoglio-Preiser CM Mixed hyperplastic adenomatous polyps/serrated adenomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1990; 14:524–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Otori K, Oda Y, Sugiyama K et al. High frequency of K-ras mutations in human colorectal hyperplastic polyps. Gut 1997; 40:660–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lothe RA, Anderson SN, Hofstad B et al. Deletion of lp loci and microsatellite instability in colorectal polyps. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 14:182–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Muto T, Kamiya J, Sawada T et al. Morphogenesis of human colonic cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1983; 26:257–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Muto T, Kamiya J, Sawada T et al. Small flat adenoma of the large bowel with special reference to its clinicopathologic features. Dis Colon Rectum 1985; 28:847–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Adachi M, Muto T, Okinaga K et al. Clinicopathologic features of the flat adenoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34:981–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Yao T, Tada S, Tsuneyoshi M Colorectal counterpart of gastric depressed adenoma. A comparison with flat and polypoid adenomas with special reference to the development of pericryptal fibroblasts. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18:559–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lanspa SJ, Rouse J, Smyrk T et al. Epidemiological characteristics of the flat adenoma of Muto. A prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35:543–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Samowitz WS, Burt RL The nonspecificity of histological findings reported for flat adenomas. Hum Pathol 1995; 26:571–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rembacken BJ, Fujii T, Cairns A et al. Flat and depressed colonic neoplasms: a prospective study of 1000 colonoscopies in the UK. Lancet 2000; 355:1211–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lanspa SJ et al. Flat adenomas in a colon cancer-prone kindred. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80:278–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P et al. Hereditary flat adenoma syndrome: a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis? Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35:411–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Giardiello FM, Offerhaus JGA Phenotype and cancer risk of various polyposis syndromes. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A:1085–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Burdick D, Prior JT, Scanlon GT Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a clinicopathological study of a large family with a ten-year follow-up. Cancer 1963; 16:854–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Foley TR, McGarrity JT, Abt AB Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a clinico-pathologic survey of the “Harrisburg family” with a 49-year follow-up. Gastroenterology 1988; 95:1535–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sommerhaug RG, Mason T Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and ureteral polyposis. JAMA 1970;211:120–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Giardiello F, Welsh SB, Hamilton SR et al. Increased risk of cancer in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1511–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. McGarrity TJ, Kulin HE, Zaino RJ Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:596–604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Miller LJ, Bartholomew LG, Dozois RR et al. Adenocarcinoma of the rectum arising in a hamartomatous polyp in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1983; 28:1047–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Perzin KH, Bridge MR Adenomatous and carcinomatous changes in hamartomatous polyps of the small intestine (Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). Report of a case and review of the literature. Cancer 1982; 49:971–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Flageole H, Raptis S, Trudel JL et al. Progression toward malignancy of hamartomas in a patient with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: case report and literature review. Can J Surg 1994; 37:231–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Hemminki A, Tomlinson I, Markie D et al. Localization of a susceptibility locus for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome to 19p using comparative genomic hybridization and targeted linkage analysis. Nat Genet 1997; 15:87–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Amos CI, Bali D, Thiel TJ et al. Fine mapping of a genetic locus for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome on chromosome 19p. Cancer Res 1997; 57:3653–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Jenne DE, Reimann H, Nezu J et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase. Nat Genet 1998; 18:38–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Woodford-Richens K, Bevan S, Churchman M et al. Analysis of genetic and phenotipic heterogeneity in juvenile polyposis. Gut 2000; 46:656–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Jass JR, Williams CB, Bussey HJR Juvenile polyposis — a precancerous condition. Histopathol 1988; 13:619–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bussey HJR, Veale AMO, Morson BC Genetics of gastrointestinal polyposis. Gastroenterology 1978; 74:896–7.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Haggitt RC, Reid BJ Hereditary gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10:871–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Jarvinen H, Franssila KO Familial juvenile polyposis coli: increased risk of colorectal cancer. Gut 1984; 25:792–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Friedl W, Kruse R, Uhlhaas S et al. Frequent 4-bp deletion in exon 9 of the SMAD4/ MADH4 gene in familial juvenile polyposis patients. Gene Chromosomes Cancer 1999; 25:403–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Roth S, Sistonen P, Salovaara R et al. SMAD4 genes in juvenile polyposis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999; 26:54–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Eaden JA, Abrams KR, Mayberry JF The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut 2001; 48:526–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Melville DM, Jass JR, Morson BC et al. Observer study of the grading of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis: comparison with clinical outcome. Hum Pathol 1989; 20:1008–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Skelton AA, Lehman RE, Schrock TR et al. Retrospective review of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis at a tertiary center. Arch Surg 1996; 131:806–11.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Suzuki H, Harpaz N, Tarmin L et al. Microsatellite instability in ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal dysplasia and cancers. Cancer Res 1994; 54:4841–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Walsh SV, Loda M, Torres CM et al. p53 and a catenin expression in chronic ulcerative colitis-associated polypoid dysplasia and sporadic adenomas. An immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23:963–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Wright CL, Riddell RH The pathology and politics of dysplasia in ulcerative colitis. Current Opinion Gastroenterol 1998; 14:11–4.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Morson BC Precancerous lesions of the colon and rectum. Classification and controversial issues. JAMA 1962; 179:104–9.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Louw JH Polypoid lesions of the large bowel in children with particular reference to benign lymphoid polyposis. Pediatric Surg 1968; 3:195–209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Troisi RJ, Freedman AN, Devesa SS Incidence of colorectal carcinoma in the U.S. An update of trends by gender, race, age, subsite, and stage, 1975–1994. Cancer 1999; 85:1670–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Coleman MP, Demaret E Cancer registration in the European community. Int J Cancer 1988; 42:339–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Tamura K, Ishiguro S, Munakata A et al. Annual changes in colorectal carcinoma incidence in Japan. Analysis of survey data on incidence in Aomori Prefecture. Cancer 1996; 78:1187–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Spratt JS, Ackerman LV, Moyer CA Relationship of polyps of the colon to colonic cancer. Ann Surg 1958; 148:682–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Helwig EB Adenomas and the pathogenesis of cancer of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1959; 2:5–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bedenne L, Faivre J, Boutron MC et al. Adenoma-Carcinoma sequence or “de novo” carcinogenesis? A study of adenomatous remnants in a population-based series of large bowel cancers. Cancer 1992; 69:883–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Ponz de Leon M, Antonioli A, Ascari A et al. Incidence and familial occurrence of colorectal cancer and polyps in a health-care district of Northern Italy. Cancer 1988; 62:2858–59.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Nazarian HK, Giuliano AE, Hiatt JR Colorectal carcinoma: analysis of management in two medical eras. J Surg Oncol 1993; 52:46–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Sariego J, Byrd ME, Kerstein M et al. Changing patterns in colorectal carcinoma: a 25-year experience. Am Surg 1992; 58:686–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Talbot IC Pathology and natural history. In: “Recent results in Cancer Research.” Springer-Verlag: Berlin — Heidelberg 1982; 83:59–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Griffin MR, Bergstrahl EJ, Coffey RJ et al. Predictors of survival after curative resection of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1987; 60:2318–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Ponz de Leon M, Sant M, Micheli A et al. Clinical and pathologic prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer. A population-based study. Cancer 1992; 69:626–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Bosman FT Prognostic value of pathological characteristics of colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 1995;31:1216–1221.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Lanza G, Gafa R, Matteuzzi M et al. Medullary-type poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the large bowel: a distinct clinicopathologic entity characterized by microsatellite instability and improved survival. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2429–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Sasaki O, Atkin WS, Jass JR Mucinous carcinoma of the rectum. Histopathol 1987; 11:259–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hermanek P, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I, Gall FP Prognostic factors in rectal carcinoma. A contribution to the further development of tumor classification. Dis Colon Rectum 1989; 32:593–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Newland RC, Dent OF, Chapuis PH et al. Survival after curative resection of lymph node negative colorectal carcinoma. A prospective study of 910 patients. Cancer 1995; 76:564–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Jass JR Lymphocitic infiltration and survival in rectal cancer. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39:585–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Jass JR, Love SB, Northover JMA A new prognostic classification of rectal cancer. Lancet 1987; 1303-6.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Deans GT, Heatley M, Patterson CC et al. Colorectal carcinoma: importance of clinical and pathological factors in survival. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1994; 76:59–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Bokey EL, Chapuis PH, Dent OF et al. Factors affecting survival after excision of the rectum for cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40:3–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bozzetti F, Mariani L, Miceli R et al. Cancer of the low and middle rectum: local and distant recurrences, and survival in 350 radically resected patients. J Surg Oncol 1996; 62:207–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Willett CG, Badizadegan K, Ancukiewicz M et al. Prognostic factors in stage T3N0 rectal cancer. Do all patients require postoperative pelvic irradiation and chemotherapy? Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:167–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Sanchez-Cespedes M, Esteller M, Hibi K et al. Molecular detection of neoplastic cells in lymph nodes of metastatic colorectal cancer patients predicts recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 1999;5:2450–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gatta G, Capocaccia R, Sant M et al. Understanding variations in survival for colorectal cancer in Europe: a EUROCARE high resolution study. Gut 2000; 47:533–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Kanthan R., Loewy J., Kanthan SC Skeletal metastases in colorectal carcinomas. A Saskatchewan profile. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:21592–7.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Ghossein RA, Bhattacharya S, Rosai J Molecular detection of micrometastases and circulating tumor cells in solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:1950–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Braun S, Pantel K, Miiller P et al. Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2000; 242:525–33.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Dukes CE The classification of cancer of the rectum. J Pathol Bacteriol 1932; 35: 323–32.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Hutter RVP, Sobin LH A universal staging system for cancer of the colon and rectum. Let there be light. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110:367–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Thebo JS, Senagore AJ, Reinhold DS et al. Molecular staging of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43:155–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Chapuis PH, Dixon MF, Fielding LP et al. Staging of colorectal cancer. Int J Colorect Dis 1987; 2:123–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Spread C, Berkel H, Jewell L et al. Colon carcinoid tumors. A population-based study. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37:482–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Caplin ME, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ et al. Carcinoid tumour. Lancet 1998; 352:799–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Saclarides TJ, Szeluga D, Staren ED Neuroendocrine cancers of the colon and rectum. Results of a ten-year experience. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37:635–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. De Brui’ne AP, Wiggers T, Beek C et al. Endocrine cells in colorectal adenocarcinomas: incidence, hormone profile and prognostic relevance. Int J Cancer 1993; 54:765–71.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Staren ED, Gould VE, Warren WH et al. Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum: a clinicopathologic evaluation. Surg 1988; 104:1080–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Gray GM, Rosenberg SA, Cooper AD et al. Lymphomas involving the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology 1982; 82:143–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Fan CW, Changchien CR, Wang JY et al. Primary colorectal lymphoma. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43:1277–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ponz de Leon, M. (2002). Pathology of Colorectal Cancer. In: Colorectal Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56008-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56008-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62762-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56008-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics