Skip to main content

Biologie und Genetik der Sucht

  • Chapter
Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin 2
  • 352 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Alkohol- und Drogenabhängigkeit stellen eine umfassende gesundheitspolitische und sozioökonomische Herausforderung dar, deren Bedeutung zukünftig eher noch ansteigen wird. Den Versuchen, die Entstehungsmechanismen von Sucht und die daraus resultierenden Bewältigungsmechanismen beziehungsweise therapeutischen Strategien zu erfassen, liegen durchaus unterschiedliche theoretische Annahmen zugrunde. Die Behandlung von süchtigen Menschen erfolgte lange Zeit ausschließlich durch soziale Einrichtungen und Beratungsstellen und beschränkte sich weitgehend auf eine Entgiftungsbehandlung. Obwohl soziale und kulturelle Faktoren einen Beitrag zur Drogenverfügbarkeit leisten, ist gegenwärtig unbestritten, dass Abhängigkeit eine chronische und zu Rückfällen neigende Erkrankung darstellt, die einer medizinischen Behandlung bedarf.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 249.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur zu Kapitel 3

  1. Adamson MD, Kennedy I, Petronis A, Dean M, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M, Goldman D (1995) DRD4 dopamine receptor genotype and CSF monoamine metabolites in Finnish alcoholies and controls. Am J Med Genet 60: 199–205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Agarwal DP (1997) Molecular genetic aspects of alcohol metabolism and alcoholism. Pharmacopsychiatry 30: 79–84

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Altmann I, Everitt Bj, Glautier S, Markou A, Nutt D, Oretti R, Phillips GD, Robbins TW (1996) The biological, social and clinical basis of drug addiction: commentary and debate. Psychopharmacology 125: 285–345

    Google Scholar 

  4. Amadeo S, Abbar M, Forcade M et al. (1993) D2 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism. J Psychiatr Res 27: 173–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bergen AW, Kokoszka J, Peterson R et al. (1997) Mu opioid receptor gene vanants: lack of association wlth alcohol dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2: 490–494

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bianchi M, Maggi R, Pimpinelli F et al. (1999) Presence of a reduced opioid response in interleukin-6 knock out mice. Eur J Neurosci 11: 1501–1507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bierut LJ, Dinwiddie SH, Begleiter H et al. (1998) Familial transmission of substance dependence: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking. A report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 982–988

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ et al. (1990) Allelic Association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism. JAMA 263: 2055–2060s

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ et al. (1991) Association of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with severe alcoholism. Alcohol 8: 409–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Blum K, Noble EP, Sheridan PJ et al. (1993) Genetic predisposition in alcoholism: Association of the D2 TaqI B1 RFLP with severe alcoholics. Alcohol 10: 59–67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bolos AM, Dean M, Lucas-Derse S, Ramsbury M, Brown GL, Goldman D (1990) Population and pedigree studies reveal a lack of Association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism. JAMA 264: 3156–3160

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M et al. (1998) Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters β-endorphin binding and activity: possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 9608–9613

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bronisch T, Wittchen HU (1992) Lifetime and 6-month prevalence of abuse and dependence of alcohol in the Munieh follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241: 273–282

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brunner D, Hen R (1997) Insights into the neurobiology of impulsive behavior from serotonin receptor knockout mice. Ann NY Acad Sci 29: 81–105

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cadoret RI, Yates WR, Troughton E, Woodworth G, Stewart MA (1995) Adoption study demonstrating two genetic pathways to drug abuse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52: 42–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chang FM, Ko HC, Lu RB, Pakstis AJ, Kidd KK (1997) The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is not associated with alcoholism in three Taiwanese populations: six polymorphisms tested separately and as haplotypes. Biol Psychiatry 15: 394–405

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cloninger CR (1987) Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science 236: 410–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S (1981) Inheritance of alcohol abuse. Cross-fostering analysis of adopted men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 861–868

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Cloninger CR, Dinwiddie SH, Reich T (1989) Epidemiology and Genetics of alcoholism. Rev Psychiatry 8: 293–308

    Google Scholar 

  21. Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D et al. (1991) The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA 266: 1793–1800

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Comings DE, Muhleman D, Ahn C, Gysin R, Flanagan SD (1994) The dopamine receptor gene: a genetic risk factor in substance abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 34: 175–180

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Comings DE, Muhleman D, Gade R, Johnson P, Verde R, Saucier G, MacMurray J (1997) Cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1): Association with IV drug use. Mol Psychiatry 2: 161–168

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Comings DE, Gonzales N, Wu S, Saucier G, Johnson P, Verde R, MacMurray I (1999) Homozygosity at the dopamine DRD3 receptor gene in cocaine dependence. Mol Psychiatry 4: 484–487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Comings DE, Blake H, Dietz G et al. (1999) The proenkephalin gene (PENK) and opioid dependence. Neuroreport 10: 1133–1135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Cook BL, Wang ZW, Crowe RR, Hauser P, Freimer M (1992) Alcoholism and the D2 receptor gene. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16: 806–809

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Drummond DC, Cooper T, Glautier SP (1990) Conditioned learning in alcohol dependence: implications for cue exposure treatment. Br J Addict 85: 725–743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Duaux E, Gorwood P, Griffon N et al. (1998) Homozygosity at the dopamine D3 receptor gene is associated with opiate dependence. Mol Psychiatry 3: 333–336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Edenberg HI, Foroud T, Koller DL et al. (1998) A family-based analysis of the Association of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) with alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 505–512

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Edenberg HJ, Reynolds J, Koller DL et al. (1998) A family-based analysis of whether the functional promotor alleles of the serotonin transporter gene HTT affect the risk for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 1080–1085

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Feuerlein W (1996) Zur Mortalität von Suchtkranken. In: Mann K, Buchkremer G (Hrsg) Sucht — Grundlagen, Diagnose, Therapie. Fischer, Stuttgart, S 213–230.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Feuerlein W, Küfner H, Flohrschütz T (1994) Mortality in alcoholic patients given in inpatient treatment. Addiction 89: 841–849

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fichter MM, Meiler I, Witzke W, Weyerer S, Rehm J, Dilling H, Elton M (1990) Verlauf psychischer Erkrankungen in der Bevölkerung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio

    Google Scholar 

  34. Finckh U, von Widdern O, Giraldo-Velasquez M et al. (1996) No Association of the structural dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) variant 311Cys with alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 20: 528–532

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Finn PR, Sharkansky EJ, Viken R, West TL, Sandy J, Bufferd GM (1997) Heterogeneity in the families of sons of alcoholics: the impact of familial vulnerability type on offspring characteristics. J Abnorm Psychol 106: 26–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Foroud T, Bucholz KK, Edenberg HJ et al. (1998) Linkage of an alcoholism-related severity phenotype to chromosome 16. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 2035–2042

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Franke P, Schwab SG, Knapp M et al. (1999) DATl gene polymorphism in alcoholism: a family based association study. Biol Psychiatry 45: 652–665

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Franke P, Nöthen MM, Wang T et al. (1999) Human dopioid receptor gene and susceptibility to heroin and Alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet 88: 462–464

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Franke P, Nöthen MM, Wang T et al. (2000) DRD4 exon III VNTR polymorphism — susceptibility factor for heroin dependence? Results of a case-control and a family based association approach. Mol Psychiatry 5: 101–104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gade R, Muhleman D, Blake H, MacMurray I, Johnson P, Verde R, Saucier G, Comings DE (1998) Correlation of length of VNTR alleles at the X-linked MAOA gene and phenotypic effect in Tourette syndrome and drug abuse. Mol Psychiatry 3: 50–60

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Geijer T, Neiman J, Rydeberg U et al. (1994) Dopamine D2-receptor gene polymorphisms in Scandinavian chronic alcoholics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 244: 26–32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Geijer T, Jonsson E, Neiman J et al. (1997) Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D4 receptor allelic distribution in Scandinavian chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21: 35–39

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Gelernter J, Kranzler H (1999) D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) allele and haplotype frequencies in alcohol dependent and control subjects: no association with phenotype or severity of phenotype. Neuropsychopharmacology 20: 640–649

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Gelernter J, O’Malley S, Risch N, Kranzler HR, Krystal J, Merikangas K, Kennedy JL, Kidd KK (1991) No association between an allele at the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and alcoholism. JAMA 266: 1801–1807

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Satel SL, Rao PA (1994) Genetic association between dopamine transporter protein alleles and cocaine-induced paranoia. Neuropsychopharmacology 11: 195–200

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Coccaro E, Siever L, New A, Mulgrew CL (1997) D4 dopamine-receptor (DRD4) alleles and novelty seeking in substance-dependent, personality-disorder, and control subjects. Am J Hum Genet 61: 1144–1152

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Cubells J (1999) Genetics of two mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) exon I polymorphisms: population studies, and allele frequencies in alcohol-and drug-dependent subjects. Mol Psychiatry 4: 476–483

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. George SR, Cheng R, Nguyen T, Israel Y, O’Dowd BF (1993) Polymorphisms of the D4 dopamine receptor alleles in chronie alcoholism. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 196: 107–114

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Goldman D, Dean M, Brown GL, Bolos AM, Tokola R, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M (1992) D2 dopamine receptor genotype and cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in alcoholics in Finland and the United States. Acta Psychiatr Scand 86: 351–357

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Goldman D, Brown GL, Albaugh B et al. (1993) DRD2 dopamine receptor phenotype, linkage disequilibrium and alcoholism in American Indians and other populations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17: 199–204

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gorwood P, Martres MP, Ades J et al. (1995) Lack of association between Alcohol-dependence and D3 dopamine receptor gene in three independent samples. Am J Med Genet 60: 529–531

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Grant BF (1996) Prevalence and correlates of drug use and DSM-IV drug dependence in the United States: results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologie Survey. J Subst Abuse 8: 195–210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Grant BF (1997) Prevalence and correlates of Alcohol use and DSM-IV Alcohol dependence in the United States: results of the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologie Survey. J Stud Alcohol 58: 464–473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Heath AC (1995) Genetic influences on drinking behavior in humans. In: Begleiter H, Kissin B (eds) The Genetics of alcoholism. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 82–121

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hellevuo K, Welborn R, Menninger JA, Tabakoff B (1997) Human adenylyl cyclase type 7 contains polymorphie repeats in the 3’ untranslated region: investigations of association with alcoholism. Am J Med Genet 74: 95–98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Helzer JE, Canino GI, Yeh EK, Bland RC, Lee CK, Hwu HG, Newman S (1990) Alcoholism — North America and Asia. A comparison of population surveys with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 313–319

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Herbst K, Kraus L, Scherer K (1996) Repräsentativerhebung zum Gebrauch psychoaktiver Substanzen bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Bonn 1996

    Google Scholar 

  58. Hietala J, Pohjalainen T, Heikkila-Kallio U, West C, Salapuro M, Syvalahti E (1997) Allelie association between D2 but not D1 dopamine receptor gene and alcoholism in Finland. Psychiatr Genet 7: 19–25

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Higuchi S, Muramatsu T, Murayama M, Hayashida M (1994) Association of structural polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and alcoholism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 204: 1199–1205

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hili SY (1995) Vulnerability to alcoholism in women. Genetic and cultural factors. In: Galanter M (Ed) Recent developments in alcoholism, vol 12: Women and alcoholism. Plenum Press, New York, pp 9–28

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kendler KS, Prescott CA (1998) Cannabis use, abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of female twins. Am J Psychiatry 155: 1016–1022

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Heath AC, Kessler RC, Eaves LJ (1994) A twin-family study of alcoholism in women. Am J Psychiatry 151: 707–715

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kendler KS, Davis CG, Kessler RC (1997) The familial aggregation of common Psychiatric and substance use dis orders in the National Comorbidity Survey: a family history study. Br J Psychiatry 170: 541–548

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kendler KS, Karkowski L, Prescott CA (1999) Hallucinogen, opiate, sedative and stimulant use and abuse in a population-based sample of female twins. Acta Psychiatr Scand 99: 368–376

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Klingemann H (1991) The motivation for change from problem alcohol and heroin use. Br J Addict 86: 727–744

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kono H, Takano T (1992) Patterns and problems of alcohol consumption in Japan. World Health Forum 13: 326–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kono Y, Yoneda H, Sakai T et al. (1997) Association between early-onset alcoholism and the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Am J Med Genet 18: 179–182

    Google Scholar 

  68. Koob GF (1998) Drug abuse and alcoholism. Adv Pharmacology 42: 969–977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Koob GF, LeMoal M (1997) Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278: 52–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kotler M, Cohen H, Segman R et al. (1997) Excess dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III seven repeat allele in opioid-dependent subjects. Mol Psychiatry 2: 251–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kranzler HR, Gelernter I, O’Malley S, Hernandez-Avila CA, Kaufman D (1998) Association of alcohol or other drug dependence with alleles of the mu opioid receptor gene. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 1359–1362

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kraus L, Bauernfeind R (1998): Repräsentativerhebung zum Gebrauch psychoaktiver Substanzen bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland 1997. Sucht 44 (Sonderheft 1): 3–82

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lappalainen J, Long JC, Eggert M et al. (1998) Linkage of antisocial alcoholism to the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor gene in 2 populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 989–994

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lawford BR, Young RM, Rowell JA et al. (1997) Association of the D2 dopamine receptor Al allele with alcoholism: medical severity of alcoholism. Biol Psychiatry 15: 386–393

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ledent C, Valverde O, Cossu G et al. (1999) Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science 15: 401–404

    Google Scholar 

  76. Lee JF, Lu RB, Ko HC, Chang FM, Yin SJ, Pakstis AJ, Kidd KK (1999) No association between DRD2 locus and alcoholism after controlling the ADH and ALDH genotypes in Chinese Han population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23: 592–599

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Li T, Xu K, Deng H et al. (1997) Association analysis of the dopamine D4 gene exon III VNTR and heroin abuse in Chinese subjects. Mol Psychiatry 2: 413–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Long JC, Knowler WC, Hanson RL et al. (1998) Evidence for genetic linkage to alcohol dependence on chromosome 4 and 11 from an autosome-wide scan in an American Indian population. Am J Med Genet 81: 216–221

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lu RB, Ko HC, Chang FM et al. (1996) No association between alcoholism and multiple polymorphisms at the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Biol Psychiatry 15: 419–429

    Google Scholar 

  80. Maas LC, Scott EL, Kaufman MJ et al. (1998) Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activation during cue-induced cocaine craving. Am J Psychiatry 155: 124–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Maezawa Y, Yamauchi M, Toda G, Suzuki H, Sakurai S (1995) Alcohol-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms and alcoholism in Japan. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19: 951–954

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Maier W (1996) Genetik von Alkoholabusus und Alkoholabhängigkeit. In: Mann K, Buchkremer G (Hrsg) Sucht. Grundlagen, Diagnostik, Therapie. Fischer, Stuttgart, S 85–97

    Google Scholar 

  83. Maier W, Schwab S (1999) Genetische Determination häufiger psychischer Störungen. In: Ganten D, Ruckpaul K (Hrsg) Handbuch der molekularen Medizin, Bd 5: Erkrankungen des Zentralnervensystems. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio, S 149–194

    Google Scholar 

  84. Maier W, Franke P, Linz M (1999) Mehrfachdiagnosen (Komorbidität). In: Gastpar M, Mann K, Rommelspaeher H (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Suchterkrankungen. Thieme, Stuttgart Thieme, Stuttgart, S 83–90

    Google Scholar 

  85. Marlatt GA, Gordon JR (1985) Relapse prevention: maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  86. Matthes HW, Maldonado R, Simonin F et al. (1996) Loss of morphine-induced analgesia, reward effect and withdrawal symptoms in mice lacking the mu-opioid-receptor gene. Nature 383: 819–823

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Mayer P, Rochlitz H, Rauch E, Rommelspacher H, Hasse HE, Schmidt S, Hollt V (1997) Association between a delta opioid receptor gene polymorphism and heroin dependence in man. Neuroreport 8: 2547–2550

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Merikangas KR, Risch NJ, Weissman MM (1994) Comorbidity and cotransmission of alcoholism, anxiety and depression. Psychol Med 24: 69–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Merikangas KR, Stolar M, Stevens DE et al. (1998) Familial transmission of substance use disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 973–979

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Meyer C, Rumpf H-J, Hapke U, John U (1998) Regionale Unterschiede in der Prävalenz riskanten Alkoholkonsums: Sekundäranalyse des Gesundheitssurvey Ost-West. Gesundheitswesen 60: 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  91. Muramatsu T, Higuchi S (1995) Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism and alcoholism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 211: 28–32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Muramatsu T, Higuchi S, Murayama M, Matsushita S, Hayashida M (1996) Associaton between alcoholism and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. J Med Genet 33: 113–115

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Nestler EI, Aghajanian GK (1997) Molecular and cellular basis of addiction. Science 278: 58–63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Nielsen DA, Virkkunen M, Lappalainen J et al. (1998) A tryptophan hydroxyl ase gene marker for suicidality and alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 593–602

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Noble EP, Blum K, Khalsa ME et al. (1993) Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 33: 271–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Oyefeso A, Ghodse H, Clancy C, Corkery J, Goldfinch R (1999) Drug abuse-related mortality: a study of teenage addicts over a 20-year period. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34: 437–441

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Parsian A, Zhang ZH (1997) Human dopamine transporter gene polymorphism (VNTR) and alcoholism. Am J Med Genet 74: 480–482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Parsian A, Todd RD, Devor EJ, O’Malley KL, Suarez BK, Reich T, Cloninger CR (1991) Alcoholism and alleles of the human D2 dopamine receptor locus. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 655–666

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Parsian A, Chakraverty S, Fisher L, Cloninger CR (1997) No Association between polymorphisms in the human dopamine D3 and D4 receptors genes and alcoholism. Am J Med Genet 74: 281–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Perkonigg A, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U (1998) Prevalence of use, abuse and dependence of illicit drugs among adolescents and young adults in a community sample. Eur Addict Res 4: 56–66

    Google Scholar 

  101. Persico AM, Vandenbergh DJ, Smith SS, Uhl GR (1993) Dopamine transporter gene polymorphisms are not associated with polysubstance abuse. Biol Psychiatry 34: 265–267

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Persico AM, Bird G, Gabbay FH, Uhl GR (1996) D2 Dopamine receptor gene TaqI A1 and B1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms: enhanced frequencies in psychostimulant-preferring polysubstance abusers. Biol Psychiatry 40: 776–784

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Powell DH (1973) A pilot study of occasional heroin users. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28: 586–594

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Prescott CA, Kendler KS (1999) Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of male twins. Am J Psychiatry 156: 34–40

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Propping P, Nöthen MM, Körner J, Rietschel M, Maier W (1994) Assoziationsuntersuchungen bei psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Konzepte und Befunde. Nervenarzt 65: 725–740

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Reich T, Edenberg HJ, Goate A et al. (1998) Genome-wide search for genes affecting the risk for alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet 81: 207–215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Rocha BA, Fumagalli F, Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Ator R, Giros B, Miller GW, Caron MG (1998) Cocaine self-administration in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Nat Neurosci 1: 132–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR, Weissman MM, Prusoff B, Pauls D, Anton SF, Merikangas K (1991) Psychiatric dis orders in relatives of probands with opiate addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 33–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Sander T, Harms H, Dufeu P, Kuhn S, Rommelspacher H, Schmidt LG (1997) Dopamine D4 receptor exon III alleles and variation of novelty seeking in alcoholics. Am J Med Genet 74: 483–487

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Sander T, Harms H, Podschus J et al. (1997) Allelic association of a dopamine transporter gene polymorphism in alcohol dependence with withdrawal seizures or delirium. Biol Psychiatry 41: 299–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Sander T, Harms H, Lesch KP et al. (1997) Association analysis of a regulatory variation of the serotonin transrorter gene with severe alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 21: 1356–1359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Sander T, Gscheidel N, Wendel B et al. (1998) Human mu-opioid receptor variation and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22: 2108–210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Schork NJ, Schork CM (1996) Issues and strategies in the genetic analysis of alcoholism and related addictive behaviors. Alcohol 16: 71–83

    Google Scholar 

  114. Schuckit MA (1994) A clinical model of genetic influences in alcohol dependence. J Stud Alcohol 55: 5–16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Schuckit MA (1994) Low levels of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 151: 184–189

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Schuckit MA, Smith TL, Daeppen JB et al. (1998) Clinical relevance of the distinction between alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component. Am J Psychiatry 155: 733–740

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Schuckit MA, Mazzanti C, Smith TL et al. (1999) Selective genotyping for the role of 5-HT-2α, 5-HT-2c, and GABA-a6 receptors and the serotonin transporter in the level of response to alcohol: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry 45: 647–651

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Schwab S, Soyka M, Niederecker M, Ackenheil M, Scherer J, Wildenauer DB (1991) Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor DNA polymorphism ruled out in 45 alcoholics. Am J Hum Genet 49 [Suppl 4]: 203

    Google Scholar 

  119. Sigvardsson S, Bohman M, Cloninger CR (1996) Replication of the Stockholm Adoption Study of alcoholism. Confirmatory cross-fostering analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53: 681–687

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Simon R, Lehnitz-Keller K (1995) Jahresstatistik der professionellen Suchtkrankenhilfe (Daten aus EBIS und SEDOS 1994). In: Deutsche Hauptstelle gegen die Suchtgefahren (Hrsg) Sucht’ 96. Neuland, Geesthacht, S 231–244

    Google Scholar 

  121. Smith SS, O’Hara BF, Persico AM et al. (1992) Genetic vulnerability to drug abuse. The d2 dopamine receptor TaqI B1 restriction fragment length polymorphism appears more frequently in polysubstance abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49: 723–727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Suarez BK, Parsian A, Hampe CL, Todd RD, Reich T, Cloninger CR (1994) Linkage disequilibrium at the D2 dopamine receptor locus (DRD2) in alcoholics and controls. Genomics 19: 12–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Tiihonen J, Hallikainen T, Lachman H et al. (1999) Association between the functional variant of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and type 1 alcoholism. Mol Psychiatry 4: 286–289

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Town T, Abdullah L, Crawford F et al. (1999) Association of a functional μ-opioid receptor allele (+118 A) with alcohol dependency. Am J Med Genet 88: 458–461

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA et al. (1996) Genetic influences on DSM-III-R drug abuse and dependence: a study of 3,372 twin pairs. Am J Med Genet 67: 473–477

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. True WR, Xian H, Scherrer JF et al. (1999) Common genetic vulnerability for nicotine and alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 655–661

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Tyndale RF, Droll KP, Sellers EM (1997) Genetically deficient CYP2D6 metabolism provides protection against oral opiate dependence. Pharmacogenet 7: 375–379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Vanyukov MM, Moss HB, Yu LM, Tarter RE, Deka R (1995) Preliminary evidence for an association of a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the MAOA gene with early onset alcoholism/substance abuse. Am J Med Genet 60: 122–126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Whitfield JB (1997) Meta-analysis of the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase genotype on alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Alcoholism 32: 613–619

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Wilsnack RW, Wilsnack SC, Klassen AD (1984) Women’s drinking and drinking problems: patterns from a 1981 national survey. Am J Public Health 74: 1231–1238

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. World Health Organization (1992) International Classification of Diseases, version 10: ICD-10. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  132. Xi ZX, Fuller SA, Stein EA (1998) Dopamine release in the Nucleus accumbens during heroin self-administration is modulated by kappa opioid receptors: an in vivo fast-cyclic voltammetry study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284: 151–161

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Maier, W., Franke, P. (2003). Biologie und Genetik der Sucht. In: Madea, B., Brinkmann, B. (eds) Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55866-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55866-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63055-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-55866-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics